Psych 1000 Chapter 7

Which of the following are characteristics of working memory?

Correct Answer(s) - Its capacity is very limited. - Information can be maintained through rehearsal. Incorrect Answer(s) - Information is lost after 2 or 3 seconds. - It holds one piece of information at a time.

Which of the following are aspects of the Hebbian interpretation of long-term potentiation?

Correct Answer(s) - Synaptic connections strengthen. - Postsynaptic activity increases. Incorrect Answer(s) - Memory processing is blocked. - Memory processing is decreased.

While at a bonfire, someone quickly spells out the word LOVE with a sparkler. For a moment, you can clearly see the word spelled out, as if it were hanging in the air. Which of the following statements about this phenomenon are true?

Correct Answer(s) - The scene is passing through iconic memory. - The effect is caused by neural persistence. Incorrect Answer(s) - The word will be visible for several minutes. - The word is processed by working memory first before passing into sensory memory.The word will be visible for several minutes. The word is processed by working memory first before passing into sensory memory

Which of the following are required for memory to function optimally?

Correct Answer(s) - consolidation - regular sleep Incorrect Answer(s) - anterograde amnesia - electroconvulsion

Which of the following are examples of encoding specificity impacting memory?

Correct Answer(s) - state-dependent retrieval - mood-dependent retrieval - location-dependent retrieval Incorrect Answer(s) - free recall

Match each term to its correct definition.

- process dedicated to storing and rehearsing language: phonological loop - the processes by which we actively keep information in our current thoughts: working memory - the control center that supports cognitive operations on sensory inputs: central executive - process dedicated to manipulating shapes and images: visuo-spatial sketchpad - grouping separate stimuli into meaningful categories: chunking

Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing memory model, place in order how deeply the following information about dogs would be encoded, from the shallowest to the deepest.

1. A person glances at a magazine and sees a picture of a dog 2. A person can remember all the dog breeds because they know a song that lists them 3. A person spends the weekend walking and playing with a friends dog 4. A person grew up with dogs and owns them to this day

José and his friends like to study for tests in different ways. Rank how effective each strategy is, from most effective to least effective.

1. Jose reads the chapter, closes the book, and quizzes himself on all of the concepts described 2. Nitish creates concept maps of the information 3. Maria diligently completes all the assigned reading

According to Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing model, place the types of encoding in order of how deeply the memories will be encoded, from shallowest to deepest.

1. Visual 2. Auditory 3. Semantic 4. Self-referential

Place the following events describing the acquisition and recall of a memory in chronological order.

1. perception 2. encoding 3. storage 4. retrieval

Which of the following are examples of semantic memory?

Correct Answers: - explaining a recipe from memory to a friend over the phone - explaining the rules for playing a card game False Answers: - walking on the beach while gazing out at the ocean waves - mentally retracing your steps to try to figure out where you put down your keys

Bakary is participating in a study of memory. He is presented with the following ambiguous image (without the letter labels), while hearing the word "eyeglasses" through headphones. After a 30-minute delay doing another task, he is asked to draw the image he saw from memory. How would we expect his drawing to differ from the drawing he saw originally?

Correct: - He may draw the line E with a curve. - He may omit the lines A and B. - He may connect the lines C and D to the circles. Incorrect: - He may omit the line E.

Which of the following features do flashbulb memories possess?

Correct: - People have confidence in the accuracy of flashbulb memories because they are so vivid. Incorrect: - Some flashbulb memories have a strong emotional component, while others do not. - The accuracy of flashbulb memories stays high long after the event. - Flashbulb memories change very little over time.

Which scenarios are examples of infantile amnesia?

Correct: - Anahit can't remember anything before her first day of preschool at age 3. - Chantou owned a toy giraffe when she was 2 years old but has no memory of it as an adult. Incorrect: - Josie is 3 years old, and she doesn't remember what she ate for dinner yesterday. - When Hernan was 4 years old, he suffered a concussion and forgot about a week's worth of memories.

Each time the eye is exposed to a particular stimulus, it produces an identical amount of activity in the brain.

False

If an individual has an impaired short-term memory, they will be unable to form long-term memories.

False

Memory distortions mainly occur when the stakes associated with remembering correctly are low.

False

Four groups of rats are the subjects in a learning experiment involving two compounds: lithium chloride and anisomycin. Lithium chloride produces strong nausea when injected. Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that disrupts the formation and consolidation of long-term memory. Review the following experimental design:

Group 2

Three people are present when a pregnant person suddenly goes into labor and gives birth in a bank lobby. Which of the people is likely to best remember the event afterward?

Jayvon, who had opened a checking account at the branch that same day

Which of the following experiences is likely to be encoded at the shallowest level of processing?

Seeing a sign written using an alphabet you aren't familiar with

Which scenario is an example of the process of memory consolidation?

Sergio better remembers the names of clients he met the previous day after a good night's sleep.

Participants in a study were shown a series of images. Later they were shown the same images and asked to rate them as images that they clearly remembered, found vaguely familiar, or had forgotten. Consider this figure, which shows the participants' neural activity in the hippocampus in response to the images. Which statement about this graph is true?

The hippocampus is more active when viewing an image the participant remembers than one that only seems familiar.

Caleb remembers being taken on a flight in a helicopter as a child, but his parents insist that no such activity ever occurred. What can we assume about Caleb's false memory?

The memory is based on the gist of what a helicopter flight would be like.

Identify the true and false statements about forgetting.

True Statements: - Without rehearsal of new information, we quickly forget much more than we remember. - According to trace decay theory, memories that we don't access can decay over time False Statements: - It is always best to retain memories for as long as possible. - All memory disorders consist of either misremembering or not remembering enough.

Match each term to its correct definition. a) avoiding thinking about an event, resulting in less robust memory of that event b) a failure to retrieve information despite confidence that it's stored in memory c) loss of information in sensory or working memory prior to storage d) directing excessive attention to a single stimulus and neglecting peripheral stimuli

a) motivated forgetting b) tip-of-the-tongue c) encoding failure d) weapon focus

Match each term to its corresponding process. a) accessing information previously encoded and stored in the brain b) maintenance of information in the brain for later use c) the capacity to store and retrieve information in order to facilitate learning d) taking the information we perceive and converting it for storage

a) retrieval b) storage c) memory d) encoding

Identify each strategy as an effective or ineffective method for improving memory in the long term.

effective: - taking short breaks during work and long breaks on your days off - going to bed at a reasonable hour - mixing visual learning with auditory learning ineffective: - transitioning directly from one learning topic to the next

Nicholas is writing a memoir and finds it difficult to recall the details of his childhood visits to his late grandparents' home. Fortunately, the house is still in the family. Upon visiting the house and spending time in it, he finds memories of those childhood visits flooding back. What principle explains this change?

encoding specificity

Identify each scenario as an error in either source monitoring or reality monitoring.

error in reality monitoring: - Jevonte clearly remembers having taken a cross-country road trip as a young child, but his parents inform him he did not. - Aïcha believes an argument she had in a dream happened in real life. error in source monitoring: - Elna believes she's written a very good poem but hasn't realized that several lines come from a piece of popular music. - Damien knows that the British Empire once went to war with Zanzibar but can't remember where he heard it from.

Identify each scenario as an example of either retroactive or proactive interference.

proactive interference: - Erin took four years of French in high school. On her first exam in her college Italian course, she can only recall French words. - Kavita keeps addressing a new employee using the name of another employee who left the company last year. retroactive interference: - Carolyn recently changed her computer password and now cannot recall her old password. - After binging the latest season of her favorite show, Tanya has trouble remembering events from the first season.

Match each scenario to the correct variety of amnesia.

retrograde amnesia: - Following brain trauma due to a bad case of viral encephalitis, Navid found he could not remember the last two years of his life. - Sean barely escaped from a burning building. The next day he could not remember how he'd ended up in the building in the first place. anterograde amnesia: - After Shohreh slipped on ice and hit her head, she did not remember what she did for the rest of the day. - A scientist at a conference gets very drunk at the reception before his keynote speech. He cannot remember anything that happens for the rest of the day, including giving his own talk.

Onahoua has a neurodegenerative disorder that makes it hard for her to come up with words and to describe how images relate to one another. She also struggles to understand both written and spoken instructions. Which term best describes her condition?

semantic dementia