PSYCH 102 - Chapter 14

When it comes to correlating culture with personality, approximately what percentage of people in individualist cultures have individualistic personalities?

60%

Of the ten basic scales in the MMPI-2 personality test, how many of them assess mental disorders?

8

Which researcher focused on historical figures that were self-actualized?

Maslow

According to B.F. Skinner, where are the primary causes of our behaviour found?

outside of us

What did the "Minnesota Twins" study reveal with respect to environmental and genetic influences on personality traits?

shared environment plays little or no role in the development of adult personality traits

How does reciprocal determinism influence personality?

through interaction with the social environment and cognitive factors

How is self-actualization described?

as the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

According to Freud, which psychic agency must interact with the real world and find ways to resolve the competing demands of the other two psychic agencies?

ego

Which of the following statements best describes Freud's principle of psychic determinism?

It assumes that we are at the mercy of powerful inner forces outside of our awareness.

Which of the following is true regarding the use of graphology as a projective technique?

It relies heavily on the representativeness heuristic.

Which statement best describes the rational/theoretical method of test construction (e.g., Big Five personality traits)?

It seeks to write test items to assess a conceptualization of a trait.

According to research by Lilienfeld and colleagues, what is an important reason why professional psychologists continue to use personality tests that have poor reliability and validity?

They are prone to the error of illusory correlation.

Which term refers to the practice of drawing detailed inferences about perpetrators' personality traits and motives from the pattern of crimes committed?

criminal profiling

In psychoanalytic theory, which term refers to the use of unconscious manoeuvres to minimize anxiety?

defence mechanism

Steve tends to be very competitive, always striving to get the best grade in class, win every sports event, and date the best-looking girl. As a result, many of his classmates think Steve considers himself superior to others. What would Adler say about Steve?

he has an inferiority complex

Dr. Walters is a clinician who often uses the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with patients. Dr. Walters inspects the content of the examinee's stories and analyzes them according to clinical intuition. Which term best characterizes this approach?

impressionistic

Doug's therapist gave him a test in which he was asked to complete a series of incomplete sentences using any words that came to mind. Which type of test is being characterized?

projective

Roberta has failed to stick to another diet, and her doctor is urging her to lose weight. Rather than admit that she failed to eat in a healthy way, she says, "It's better that I'm addicted to food rather than drugs!" Which defence mechanism is Roberta using?

rationalization

At her 40-year class reunion, Linda observed that people were just as likely to remember negative experiences as positive ones that were equally arousing or remarkable. Which Freudian defence mechanism does Linda's observation call into question?

repression

Mischel and other social psychologists believe that we, as observers of personality, see the predictive power of personality consistency as more reliable than it actually is. Which term best explains why we do this?

the fundamental attribution error