psych 101 FINAL EXAM

which organization establishes the ethical guidelines for research conducted by psychologists

American Psychological Association

observational learning theory's foremost proponent is

Bandura

for which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem?

Bartlett

two well-known humanists are

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. what schedule of reinforcement is being used

a fixed-ratio schedule

which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic memory

a photograph

thorndike was known for his work with

a puzzle box

a hypothesis is

a statement describing what the researchers expect to find in a study

memory is

a system that allows people to retain info over time

what was the conditioned stimulus in the case of little albert

a white rat

when the lens of the eye is adjusted to focus on near and far objects, this is called

accommodation

what are the components of the information processing model in order

encoding, storage, retrieval

(blank) memory is constantly updated

episodic

which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car

episodic memory

in a random sample,

every member of the population has an equal chance of being a participant in the study

declarative memories are to (blank) memories as procedural memories are to (blank) memories

explicit; implicit

one a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the

first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed

memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called

flashbulb memories

according to the law of effect, a behavior is MOST likely to be stamped in, or repeated, when it is

followed by reinforcement

on a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given

for the first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed

in the scientific method, after making a prediction, the next step is to

form a testable hypothesis

who is most associated with psychoanalysis?

freud

One of the biggest disadvantages of case studies is a lack of

generalizability

cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. according to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?

her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry

the wavelength of light determines its (blank) and the amplitude of light determines its (blank)

hue; brightness

the type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is

insight

the "aha!" experience is known as

insight learning

the absolute threshold is defined as the minimum

intensity of a stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

learning that occurs but its not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called

latent learning

college students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half hearted attempt to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. this behavior is probably due to

learned helplessness

the internet, with its series of links from one sire to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of

long term memory

repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as (blank) rehersal

maintenance

the first step of the scientific method is to

make predictions about behavior

(blank) is defined as an active system that receives info from the senses, organizes and alters info as it stores it away, and then receives the info from storage

memory

in (blank), neither experimenters nor participants know whether the participant is in the experiment group or the control group

naturalistic observation

an action potential is a

neural impulse

the information carrying cells of the nervous system are called

neurons

the field of science that investigates the relationships between the nervous system and behavior/mental processes is

neuroscience

a witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

no, because there is a great possibility of a false positive identification

behaviorism emphasizes the study of

observable actions

a negative correlation describes a relationship in which

one variable decreases while another variable increases

a skinner box is most likely to be used in research on

operant conditioning

when may research participants withdraw from a study?

participants may withdraw at any time in a study

iconic and echoic memory are types of (blank) memory

sensory

axons are necessary for neurons to be able to

send neural impulses to other neurons

the sociocultural perspective in psychology emphasizes the

role of society and culture in determining behavior

psychology is defined as the

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

the scientific method is used by

all scientists, including psychologists

a scientific theory is

an explanation of why and how a behavior occurs

people with alzheimers disease typically have a memory problem known as

anterograde amnesia

info in short term memory is retained

as long as it is rehearsed

bill believes that children need physical punishment and are usually not competent enough to make their own decisions or be involved in family decisions. diana baumrind would characterize his parenting style as

authoritarian

both the lens and the cornea of the eye have a primary function of

bending light

a focus on genetics, chemical imbalances, and brain differences between human characterizes the (blank) perspective

biological

which perspective would most likely describe anxiety as being related to chemicals in the body

biological

rods and cones send visual info to the optic nerve through which type of cell

bipolar

neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change

brain wave activity

cofounding variables

can lead to alternative explanations for the results of a study

in bandoras classic study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a bobo doll,

children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished

its thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together. you start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother. both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other. this is an example of

constructive processing

which structure is part of the sensation process occurring in vision?

cornea

the part of the neuron that receives signals from other neurons is the

dendrite

the branchlike structures on the heads of neurons that receive signals from other neurons are called

dendrites

what list correctly states the four goals of psychology

describe, predict, explain, control

naturalistic observations are predominately used to achieve the goals of

description and prediction

attention is the process of

selectively noticing stimuli

which perspective emphasizes human strengths and how humans attain happiness

postive psychology

one of the four goals of psychology is to

predict

short term memories appear to be localized in the

prefrontal lobes

a scientific theory

provides a summary to guide thinking

sigmund freud's ideas led to his formulation of (blank) theory

psychoanalytic

the psychodynamic perspective is derived from (blank) theory

psychoanalytic

what psychological perspective is most likely to view anxiety as product of unresolved feelings of hostility, guilt, anger, or sexual attraction experienced in childhood

psychodynamic

what psychological perspective refers to the assumptions about behavior originally conceived by freud, as modified by his followers?

psychodynamic

what has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response

punishment

under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again

regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.

researchers use random sampling to obtain a

representative sample

a display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. you attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. what aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

sensory memory

decay theory works well to explain forgetting in

sensory memory and short term memory

the fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the

serial positioning effect

the working memory is known as the blank) memory

short term

the psychological perspective most likely to be interested in diversity between groups of individuals is the (blank) perspective

sociocultural

any object or event that is perceived by our senses is called a

stimulus

an example of a discriminative stimulus might be a

stop sign

(blank) is the retention of memory for some period of time

storage

wundt attempted to detail the

structure of our mental experiences

an example of a behavior that is leaned through operant conditioning is

studying in order to get a teachers approval

if you expect to hear a sound, you may have better ability to hear it. this would be an example of how (blank) can change

the absolute threshold

the best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in

the biology classroom

learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called

the learning/performance distinction

when keller and marian breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that

the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose

a correlation coefficient is a number that indicates

the strength of a relationship between two factors

what do naturalistic observations, case studies, and correlational studies all have in common?

they do not allow the researcher to control the main variables in the study

which of these individuals is the most typical person involved in a case in which memories of past childhood abuse are recalled later in life

thirty year old charlotte, who sought therapy for anxiety, depression, and recent weight gain with a therapist who uses hypnosis

pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. the food active as an

unconditioned stimulus

cognitive learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs using

unobservable mental processess

cross cultural psychologists primarily study the

ways in which culture affects individual behavior

which law explains how much louder a tone would need to get before you would notice a difference

weber's law

in the curve of forgetting developed by ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs

within the first hour after learning new material