PSYCH 101: Chapters 9 & 10

Piaget's three ways which children's moral thinking shifts as they grow and develop

1. Tends to shift from realism to relativism. As youngin, bad things are always bad, as we get older bad things get relative. Ultimately bad or relative 2. Tends to shift from prescriptions to principles: Ex. Children think a rule is everyone gets a turn on the iPad. As they mature, they learn that it's about equality and fairness. 3. Tends to shift from outcomes to intentions: As a child, the act of breaking an ipad accidentaly is very bad. As we grow older it's not as bad because they didn't intend to.

Language Structure Components?

Morphemes, Phonemes

2-Factor Theory

intelligence suggested that ever task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s) - Charles Spearman.

Function Morphemes

serve grammatical functions

John Carroll

1916-2003 8 middle level abilities that included fluid and crystalized intelligences

Robert Sternberg

1949- 3 middle level abilities

Name the theories of intelligence

2-Factor Theory, Multiple Intelligence, Crystallized vs Fluid

Language production (Cooing, Babbling)

6-8 weeks: Cooing. Don't understand words but can distinguish between languages 4-6 months: Babbling- producing consonant vowel sounds MaMa, BaBa , repeating an interesting sound for the pleasure of making it 6- around 12 months: categorizing the sounds of their native language; they begin segmenting words After around 12 months: Semantic Development

Howard Gardner

8 Kinds of intelligences, Multiple intelligence theory. 1943

Skinner's Language Learning theory

Argued that children learn language through operant conditioning

Bowlby's Theory of attachment

Attachment bonds have four defining features: (1) proximity maintenance (2) separation distress (3) safe haven (4) secure base

Autonomous Morality (Automatically made by people)

Becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people; in judging an action, one should consider actor' s intentions as well as consequences (10+ years)

Freud's Psychosexual/Psychoanalytic Theory

Biologically based sexual instincts motivate behavior and steer development through 5 psycho-sexual stages, oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stage. Bad, Nurture, Passive, Discontinuous, Universal

Prototype theory

Bosch theorized that categories are organized around a prototype - the best or most typical member of a category. For American, prototype of the bird category would be a wren. According to prototype theory, if yor prototypical bird is a robin, a canary would be considered a better example of a bird than would an ostrich because a canary has more features in common with a robin than an ostrich.

Cultural/ Economic Biases of IQ test

Caucasians outscore Latinos who outscore African Americans. Men smarter than women..

Learning Theory: Nativism

Chomsky said language-learning capacities are built into the human brain and are separate from general intelligence. Nativist theory is the view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity. Children learn the grammatical rules of human language with ease in part because they are "wired" to do so

Piaget's Constructivism (NGADU)

Development proceeds through four stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to formal operations. Nature, Good, Active, Discontinuous, Universal

Exemplar Theory

Exemplar theory holds that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category. (Medin and Schaffer) When walking and see a 4-legged animal and think it could be a wolf but it resembles a golden retriever so you figure it's a dog and you walk away in calmness. You do this because you used other examples of dogs as a specific example.

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Humans progress through 8 psychosocial crisis in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood. Good, Nature AND Nurture, Active, Discontinuous, Univeral.

Learning Theory: Interactionism

Infants are born with an innate ability to acquire language, social interactions play a crucial role in language. Parents tailor verbal interactions with children to simplify. Bruner & Ferrar

Universal Grammar

Input (language data) -> Language acquisition device ->Output. States that all children are born with an innate ability to acquire, develop, and understand language.

Piaget's theories of moral development

It shifts in 3 ways. Heteronomous morality- justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people (4-7 years). And autonomous morality Becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people; in judging an action, one should consider actor' s intentions as well as consequences (10+ years)

Kohlberg's theories of moral development

Kohlberg also spoke moral reasoning in three stages Basically, Kohlber says moral reasoning shifts from an emphasis on punishment to an emphasis on social rules and finally to ethical principles.

Semantic Development

Learning the meaning of words 12 months: First words Initially this is a slow, gradual process Maybe learn a couple of words a week Object words, directives, some social words (bye-bye) Then, several months after it begins, word learning speeds up dramatically Usually begins when child's vocabulary is around 50-100 words 18-month-olds know about 50 words By 24-months, around 200-300 words At 3-yrs, 500-1000 words

Disorganized Attachment

No consistency

Most common word learning errors?

Over and Under extending

How do learning theories account for language acquisition?

Over repeated exposures, infants may learn to associate an object with a sound or word for that object. When an infant babbles 'dada,' the infant is rewarded by smiling and happy parents who cheer and reward their child's efforts at communicating. And infants may learn language by observing caregivers and imitating their sounds.

Morphemes

Phonemes are combined to make morphemes - the smallest meaningful units of language. Can be prefixes or suffixes.

Harlow's Theory of attachment and experiment + results

Rheusus monkey study. The baby monkeys that weren't allowed social cotact after 6 months compulsively rocked back and forth, avoided social contact when confronted, incapable of communicating w/or learning from others, mothers rejected their kids, chose the cloth mothers after.

4 Types of attachment

Secure, Avoidant, Ambiguant, Disorganized

Learning theory: Behaviorism.

Skinner said we learn to talk in the same way we learn any other skill: through reinforcement, shaping, extinction, and other basic principles of operant conditioning. Attractive because it offers a simple account of language development but it can't account for many fundamental characteristics of language development.

Attachment Theory

Social contact is vital especially in the first 6 months of a babies' life

What's the "Strange Situation"? (Ainsworth)

The strange situation is a procedure devised by Mary Ainsworth in 1969 to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and a child. It applies to children between the ages of twelve and twenty four months. Revealed the 4 types of attachment.

Theory of Mind (and how does it help children learn from others)

The understanding that other people's mental representations guide their behaviors. 1. Being able to infer and use information from other people about their emotions, intentions, desires, and beliefs. 2. Understand that the behavior of others is not just a reaction to the environment, but also to mental states. A "theory" because child infers others' mental states from their behavior and use these concepts to predict and explain behavior

Multiple Intelligence Theory

Visual-Spatial - think in terms of physical space Very aware of their environments Bodily-kinesthetic - Movement/ body awareness Musical - show sensitivity to rhythm and sound. Interpersonal - understanding, interacting with others. Intrapersonal - understanding one's own interests, goals. Linguistic - using words effectively. These learners have highly developed auditory skills and often think in words. Logical -Mathematical - reasoning, calculating. Naturalistic - The ability to make consequential distinctions in the world of nature

Environmental Impacts on IQ

When physiological needs not met, less likely to pay attention to IQ requirements, etc.

Over Extension

Word LEarning Error- Ex. Using the word "Cat" to mean all 4-legged animals

Under extension

Word learning error- Ex. using the word "cat" to mean only their cat.

Ratio IQ and how to calculate it

a statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100. After the age of 16 intelligence begins to level off so measure adult's intelligence by Deviation IQ

Deviant IQ and how to calculate it

a statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people the same age group then multiplying by 100.

Goodness/ Badness

are humans innately good, innately bad (tabulae rasae) or both?.

Fast-Mapping

children map a word unto an underlying concept after only a single exposure- this lets children learn at a rapid pace.

Active/ PAssive

do humans actively shape their own environments and contribute to their own development- or are they passively shaped by forces beyond their control?

Continuity/ Discontinuity

do humans change gradually and in quantitative ways - or do they progress through qualitatively different stages and change dramatically into different beings?

Family Resemblance Theory

feature that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member.

Universiality/ Context Specificity

is development from person to person and from culture to culture- or do pathways of development vary considerably depending on the social context?

Nature/ Nurture

is development primarily the product of genes, biology, and maturation - or of experience, learning, adn social influences?

Crystallized Intelligence

is the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience.

Heteronomous morality

justice and rules can't be changed or controlled by people (4-7 years)

Cognitive Social Learning Theory

learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur ***purely through observation*** or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement.

Bandura's Cognitive Social Learning Theory (N,N,A,C,C)

learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. Nurture, neither good nor bad, active, continuous, context specific.

Ambivalent Attachment

leaves-> distress. Comes back-> refuse calming attempts

Conventional Stage

moral development where the morality is determined by how it conforms to social rules. Immoral actions are those where one is condemned by others.

Ainsworth's Theory of attachment

mothers tend to be especially sensitive to signs of their child's emotional state. • Ugandan children show stranger anxiety earlier, also begin crawling at earlier age (Ainsworth, 1967). Correlation between attachment and mobility makes evolutionary sense.

Surface Structure

refers to how a sentence is worded

Deep Structure

refers to the meaning of a sentence

Content Morphemes

refers to things and events

Preconventional Stage

stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor.

Fluid Intelligence

the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences. Involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming up with problem-solving strategies.

Phonemes

the smallest unit of sound that are recognizable as speech rather than as random noise. There are appx. 44 phonemes - (AH noise, EH, etc.)

Postconventional Stage

when a behavior goes against core values such as the right to life, liberty, and happiness, it's considered immoral.

Secure Attachment

when caregiver leaves infant is either in distress or not. When caregiver comes back- infant go to caregiver or greet them with a glance or greeting accordingly.

Avoidant Attachment

when caregiver leaves, avoidant infants are not distressed but when they return, they don't acknowledge the caregiver.