PSYCH 103 Final Exam
Another word for "integration" is a) "firing" b) "all-or-none" c) "summation" d) "release" e) "activation"
"summation"
Studies have shown that about _______ new neurons are created each day in each hippocampus of humans. a) 4 b) 8 c) 12 d) 16 e) 700
700
The clinical effectiveness of typical antipsychotic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to a) dopamine b) glutamate receptors c) D1 receptors d) D2 receptors e) autoreceptors
D2 receptors
Parkinson's disease is treated with a) dopamine b) serotonin c) acetylcholine d) norepinephrine e) L-dopa
L-dopa
Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain? a) CT b) PET c) angiography d) EEG e) MRI
MRI
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the a) ANS and the CNS b) SNS and the CNS c) PNS and the CNS d) ANS and the PNS e) brain and the spinal cord
PNS and the CNS
Which of the following is a method used by cognitive neuroscientists to turn off part of the brain while the effects on cognition and behavior are assessed? a) 2-DG b) ERP c) TMS d) PET e) EEG
TMS
_______ are found in _______, which are often located around small protuberances called _______. a) Taste receptors; taste buds; papillae b) Taste buds; taste receptors; papillae c) Taste receptors; papillae; taste buds d) Taste buds; papillae; taste receptors e) Papillae; taste receptors; taste buds
Taste receptors; taste buds; papillae
Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the a) sodium amytal test b) dichotic listening test c) WAIS d) Psychiatric Test Inventory (PTI) e) ERP
WAIS
Penile erection is a) a muscular response b) an electromyographic response c) a plethysmographic response d) a sphygmomanometric response e) an aberrant response
a plethysmographic response
This drawing illustrates a) Lima's original prefrontal lobotomy b) Moniz's original prefrontal lobotomy c) a transorbital prefrontal lobotomy d) both A and B E) both B and C
a transorbital prefrontal lobotomy
All of the sex steroids that are released by the gonads are also released by the a) sweat glands b) adrenal cortex c) pituitary d) anterior pituitary e) adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
All behavior is the product of a) an organism's genetic endowment b) an organism's experience c) an organism's perception of the current situation d) all of the above e) both A and B
all of the above
During sensorimotor learning, a) the locus of control is often shifted to lower levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy b) the locus of control is often shifted from conscious to unconscious control mechanisms c) individual responses are often integrated into continuous motor programs d) all of the above e) both A and B
all of the above
Epigenetic investigations, though relatively recent, have already identified a) many active areas of nongene (junk) DNA b) various kinds of small RNA molecules c) histone remodeling as an important mechanism by which experience can influence gene expression d) DNA methylation as an important epigenetic mechanism e) all of the above
all of the above
Evidence for the existence of a descending pain-control circuit came from the finding that a) stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia b) the PAG contains opiate receptors c) some opiates are endogenous d) all of the above e) none of the above
all of the above
Genetic males with androgenic insensitivity syndrome have a) little pubic hair b) shallow vaginas c) internalized testes d) breasts e) all of the above
all of the above
In a follow-up study of Money's famous case study of ablatio penis, it was revealed that the patient had a) acted like a male from an early age b) suspected he was a boy from second grade on c) refused to wear a bra d) requested mastectomy and phalloplasty e) all of the above
all of the above
In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors a) are more prevalent b) produce longer lasting effects c) produce effects that are more diffuse d) produce effects that take longer to develop e) all of the above
all of the above
In contrast to the ventromedial corticospinal tract, before descending to the spinal cord, the ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract interacts with the a) tectum b) reticular formation c) vestibular nuclei d) all of the above e) none of the above
all of the above
Like simple cells, complex cortical cells a) have rectangular receptive fields b) respond best to straight-line stimuli in a particular orientation c) are unresponsive to diffuse light d) respond to contrast e) all of the above
all of the above
Like the sensory systems, the sensorimotor system is a) hierarchical b) parallel c) functionally segregated d) all of the above e) none of the above
all of the above
Much of SII is a) adjacent to SI b) in the lateral fissure c) in the parietal cortex d) all of the above e) none of the above
all of the above
Much of the output of the posterior parietal goes to the a) dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex b) frontal eye fields c) various areas of secondary motor cortex d) all of the above e) both B and C
all of the above
Parts of olfactory receptor cells can be observed a) in the nasal passages b) in the olfactory mucosa c) passing through the cribriform plate d) in the olfactory bulb e) all of the above
all of the above
The CSF circulates through the a) central canal b) lateral ventricles c) subarachnoid space d) all of the above e) none of the above
all of the above
The bleaching of rhodopsin by light a) triggers inhibitory effects b) closes rod sodium channels c) hyperpolarizes the rods d) reduces the release of glutamate from rods e) all of the above
all of the above
The consequences of widespread cerebellar damage include a) difficulty in maintaining steady postures b) inability to precisely control the direction, force, velocity, and amplitude of movements c) inability to adapt patterns of motor output to changing conditions d) severe disturbances of balance, gait, speech, and eye movement e) all of the above
all of the above
The conventional view that all tastes are encoded by various combinations of activity in five primary taste receptors has a problem: a) No receptors have been discovered for salty and sour. b) Evidence suggests that there may be more than five primary tastes c) Many tastes cannot be created from combinations of the five current primaries. d) Thirty receptors have been discovered for bitter. e) all of the above
all of the above
The cutaneous somatosensory system responds to a) nociceptive stimuli b) thermal stimuli c) mechanical stimuli d) all of the above e) none of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a major theme of your text? a) thinking creatively about biopsychology b) clinical implications c) the evolutionary perspective d) neuroplasticity e) all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? a) hallucinations b) inappropriate affect c) delusions d) incoherent speech or thought e) all of the above
all of the above
The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called a) dominants b) phenotypes c) genotypes d) gametes e) alleles
alleles
When anxiety is so severe that it disrupts functioning, it is generally referred to as a) fear b) hypertension c) an anxiety disorder d) a panic disorder e) a phobia
an anxiety disorder
The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by a) an efflux of sodium ions b) an influx of calcium ions c) the sodium-potassium pump d) the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock e) the release of calcium ions from the buttons
an influx of calcium ions
Convergent evolution produces structures that are a) convergent b) analogous c) homologous d) both A and C e) both B and C
analogous
The cortical area that has most frequently been linked to pain by functional brain imaging studies is the a) anterior cingulate cortex b) secondary somatosensory cortex c) posterior parietal cortex d) inferotemporal cortex e) PAG
anterior cingulate cortex
Most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders are the ________ disorders. a) bipolar b) anxiety c) schizophrenia d) depressive e) phobic
anxiety
Most of the cell death associated with early development of the brain is a) necrotic b) passive c) apoptotic d) both A and B e) both B and C
apoptotic
Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is a) biopsychological research b) pure research c) case-study research d) applied research e) correlational research
applied research
There is good evidence in some species that testosterone does not masculinize the brain directly, that it is first converted to estradiol, which then masculinizes the brain. This hypothesis is called the ______ hypothesis. a) dihydrotestosterone b) aromatization c) alpha fetoprotein d) cholesterol e) dimorphic
aromatization
A nanometer is a a) tenth of a meter b) hundredth of a meter c) thousandth of a meter d) millionth of a meter e) billionth of a meter
billionth of a meter
Psychobiology, behavioral biology, and behavioral neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for a) cognitive behavior b) behavioral psychology c) biopsychology d) neurophysiology e) neuroscience
biopsychology
According to the retinex theory, the color of an object depends on a) its reflectance b) the proportion of light of different wavelengths that it reflects c) the dominant wavelength that it reflects d) all of the above e) both A and B
both A and B
Hormones influence sexual behavior by a) directing the development of many of the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that distinguish one as male or female. b) activating the reproduction-related behavior of sexually mature adults c) dividing into two separate pools, male hormones and female hormones, which have opposite, mutually exclusive effects. d) all of the above e) both A and B
both A and B
If identified at birth in a genetic female, adrenogenital syndrome is typically treated by early a) surgical correction of any abnormalities of the genitals b) the administration of cortisol c) the administration of testosterone d) both A and B e) both A and C
both A and B
The dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex a) appears to be important in the initiation of complex voluntary movements b) sends projections to the primary and secondary motor cortices c) plays a critical role in the elicitation and blocking of reflexes d) both A and B e) both B and C
both A and B
Which of the following is a passive force that acts to encourage Na+ ions to enter resting neurons? a) random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients b) electrostatic pressure, which forces ions down their electrostatic gradients c) sodium-potassium pumps d) both A and B e) both A and C
both A and B
Although they have many cognitive problems, Williams people have good a) musical abilities b) drawing abilities c) language abilities d) all of the above e) both A and C
both A and C
Light passes through layers of the retina in which of the following sequences? a) receptor layer, bipolar cell layer, retinal ganglion cell layer b) retinal ganglion cell layer, horizontal cell layer, receptor layer c) retinal ganglion cell layer, amacrine cell layer, receptor layer d) both B and C e) none of the above
both B and C
Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the resting potential by transporting a) Na+ ions into neurons b) K+ ions into neurons c) Na+ ions out of neurons d) both A and B e) both B and C
both B and C
Which of the following is part of the organ of Corti? a) semicircular canals b) tectorial membrane c) basilar membrane d) all of the above e) both B and C
both B and C
Which of the following are synthesized from tyrosine? a) monoamines b) indolamines c) catecholamines d) amino acids e) both A and B
catecholamines
Which contrast X-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brain of human patients? a) cerebral angiography b) X-ray photography c) pneumoencephalography d) CT scans e) PET scans
cerebral angiography
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the a) brain b) cerebellum c) great cerebral commissure d) cerebral hemispheres d) all of the above
cerebral hemispheres
The first two antipsychotic drugs were a) Librium and chlorpromazine b) chlorpromazine and reserpine c) L-DOPA and reserpine d) haloperidol and chlorpromazine e) haloperidol and Valium
chlorpromazine and reserpine
Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the major divisions of biopsychology? a) physiological psychology b) clinical psychology c) neuropsychology d) psychophysiology e) psychopharmacology
clinical psychology
Many neurons contain and release two neurotransmitters. This situation is called a) covalence b) ionotropism c) cohabitation d) metabotropism e) coexistence
coexistence
In essence, on-center and off-center cells of the retina-geniculate-striate system respond best to a) straight lines b) movement c) contrast d) circles e) dots of light
contrast
Scientific progress is most likely when different approaches are focused on a single problem, particularly when the strengths of one approach compensate for the weaknesses of the others. This is called a) converging operations b) comparative analysis c) critical thinking d) scientific inference e) functional imaging
converging operations
The hypothalamus and thalamus compose the a) brain stem b) diencephalon c) mesencephalon d) medulla e) pituitary
diencephalon
This is an illustration of the developing neural tube. The line points to one of the brain's major divisions, the a) diencephalon b) metencephalon c) telencephalon d) myelencephalon e) mesencephalon
diencephalon
Unlike Old-World monkeys, apes a) do not have tails b) have opposable thumbs that are not useful for precise manipulation c) do not have opposable thumbs d) cannot walk upright for short distances e) have tails
do not have tails
By definition, mood stabilizers are drugs that act against a) seasonal affective disorder b) depression without increasing mania c) mania without increasing depression d) lithium e) either B or C
either B or C
Which of the following is NOT a common consequence of ovariectomy in adult human females? a) sterility b) lack of menstruation c) elimination of sex drive d) disruption of progesterone release e) decrease in vaginal lubrication
elimination of sex drive
Embryonic cells that have the potential for unlimited renewal and have the ability to develop into different kinds of mature cells if they are transplanted to different sites are often called a) daughter cells b) embryonic stem cells c) zygotes d) multipolar cells e) ectodermal cells
embryonic stem cells
The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as a) excitation b) exocytosis c) synthesis d) metabolism e) expulsion
exocytosis
Which technique records the BOLD signal? a) MRI b) CT c) fMRI d) PET e) MEG
fMRI
The biceps are ______, while the triceps are _______. a) flexors; extensors b) extensors; flexors c) antagonists; agonists d) agonists; antagonists
flexors; extensors
The general effect of synapse rearrangement is to a) increase the number of different target cells innervated by each neuron b) increase the number of synaptic contacts received by each neuron c) focus the output of each neuron on fewer postsynaptic cells d) increase the ratio of axosomatic synapses to axodendritic synapses e) increase the number of synapses
focus the output of each neuron on fewer postsynaptic cells
By 40 days after conception, three swellings become visible at the anterior end of the human neural tube. The most anterior of these swellings eventually develops into the a) brain b) midbrain c) hindbrain d) forebrain e) ventricles
forebrain
The external reproductive organs or males and females develop a) from different tissue b) from the same bipotential tissue c) under environmental control d) under direct genetic control e) under estrogenic control
from the same bipotential tissue
Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image? a) functional MRI b) angiography c) PET d) CT e) EEG
functional MRI
Prosopagnosia has been linked to damage of the a) dorsal stream b) fusiform face area c) frontal lobes d) hippocampus e) both A and B
fusiform face area
Nature is to nurture as a) learning is to genetics b) behaviorism is to ethology c) genetics is to experience d) both A and B e) both B and C
genetics is to experience
In general, the dorsolateral corticospinal tract controls the muscles of the a) thighs b) body core c) hands and feet d) proximal limbs e) legs
hands and feet
Memories that are demonstrated by improved performance in the absence of conscious awareness of the memories are called a) implicit memories b) explicit memories c) semantic memories d) episodic memories e) short-term memories
implicit memories
Most axons of the dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract synapse on a) muscles of the fingers and thumb b) muscles of the hands and wrists c) interneurons of the spinal gray matter that in turn synapse on motor neurons that project to the distal muscles of the arms and legs d) motor neurons that project to the fingers e) Betz cells
interneurons of the spinal gray matter that in turn synapse on motor neurons that project to the distal muscles of the arms and legs
Evidence suggests that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) a) has no genetic basis b) is caused by a single dominant gene c) is caused by a single recessive gene d) is caused by two abnormal genes e) is caused by the interactions of many genes, with each other and the environment
is caused by the interactions of many genes, with each other and the environment
Generally speaking, feminization of the body at puberty a) occurs automatically unless testosterone is present b) is stimulated by a high ratio of androgens to estrogens c) is stimulated by a high ratio of estrogens to androgens d) can be blocked by hormones but is not stimulated by them e) occurs automatically even if testosterone is present in large amounts
is stimulated by a high ratio of estrogens to androgens
Cooling can be used to produce a functional or reversible brain lesion because a) the damage that it produces lasts only a few weeks b) the damage that it produces lasts only a day or two c) it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain d) it produces lesions that can be reversed with drugs e) the subjects usually survive
it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain
To be considered a major depressive disorder, symptoms must a) last more than 2 weeks b) NOT involve anhedonia c) be triggered by an obvious traumatic event d) involve a suicide attempt e) last less than 2 weeks
last more than 2 weeks
Portrayed in this illustration is a neural circuit called the a) basal ganglia b) visual system c) limbic system d) reticular system e) none of the above
limbic system
Which of the following is a commonly used measure of the sexual receptivity of female rats? a) postejaculatory interval b) mount frequency c) lordosis quotient d) number of intromissions to ejaculation e) number of ejaculations to intromission
lordosis quotient
The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are a) neurons b) neuroglia c) parts of the autonomic nervous system d) meninges e) myelin
meninges
The monoamine theory of depression is based on the fact that a) depressed people have high levels of monoamines b) depressed people have low levels of monoamines c) most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists d) most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine antagonists e) both A and D
most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists
Evidence that environmental factors play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia is that the concordance rate for monozygotic twins is a) greater for males than for females b) much less than 100% c) much more than 50% d) more than for dizygotic twins e) greater among cocaine users
much less than 100%
The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called a) glial cells b) axons c) neurons d) oligodendroglia e) sulci
neurons
Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain a) small-molecule neurotransmitters b) neuropeptides c) acetylcholine d) dopamine e) glutamate
neuropeptides
The study of the nervous system is called a) neuroscience b) psychology c) biopsychology d) neurochemistry e) neurophysiology
neuroscience
Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron's own a) EPSPs b) neurotransmitter c) IPSPs d) second messengers e) APs
neurotransmitter
A dermatome is a a) slowly adapting cutaneous receptor b) fast adapting cutaneous receptor c) free nerve ending d) both A and C e) none of the above
none of the above
On the basis of their receptive field properties, most neurons in lower layer IV of the primary visual cortex are classified as a) simple cells or complex cells b) complex cells or hypercomplex cells c) hypercomplex cells d) on-center or off-center cells e) type A and type B cells
on-center or off-center cells
The cortices of the primordial gonads may develop into a) ovaries b) the female sex ducts c) the frenulum d) testes e) the Wolffian system
ovaries
Which part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the CNS? a) parasympathetic nervous system b) sympathetic nervous system c) somatic nervous system d) cranial nerves e) autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
The neural structure situated near the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles is the a) substantia nigra b) periaqueductal gray c) red nucelus d) superior colliculi e) cerebral aqueduct
periaqueductal gray
The neural crest develops into the a) ventricular system b) cortex c) peripheral nervous system d) circulatory system of the brain e) neural tube
peripheral nervous system
Although it is somewhat arbitrary, primary olfactory cortex is considered to be a) piriform cortex b) in the thalamus c) in the orbits d) olfactory bulbs e) in the glomeruli
piriform cortex
Research has now established that the brain is a) static b) immutable c) plastic d) white e) gray
plastic
The last part of the human brain to reach full maturity is the a) hippocampus b) prefrontal cortex c) amygdala d) occipital cortex e) hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
Prosimians, hominins, and apes are all a) old-world monkeys b) new-world monkeys c) langurs d) primates e) both B and C
primates
In general, the various areas of secondary motor cortex are thought to a) terminate response sequences b) specialize in guiding learned sequences c) program specific patterns of movement d) mediate reflexes e) provide the major input to spinal motor circuits
program specific patterns of movement
A disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist is called a ______ disorder. a) neuropsychological b) psychiatric c) neurobehavioral d) neurochemical e) degenerative
psychiatric
In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are a) quasiexperiments b) case studies c) true experiments d) randomized experiments e) unethical
quasiexperiments
Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with a) high arousal b) sleep c) relaxed wakefulness d) epilepsy e) evoked potentials
relaxed wakefulness
This is an illustration of the human brain stem. The pointer lines point to the a) cerebellum b) hypothalamus c) reticular formation d) hippocampus e) tegmentum
reticular formation
The retina-geniculate-striate system is organized a) from top to bottom b) from left to right c) on the basis of wavelength d) retinotopically e) ipsilaterally
retinotopically
The main medullary nucelus of the gustatory system is the a) solitary nucelus b) red nucelus c) dorsal column nucelus d) ventral posterior nucleus e) piriform nucleus
solitary nucleus
There seems to be two different mechanisms of neural migration: glia-mediated migration and a) amoeboid migration b) somal translocation c) pioneer migration d) growth cone translocation e) neural cresting
somal translocation
In addition to the radial migration of developing neurons, there is considerable __________ migration. a) rapid b) tangential c) intermediate d) circuitous e) axonal
tangential
Which of the following is NOT in the brain stem? a) myelencephalon b) mesencephalon c) metencephalon d) medulla e) telencephalon
telencephalon
Sry protein triggers the development of the medullas of the primordial gonads into a) testes b) a Mullerian system c) the penis d) ovaries e) a Wolffian system
testes
A compelling illustration of contrast enhancement is a) the complementary color afterimage demonstration b) the Mach band demonstration c) lateral inhibition d) color constancy e) the cocktail sausage demonstration
the Mach band demonstration
A neuron normally fires when a) its sodium-potassium pumps are stimulated b) there is an EPSP c) there is an IPSP d) the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation e) its buttons are stimulated
the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation
Color vision is mediated by a) the photopic system b) rods c) the scotopic system d) rhodopsin e) duplexity
the photopic system
Illustrated here is (DNA separating a) mitosis b) meiosis c) the replication of a DNA molecule d) the replication of an RNA molecule e) an enhancer
the replication of a DNA molecule
DNA is to RNA as a) guanine is to uracil b) thymine is to cytosine c) uracil is to thymine d) thymine is to uracil e) uracil is to guanine
thymine is to uracil
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been of particular interest to researchers because a) treatments that improve depression increase BDNF b) it plays an important role in mental health c) BDNF is localized in the prefrontal lobes d) women have twice as much as men e) regeneration is not possible without it
treatments that improve depression increase BDNF
In general the ventromedial descending motor tracts control the muscles of the a) thumbs b) fingers c) trunk d) toes e) face
trunk
The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of a) nodes of Ranvier b) voltage-activated ion channels c) ligand-activated ion channels d) myelin e) EPSPs
voltage-activated ion channels
The general intellectual climate of a culture is referred to as its a) canon b) guano c) zeitgeist d) converging operations e) confounds
zeitgeist
