Psych 1000 Unit 7

What are the four most common reasons for having sex?

1. for physical reasons 2. to help attain a goal 3. for emotional reasons 4. because of insecurity

what % of Canadian females aged 15 to 24 have some form of eating disorder?

1.5%

Place the following in the correct order from top to bottom 1. Safety needs 2. Self-actualization needs 3. Physiological needs 4. Aesthetic needs 5. Cognitive needs 6. Belongingness and love needs 7. Esteem needs

2. Self-actualization needs 4. Aesthetic needs 5. Cognitive needs 7. Esteem needs 6. Belongingness and love needs 1. Safety needs 3. Physiological needs (Paul Sat Beside Earl Carrying A Sandwich)

Who was the first scientist to tackle the topic of human sexual behaviour?

Alfred Kinsey

Who proposed the first scientific model of love

Berscheid and Walter

True or False - motivation is influenced by how competent we are

False - influenced by how competent we THINK we are

What are the three universal needs?

Relatedness - feeling connected with others, a needs satisfied by forming meaningful bonds with other people such as family members, teammates, or colleagues at school and work Autonomy - the need to feel in control of your own life Competence - the ability to perform a task at a skill level that is satisfying to the individual

Who proposed the two-facto theory

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer

intrinsic motivation (mastery motive)

The process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and overcoming challenges

Elizabeth has a form of epilepsy that cannot be controlled by medications. In an effort to stop her seizures, doctors removed the amygdala from both sides of her brain. How should that affect her experience of fear? a. She should have a smaller initial reaction to emotional images. b. She should have difficulties with emotional regulation. c. She should be unaffected by this surgical procedure d. Her parasympathetic nervous system should no longer function properly.

a

Feedback from the ________ can influence the firing of your visual and auditory cortices. a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. hippocampus d. hindbrain

a

How is terror management theory related to our need to belong? a. The fear of death makes us more protective of our cultural worldview, including our family, community, and country. b. Terror management theory is not related to the need to belong but is instead related to earlier stages of the hierarchy of needs. c. Mortality salient thoughts help us prepare for death, thus leading to less anxiety. d. The fear of death is an anxiety buffer that helps us form groups.

a

The __________ region of the hypothalamus is associated with the onset of eating, while the __________ region is associated with the offset. a. lateral; ventromedial b. anterior; ventromedial c. ventromedial; lateral d. anterior; posterior

a

__________ is a sugar that serves as a vital energy source for the human body; its levels are monitored by the nervous system. a. Glucose b. Insulin c. Ghrelin d. CCK

a

emotion

a behaviour with the following three components: (a) a subjective thought and/or experience with (b) accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal and (c) an observable behavioural expression

drive

a biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed, such as food or water

obesity

a disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

amotivational

a feeling of having little or no motivation to perform a behaviour

amygdala

a group of nuclei in the medial portion (near the middle) of the temporal lobes in each hemisphere of the brain

oxytocin

a hormone related to feelings of trust and the desire to be close to someone

testosterone

a hormone that is involved in the development of sex characteristics and the motivation for sexual behaviour

terror management theory (TMT)

a psychological perspective asserting that the human fear of mortality motivates behaviour, particularly behaviours that preserve self-esteem and our sense of belonging

hypothalamus

a set of nuclei found on the bottom surface of the brain that are involved in regulating motivation and homeostasis by stimulating the release of hormones throughout the body

intersexual selection

a situation in which members of one sex select a mating partner based on their desirable traits

intrasecual selection

a situation in which members of the same sex compete in order to win the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex

glucose

a sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body

self-determination theory

a theory that states that an individual's ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well-being is influenced by the degree to which he or she is in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals

refractory period

a time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible

avoidance goal

an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing money, or feeling emotional pain

Anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder that involves (1) self-starvation, (2) intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with one's body, and (3) denial of the serious consequences of severely low weight

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder that is characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge-eating, and purging

approach goal

an enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or a feeling of satisfaction

self-efficacy

an individual's confidence that he or she can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem

passionate love

associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person

In what order do the phases of the sexual response cycle occur? a. excitement, orgasm, resolution, plateau b. excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution c. orgasm, resolution, excitement, plateau d. plateau, orgasm, resolution, excitement

b

The __________ asserts that our emotional experiences are shaped by patterns of physical arousal and the cognitive labels we attach to them. a. facial feedback hypothesis b. two-factor theory c. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion d. James-Lange theory

b

The male sexual response cycle includes a(n)____ during which erection and orgasm are not possible, whereas the female cycle does not a. plateau b. refractory period c. oxytocin release d. impotence period

b

Which brain structure is involved in regulating motivation and hunger by stimulating the release of hormones throughout the body? a. Hippocampus b. Hypothalamus c. Medulla d. Thalamus

b

__________ refers to one's motivation for sexual behaviour and pleasure. a. Cybersex b. Libido c. Excitement d. Orgasm

b

An individual's belief that he or she will be able to complete a task is known as a. implicit motivation. b. avoidance motivation. c. self-efficacy. d. approach motivation.

c

Future computers will likely include face-recognition software that keeps the computer screen lit up when you're looking at it (this technology is already found in some smart phones). This technology may also make it more difficult for users to remain anonymous in social networking sites or chat rooms. Based on what you've read in this module, what effect will this have? a. The loss of anonymity will change the gender roles for males and females, making them more similar. b. From an evolutionary perspective, the loss of anonymity will influence male sexual behaviour, as it will be possible for them to identify a larger number of potential mates. c. The loss of anonymity will make people more inhibited because the sexual scripts will become similar to those found in face-to-face encounters. d. Social networking sites will become even more popular and sexualized once everyone can see everyone else.

c

If a student is a pre-med major because he is curious about how the body works and how it recovers from disease, psychologists would say that he has ________ motives. If the student is studying pre-med only because he thinks this major will impress people, then psychologists would say that he has ________ motives. a. avoidance; mastery b. performance; avoidance c. mastery; performance d. performance; mastery

c

the ____ helps recruit energy to prepare you for a response and the ______ helps preserve energy and calms you down if no response is necessary a. autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system b. somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system c. sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous systm

c

A recent immigrant from Korea is working on a group project with two Canadian colleagues whose families immigrated to Canada several generations ago. The assignment is quite boring and was assigned by the regional manager of the company they work for. Based on what you've read in this module, how will the Korean-Canadian differ from his Canadian colleagues? a. The Korean-Canadian's negative emotions will not be affected when he is thinking about his new Western culture. b. The Korean-Canadian will show a larger emotional response to the situation than his colleagues. c. Both groups will experience a large increase in negative emotions. d. The Korean-Canadian's negative emotions will not be affected when he is thinking about his Korean culture.

d

Affiliation motivation is a. the desire to be around other people as often as possible. b. the drive to have as many friends as possible. c. the desire to be isolated from others. d. the need to have at least a few permanent meaningful relationships.

d

Raj's mother tells him to smile more if he wants to feel better. Her statement is consistent with the _________________. a. emotional transfer hypothesis b. two-factor theory of emotion c. cortical theory of emotion d. facial feedback hypothesis

d

Sexual content in advertising can be effective in all the following cases except a. When the viewers are liberal minded males b. When the sexual content is related to the purpose or function of the product being advertised c. When paired with a logical argument for buying the product d. When the viewers are conservative minded females

d

What is one biological explanation for the mismatch that transgender individuals identify between their gender and their biological sex? a. Oxytocin levels are abnormally low in transgender individuals, which influences how the frontal lobes of the brain will develop early in life. b. The levels of sex hormones such as testosterone are abnormally high in transgender individuals. c. Sex hormones cause sex differences in the brain at an early stage of prenatal development and sex differences in the genitals at a later stage of prenatal development. d. Sex hormones cause sex differences in the genitals at an early stage of prenatal development and sex differences in the brain at a later stage of prenatal development.

d

What is one difference between anorexia and bulimia? a. Anorexia occurs in females only, whereas bulimia occurs in both females and males. b. Anorexia and bulimia are in fact two terms for the same disorder. c. Anorexia involves periods of self-starvation, whereas bulimia does not. d. Bulimia involves purging (generally self-induced vomiting), whereas this is less characteristic in anorexia.

d

Which of the following is the most likely predictor of someone developing an eating disorder? a. decreased sensitivity to the reward value of food b. activity of the parietal somatosensory cortex c. fat receptors on the tongue d. exposure to idealized versions of body type and thinness

d

sexual response cycle

describes the phases of physiological change during sexual activity, which comprises four primary stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

impression management

eating less due to social pressures

social facilitation

eating more due to social pressures

modelling

eating whatever they eat

True or False - a polygraph is an accurate measure of lie detection

false

True or False - a sense of permanence is not important for our well-being

false

True or False - children who are born both deaf and blind show different facial expressions and emotions as people who see and hear

false

True or False - middle aged women were found to different sexual motive than women aged 18 to 22

false

True or False - women have a refectory period

false

reproduction suppression hypothesis

females who believe they have low levels of social support from romantic partners and family members are more likely to engage in dieting behaviour

transgender

individuals who experience a mismatch between the gender that they identify with and their biological sex

extrinsic motivation (performance motive)

motivation geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition, or avoiding embarrassment

allostasis

motivation that is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs caused by stress

sex guilt

negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour

over justification effect

occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task.

facial feedback hypothesis

our emotional expressions can influence our subjective emotional states

James-Lange theory of emotion

our physiological reactions to stimuli (e.g., the racing heart) precede and give rise to the emotional experience (e.g.,the fear)

What two components make up "love"

passionate love and companionate love

two-factory theory

patterns of physical arousal and the cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences

companionate love

related to tenderness, and to the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person

gender roles

the accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society

Homeostasis

the body's physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment

Connon-Bard theory of emotion

the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings, and that these representations in the brain trigger responses in the body

sexual orientation

the consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), same sex (homosexuality), or either sex (bisexuality)

Achievement motivation

the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals

libido

the motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

need to belong (affiliation motivation)

the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each person's well-being

Motivation

the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms toward specific goals

self-actualization

the point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep-thinking, and accepting human being

satiation

the point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat

sexual scripts

the set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females

incentives

the stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives

Transsexual

the subset of transgender individuals who wish to permanently transition from their birth sex to the gender with which they identify

Coolidge effect

the tendency for males to show renewed sexual interest when a new female becomes available

unit bias

the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume

True of False - body language provides almost as much emotional information as facial expressions

true

True or False - Charles Darwin was the first person to recognize that some facial expressions of emotion were universal

true

True or False - approximately half of the individual differences found in sexual orientation are due to genetic factors

true

True or False - characteristic of body language and body motion appear to be universal

true

True or False - women have more varied sexual response cycles than men

true

display rules

unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion

emotional dialects

variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

True of False - According to Abraham Maslow, human needs are organized as a hierarchy with basic needs at the bottom and personal fulfillment and other uniquely human characteristics at the top

True

True of False - mortality salience makes people more likely to be politically conservative

True

True or False - western culture tends to promote autonomy and the individual whereas eastern cultures put more emphasis on meeting the needs of the community

True

True or False - there is evidence that homosexual males have a smaller subregion of the hypothalamus

True - but it's debatable

The accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society are known as a. sexual scripts. b. sex guilt. c. sexual orientation. d. gender roles.

d

The minimal eating norm is the observation that people tend to a. eat as little as possible in just about every social situation imaginable. b. gauge how much they eat by what others in the social setting are eating. c. encourage one another to eat too much. d. eat smaller amounts in certain social situations to avoid seeming rude.

d

The tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume is called? a. Recommended Dietary Amount (RDA) bias b. Component bias c. Portion bias d. Unit bias

d

What did Arthur Aron and his colleagues suggest as the reason for love

"love is a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates"