psych 101 FINAL EXAM
which organization establishes the ethical guidelines for research conducted by psychologists
American Psychological Association
observational learning theory's foremost proponent is
Bandura
for which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem?
Bartlett
two well-known humanists are
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. what schedule of reinforcement is being used
a fixed-ratio schedule
which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic memory
a photograph
thorndike was known for his work with
a puzzle box
a hypothesis is
a statement describing what the researchers expect to find in a study
memory is
a system that allows people to retain info over time
what was the conditioned stimulus in the case of little albert
a white rat
when the lens of the eye is adjusted to focus on near and far objects, this is called
accommodation
what are the components of the information processing model in order
encoding, storage, retrieval
(blank) memory is constantly updated
episodic
which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car
episodic memory
in a random sample,
every member of the population has an equal chance of being a participant in the study
declarative memories are to (blank) memories as procedural memories are to (blank) memories
explicit; implicit
one a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the
first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed
memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called
flashbulb memories
according to the law of effect, a behavior is MOST likely to be stamped in, or repeated, when it is
followed by reinforcement
on a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given
for the first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed
in the scientific method, after making a prediction, the next step is to
form a testable hypothesis
who is most associated with psychoanalysis?
freud
One of the biggest disadvantages of case studies is a lack of
generalizability
cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. according to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?
her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry
the wavelength of light determines its (blank) and the amplitude of light determines its (blank)
hue; brightness
the type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is
insight
the "aha!" experience is known as
insight learning
the absolute threshold is defined as the minimum
intensity of a stimulus to be detected 50% of the time
learning that occurs but its not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called
latent learning
college students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half hearted attempt to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. this behavior is probably due to
learned helplessness
the internet, with its series of links from one sire to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of
long term memory
repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as (blank) rehersal
maintenance
the first step of the scientific method is to
make predictions about behavior
(blank) is defined as an active system that receives info from the senses, organizes and alters info as it stores it away, and then receives the info from storage
memory
in (blank), neither experimenters nor participants know whether the participant is in the experiment group or the control group
naturalistic observation
an action potential is a
neural impulse
the information carrying cells of the nervous system are called
neurons
the field of science that investigates the relationships between the nervous system and behavior/mental processes is
neuroscience
a witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?
no, because there is a great possibility of a false positive identification
behaviorism emphasizes the study of
observable actions
a negative correlation describes a relationship in which
one variable decreases while another variable increases
a skinner box is most likely to be used in research on
operant conditioning
when may research participants withdraw from a study?
participants may withdraw at any time in a study
iconic and echoic memory are types of (blank) memory
sensory
axons are necessary for neurons to be able to
send neural impulses to other neurons
the sociocultural perspective in psychology emphasizes the
role of society and culture in determining behavior
psychology is defined as the
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
the scientific method is used by
all scientists, including psychologists
a scientific theory is
an explanation of why and how a behavior occurs
people with alzheimers disease typically have a memory problem known as
anterograde amnesia
info in short term memory is retained
as long as it is rehearsed
bill believes that children need physical punishment and are usually not competent enough to make their own decisions or be involved in family decisions. diana baumrind would characterize his parenting style as
authoritarian
both the lens and the cornea of the eye have a primary function of
bending light
a focus on genetics, chemical imbalances, and brain differences between human characterizes the (blank) perspective
biological
which perspective would most likely describe anxiety as being related to chemicals in the body
biological
rods and cones send visual info to the optic nerve through which type of cell
bipolar
neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change
brain wave activity
cofounding variables
can lead to alternative explanations for the results of a study
in bandoras classic study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a bobo doll,
children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished
its thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together. you start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother. both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other. this is an example of
constructive processing
which structure is part of the sensation process occurring in vision?
cornea
the part of the neuron that receives signals from other neurons is the
dendrite
the branchlike structures on the heads of neurons that receive signals from other neurons are called
dendrites
what list correctly states the four goals of psychology
describe, predict, explain, control
naturalistic observations are predominately used to achieve the goals of
description and prediction
attention is the process of
selectively noticing stimuli
which perspective emphasizes human strengths and how humans attain happiness
postive psychology
one of the four goals of psychology is to
predict
short term memories appear to be localized in the
prefrontal lobes
a scientific theory
provides a summary to guide thinking
sigmund freud's ideas led to his formulation of (blank) theory
psychoanalytic
the psychodynamic perspective is derived from (blank) theory
psychoanalytic
what psychological perspective is most likely to view anxiety as product of unresolved feelings of hostility, guilt, anger, or sexual attraction experienced in childhood
psychodynamic
what psychological perspective refers to the assumptions about behavior originally conceived by freud, as modified by his followers?
psychodynamic
what has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response
punishment
under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again
regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.
researchers use random sampling to obtain a
representative sample
a display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. you attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. what aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?
sensory memory
decay theory works well to explain forgetting in
sensory memory and short term memory
the fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the
serial positioning effect
the working memory is known as the blank) memory
short term
the psychological perspective most likely to be interested in diversity between groups of individuals is the (blank) perspective
sociocultural
any object or event that is perceived by our senses is called a
stimulus
an example of a discriminative stimulus might be a
stop sign
(blank) is the retention of memory for some period of time
storage
wundt attempted to detail the
structure of our mental experiences
an example of a behavior that is leaned through operant conditioning is
studying in order to get a teachers approval
if you expect to hear a sound, you may have better ability to hear it. this would be an example of how (blank) can change
the absolute threshold
the best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in
the biology classroom
learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called
the learning/performance distinction
when keller and marian breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that
the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose
a correlation coefficient is a number that indicates
the strength of a relationship between two factors
what do naturalistic observations, case studies, and correlational studies all have in common?
they do not allow the researcher to control the main variables in the study
which of these individuals is the most typical person involved in a case in which memories of past childhood abuse are recalled later in life
thirty year old charlotte, who sought therapy for anxiety, depression, and recent weight gain with a therapist who uses hypnosis
pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. the food active as an
unconditioned stimulus
cognitive learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs using
unobservable mental processess
cross cultural psychologists primarily study the
ways in which culture affects individual behavior
which law explains how much louder a tone would need to get before you would notice a difference
weber's law
in the curve of forgetting developed by ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs
within the first hour after learning new material