PSYCH 103 Final Exam

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Another word for "integration" is a) "firing" b) "all-or-none" c) "summation" d) "release" e) "activation"

"summation"

Studies have shown that about _______ new neurons are created each day in each hippocampus of humans. a) 4 b) 8 c) 12 d) 16 e) 700

700

The clinical effectiveness of typical antipsychotic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to a) dopamine b) glutamate receptors c) D1 receptors d) D2 receptors e) autoreceptors

D2 receptors

Parkinson's disease is treated with a) dopamine b) serotonin c) acetylcholine d) norepinephrine e) L-dopa

L-dopa

Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain? a) CT b) PET c) angiography d) EEG e) MRI

MRI

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the a) ANS and the CNS b) SNS and the CNS c) PNS and the CNS d) ANS and the PNS e) brain and the spinal cord

PNS and the CNS

Which of the following is a method used by cognitive neuroscientists to turn off part of the brain while the effects on cognition and behavior are assessed? a) 2-DG b) ERP c) TMS d) PET e) EEG

TMS

_______ are found in _______, which are often located around small protuberances called _______. a) Taste receptors; taste buds; papillae b) Taste buds; taste receptors; papillae c) Taste receptors; papillae; taste buds d) Taste buds; papillae; taste receptors e) Papillae; taste receptors; taste buds

Taste receptors; taste buds; papillae

Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the a) sodium amytal test b) dichotic listening test c) WAIS d) Psychiatric Test Inventory (PTI) e) ERP

WAIS

Penile erection is a) a muscular response b) an electromyographic response c) a plethysmographic response d) a sphygmomanometric response e) an aberrant response

a plethysmographic response

This drawing illustrates a) Lima's original prefrontal lobotomy b) Moniz's original prefrontal lobotomy c) a transorbital prefrontal lobotomy d) both A and B E) both B and C

a transorbital prefrontal lobotomy

All of the sex steroids that are released by the gonads are also released by the a) sweat glands b) adrenal cortex c) pituitary d) anterior pituitary e) adrenal medulla

adrenal cortex

All behavior is the product of a) an organism's genetic endowment b) an organism's experience c) an organism's perception of the current situation d) all of the above e) both A and B

all of the above

During sensorimotor learning, a) the locus of control is often shifted to lower levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy b) the locus of control is often shifted from conscious to unconscious control mechanisms c) individual responses are often integrated into continuous motor programs d) all of the above e) both A and B

all of the above

Epigenetic investigations, though relatively recent, have already identified a) many active areas of nongene (junk) DNA b) various kinds of small RNA molecules c) histone remodeling as an important mechanism by which experience can influence gene expression d) DNA methylation as an important epigenetic mechanism e) all of the above

all of the above

Evidence for the existence of a descending pain-control circuit came from the finding that a) stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia b) the PAG contains opiate receptors c) some opiates are endogenous d) all of the above e) none of the above

all of the above

Genetic males with androgenic insensitivity syndrome have a) little pubic hair b) shallow vaginas c) internalized testes d) breasts e) all of the above

all of the above

In a follow-up study of Money's famous case study of ablatio penis, it was revealed that the patient had a) acted like a male from an early age b) suspected he was a boy from second grade on c) refused to wear a bra d) requested mastectomy and phalloplasty e) all of the above

all of the above

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors a) are more prevalent b) produce longer lasting effects c) produce effects that are more diffuse d) produce effects that take longer to develop e) all of the above

all of the above

In contrast to the ventromedial corticospinal tract, before descending to the spinal cord, the ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract interacts with the a) tectum b) reticular formation c) vestibular nuclei d) all of the above e) none of the above

all of the above

Like simple cells, complex cortical cells a) have rectangular receptive fields b) respond best to straight-line stimuli in a particular orientation c) are unresponsive to diffuse light d) respond to contrast e) all of the above

all of the above

Like the sensory systems, the sensorimotor system is a) hierarchical b) parallel c) functionally segregated d) all of the above e) none of the above

all of the above

Much of SII is a) adjacent to SI b) in the lateral fissure c) in the parietal cortex d) all of the above e) none of the above

all of the above

Much of the output of the posterior parietal goes to the a) dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex b) frontal eye fields c) various areas of secondary motor cortex d) all of the above e) both B and C

all of the above

Parts of olfactory receptor cells can be observed a) in the nasal passages b) in the olfactory mucosa c) passing through the cribriform plate d) in the olfactory bulb e) all of the above

all of the above

The CSF circulates through the a) central canal b) lateral ventricles c) subarachnoid space d) all of the above e) none of the above

all of the above

The bleaching of rhodopsin by light a) triggers inhibitory effects b) closes rod sodium channels c) hyperpolarizes the rods d) reduces the release of glutamate from rods e) all of the above

all of the above

The consequences of widespread cerebellar damage include a) difficulty in maintaining steady postures b) inability to precisely control the direction, force, velocity, and amplitude of movements c) inability to adapt patterns of motor output to changing conditions d) severe disturbances of balance, gait, speech, and eye movement e) all of the above

all of the above

The conventional view that all tastes are encoded by various combinations of activity in five primary taste receptors has a problem: a) No receptors have been discovered for salty and sour. b) Evidence suggests that there may be more than five primary tastes c) Many tastes cannot be created from combinations of the five current primaries. d) Thirty receptors have been discovered for bitter. e) all of the above

all of the above

The cutaneous somatosensory system responds to a) nociceptive stimuli b) thermal stimuli c) mechanical stimuli d) all of the above e) none of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a major theme of your text? a) thinking creatively about biopsychology b) clinical implications c) the evolutionary perspective d) neuroplasticity e) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? a) hallucinations b) inappropriate affect c) delusions d) incoherent speech or thought e) all of the above

all of the above

The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called a) dominants b) phenotypes c) genotypes d) gametes e) alleles

alleles

When anxiety is so severe that it disrupts functioning, it is generally referred to as a) fear b) hypertension c) an anxiety disorder d) a panic disorder e) a phobia

an anxiety disorder

The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by a) an efflux of sodium ions b) an influx of calcium ions c) the sodium-potassium pump d) the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock e) the release of calcium ions from the buttons

an influx of calcium ions

Convergent evolution produces structures that are a) convergent b) analogous c) homologous d) both A and C e) both B and C

analogous

The cortical area that has most frequently been linked to pain by functional brain imaging studies is the a) anterior cingulate cortex b) secondary somatosensory cortex c) posterior parietal cortex d) inferotemporal cortex e) PAG

anterior cingulate cortex

Most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders are the ________ disorders. a) bipolar b) anxiety c) schizophrenia d) depressive e) phobic

anxiety

Most of the cell death associated with early development of the brain is a) necrotic b) passive c) apoptotic d) both A and B e) both B and C

apoptotic

Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is a) biopsychological research b) pure research c) case-study research d) applied research e) correlational research

applied research

There is good evidence in some species that testosterone does not masculinize the brain directly, that it is first converted to estradiol, which then masculinizes the brain. This hypothesis is called the ______ hypothesis. a) dihydrotestosterone b) aromatization c) alpha fetoprotein d) cholesterol e) dimorphic

aromatization

A nanometer is a a) tenth of a meter b) hundredth of a meter c) thousandth of a meter d) millionth of a meter e) billionth of a meter

billionth of a meter

Psychobiology, behavioral biology, and behavioral neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for a) cognitive behavior b) behavioral psychology c) biopsychology d) neurophysiology e) neuroscience

biopsychology

According to the retinex theory, the color of an object depends on a) its reflectance b) the proportion of light of different wavelengths that it reflects c) the dominant wavelength that it reflects d) all of the above e) both A and B

both A and B

Hormones influence sexual behavior by a) directing the development of many of the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that distinguish one as male or female. b) activating the reproduction-related behavior of sexually mature adults c) dividing into two separate pools, male hormones and female hormones, which have opposite, mutually exclusive effects. d) all of the above e) both A and B

both A and B

If identified at birth in a genetic female, adrenogenital syndrome is typically treated by early a) surgical correction of any abnormalities of the genitals b) the administration of cortisol c) the administration of testosterone d) both A and B e) both A and C

both A and B

The dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex a) appears to be important in the initiation of complex voluntary movements b) sends projections to the primary and secondary motor cortices c) plays a critical role in the elicitation and blocking of reflexes d) both A and B e) both B and C

both A and B

Which of the following is a passive force that acts to encourage Na+ ions to enter resting neurons? a) random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients b) electrostatic pressure, which forces ions down their electrostatic gradients c) sodium-potassium pumps d) both A and B e) both A and C

both A and B

Although they have many cognitive problems, Williams people have good a) musical abilities b) drawing abilities c) language abilities d) all of the above e) both A and C

both A and C

Light passes through layers of the retina in which of the following sequences? a) receptor layer, bipolar cell layer, retinal ganglion cell layer b) retinal ganglion cell layer, horizontal cell layer, receptor layer c) retinal ganglion cell layer, amacrine cell layer, receptor layer d) both B and C e) none of the above

both B and C

Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the resting potential by transporting a) Na+ ions into neurons b) K+ ions into neurons c) Na+ ions out of neurons d) both A and B e) both B and C

both B and C

Which of the following is part of the organ of Corti? a) semicircular canals b) tectorial membrane c) basilar membrane d) all of the above e) both B and C

both B and C

Which of the following are synthesized from tyrosine? a) monoamines b) indolamines c) catecholamines d) amino acids e) both A and B

catecholamines

Which contrast X-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brain of human patients? a) cerebral angiography b) X-ray photography c) pneumoencephalography d) CT scans e) PET scans

cerebral angiography

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the a) brain b) cerebellum c) great cerebral commissure d) cerebral hemispheres d) all of the above

cerebral hemispheres

The first two antipsychotic drugs were a) Librium and chlorpromazine b) chlorpromazine and reserpine c) L-DOPA and reserpine d) haloperidol and chlorpromazine e) haloperidol and Valium

chlorpromazine and reserpine

Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the major divisions of biopsychology? a) physiological psychology b) clinical psychology c) neuropsychology d) psychophysiology e) psychopharmacology

clinical psychology

Many neurons contain and release two neurotransmitters. This situation is called a) covalence b) ionotropism c) cohabitation d) metabotropism e) coexistence

coexistence

In essence, on-center and off-center cells of the retina-geniculate-striate system respond best to a) straight lines b) movement c) contrast d) circles e) dots of light

contrast

Scientific progress is most likely when different approaches are focused on a single problem, particularly when the strengths of one approach compensate for the weaknesses of the others. This is called a) converging operations b) comparative analysis c) critical thinking d) scientific inference e) functional imaging

converging operations

The hypothalamus and thalamus compose the a) brain stem b) diencephalon c) mesencephalon d) medulla e) pituitary

diencephalon

This is an illustration of the developing neural tube. The line points to one of the brain's major divisions, the a) diencephalon b) metencephalon c) telencephalon d) myelencephalon e) mesencephalon

diencephalon

Unlike Old-World monkeys, apes a) do not have tails b) have opposable thumbs that are not useful for precise manipulation c) do not have opposable thumbs d) cannot walk upright for short distances e) have tails

do not have tails

By definition, mood stabilizers are drugs that act against a) seasonal affective disorder b) depression without increasing mania c) mania without increasing depression d) lithium e) either B or C

either B or C

Which of the following is NOT a common consequence of ovariectomy in adult human females? a) sterility b) lack of menstruation c) elimination of sex drive d) disruption of progesterone release e) decrease in vaginal lubrication

elimination of sex drive

Embryonic cells that have the potential for unlimited renewal and have the ability to develop into different kinds of mature cells if they are transplanted to different sites are often called a) daughter cells b) embryonic stem cells c) zygotes d) multipolar cells e) ectodermal cells

embryonic stem cells

The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as a) excitation b) exocytosis c) synthesis d) metabolism e) expulsion

exocytosis

Which technique records the BOLD signal? a) MRI b) CT c) fMRI d) PET e) MEG

fMRI

The biceps are ______, while the triceps are _______. a) flexors; extensors b) extensors; flexors c) antagonists; agonists d) agonists; antagonists

flexors; extensors

The general effect of synapse rearrangement is to a) increase the number of different target cells innervated by each neuron b) increase the number of synaptic contacts received by each neuron c) focus the output of each neuron on fewer postsynaptic cells d) increase the ratio of axosomatic synapses to axodendritic synapses e) increase the number of synapses

focus the output of each neuron on fewer postsynaptic cells

By 40 days after conception, three swellings become visible at the anterior end of the human neural tube. The most anterior of these swellings eventually develops into the a) brain b) midbrain c) hindbrain d) forebrain e) ventricles

forebrain

The external reproductive organs or males and females develop a) from different tissue b) from the same bipotential tissue c) under environmental control d) under direct genetic control e) under estrogenic control

from the same bipotential tissue

Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image? a) functional MRI b) angiography c) PET d) CT e) EEG

functional MRI

Prosopagnosia has been linked to damage of the a) dorsal stream b) fusiform face area c) frontal lobes d) hippocampus e) both A and B

fusiform face area

Nature is to nurture as a) learning is to genetics b) behaviorism is to ethology c) genetics is to experience d) both A and B e) both B and C

genetics is to experience

In general, the dorsolateral corticospinal tract controls the muscles of the a) thighs b) body core c) hands and feet d) proximal limbs e) legs

hands and feet

Memories that are demonstrated by improved performance in the absence of conscious awareness of the memories are called a) implicit memories b) explicit memories c) semantic memories d) episodic memories e) short-term memories

implicit memories

Most axons of the dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract synapse on a) muscles of the fingers and thumb b) muscles of the hands and wrists c) interneurons of the spinal gray matter that in turn synapse on motor neurons that project to the distal muscles of the arms and legs d) motor neurons that project to the fingers e) Betz cells

interneurons of the spinal gray matter that in turn synapse on motor neurons that project to the distal muscles of the arms and legs

Evidence suggests that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) a) has no genetic basis b) is caused by a single dominant gene c) is caused by a single recessive gene d) is caused by two abnormal genes e) is caused by the interactions of many genes, with each other and the environment

is caused by the interactions of many genes, with each other and the environment

Generally speaking, feminization of the body at puberty a) occurs automatically unless testosterone is present b) is stimulated by a high ratio of androgens to estrogens c) is stimulated by a high ratio of estrogens to androgens d) can be blocked by hormones but is not stimulated by them e) occurs automatically even if testosterone is present in large amounts

is stimulated by a high ratio of estrogens to androgens

Cooling can be used to produce a functional or reversible brain lesion because a) the damage that it produces lasts only a few weeks b) the damage that it produces lasts only a day or two c) it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain d) it produces lesions that can be reversed with drugs e) the subjects usually survive

it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain

To be considered a major depressive disorder, symptoms must a) last more than 2 weeks b) NOT involve anhedonia c) be triggered by an obvious traumatic event d) involve a suicide attempt e) last less than 2 weeks

last more than 2 weeks

Portrayed in this illustration is a neural circuit called the a) basal ganglia b) visual system c) limbic system d) reticular system e) none of the above

limbic system

Which of the following is a commonly used measure of the sexual receptivity of female rats? a) postejaculatory interval b) mount frequency c) lordosis quotient d) number of intromissions to ejaculation e) number of ejaculations to intromission

lordosis quotient

The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are a) neurons b) neuroglia c) parts of the autonomic nervous system d) meninges e) myelin

meninges

The monoamine theory of depression is based on the fact that a) depressed people have high levels of monoamines b) depressed people have low levels of monoamines c) most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists d) most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine antagonists e) both A and D

most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists

Evidence that environmental factors play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia is that the concordance rate for monozygotic twins is a) greater for males than for females b) much less than 100% c) much more than 50% d) more than for dizygotic twins e) greater among cocaine users

much less than 100%

The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called a) glial cells b) axons c) neurons d) oligodendroglia e) sulci

neurons

Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain a) small-molecule neurotransmitters b) neuropeptides c) acetylcholine d) dopamine e) glutamate

neuropeptides

The study of the nervous system is called a) neuroscience b) psychology c) biopsychology d) neurochemistry e) neurophysiology

neuroscience

Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron's own a) EPSPs b) neurotransmitter c) IPSPs d) second messengers e) APs

neurotransmitter

A dermatome is a a) slowly adapting cutaneous receptor b) fast adapting cutaneous receptor c) free nerve ending d) both A and C e) none of the above

none of the above

On the basis of their receptive field properties, most neurons in lower layer IV of the primary visual cortex are classified as a) simple cells or complex cells b) complex cells or hypercomplex cells c) hypercomplex cells d) on-center or off-center cells e) type A and type B cells

on-center or off-center cells

The cortices of the primordial gonads may develop into a) ovaries b) the female sex ducts c) the frenulum d) testes e) the Wolffian system

ovaries

Which part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the CNS? a) parasympathetic nervous system b) sympathetic nervous system c) somatic nervous system d) cranial nerves e) autonomic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

The neural structure situated near the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles is the a) substantia nigra b) periaqueductal gray c) red nucelus d) superior colliculi e) cerebral aqueduct

periaqueductal gray

The neural crest develops into the a) ventricular system b) cortex c) peripheral nervous system d) circulatory system of the brain e) neural tube

peripheral nervous system

Although it is somewhat arbitrary, primary olfactory cortex is considered to be a) piriform cortex b) in the thalamus c) in the orbits d) olfactory bulbs e) in the glomeruli

piriform cortex

Research has now established that the brain is a) static b) immutable c) plastic d) white e) gray

plastic

The last part of the human brain to reach full maturity is the a) hippocampus b) prefrontal cortex c) amygdala d) occipital cortex e) hypothalamus

prefrontal cortex

Prosimians, hominins, and apes are all a) old-world monkeys b) new-world monkeys c) langurs d) primates e) both B and C

primates

In general, the various areas of secondary motor cortex are thought to a) terminate response sequences b) specialize in guiding learned sequences c) program specific patterns of movement d) mediate reflexes e) provide the major input to spinal motor circuits

program specific patterns of movement

A disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist is called a ______ disorder. a) neuropsychological b) psychiatric c) neurobehavioral d) neurochemical e) degenerative

psychiatric

In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are a) quasiexperiments b) case studies c) true experiments d) randomized experiments e) unethical

quasiexperiments

Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with a) high arousal b) sleep c) relaxed wakefulness d) epilepsy e) evoked potentials

relaxed wakefulness

This is an illustration of the human brain stem. The pointer lines point to the a) cerebellum b) hypothalamus c) reticular formation d) hippocampus e) tegmentum

reticular formation

The retina-geniculate-striate system is organized a) from top to bottom b) from left to right c) on the basis of wavelength d) retinotopically e) ipsilaterally

retinotopically

The main medullary nucelus of the gustatory system is the a) solitary nucelus b) red nucelus c) dorsal column nucelus d) ventral posterior nucleus e) piriform nucleus

solitary nucleus

There seems to be two different mechanisms of neural migration: glia-mediated migration and a) amoeboid migration b) somal translocation c) pioneer migration d) growth cone translocation e) neural cresting

somal translocation

In addition to the radial migration of developing neurons, there is considerable __________ migration. a) rapid b) tangential c) intermediate d) circuitous e) axonal

tangential

Which of the following is NOT in the brain stem? a) myelencephalon b) mesencephalon c) metencephalon d) medulla e) telencephalon

telencephalon

Sry protein triggers the development of the medullas of the primordial gonads into a) testes b) a Mullerian system c) the penis d) ovaries e) a Wolffian system

testes

A compelling illustration of contrast enhancement is a) the complementary color afterimage demonstration b) the Mach band demonstration c) lateral inhibition d) color constancy e) the cocktail sausage demonstration

the Mach band demonstration

A neuron normally fires when a) its sodium-potassium pumps are stimulated b) there is an EPSP c) there is an IPSP d) the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation e) its buttons are stimulated

the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation

Color vision is mediated by a) the photopic system b) rods c) the scotopic system d) rhodopsin e) duplexity

the photopic system

Illustrated here is (DNA separating a) mitosis b) meiosis c) the replication of a DNA molecule d) the replication of an RNA molecule e) an enhancer

the replication of a DNA molecule

DNA is to RNA as a) guanine is to uracil b) thymine is to cytosine c) uracil is to thymine d) thymine is to uracil e) uracil is to guanine

thymine is to uracil

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been of particular interest to researchers because a) treatments that improve depression increase BDNF b) it plays an important role in mental health c) BDNF is localized in the prefrontal lobes d) women have twice as much as men e) regeneration is not possible without it

treatments that improve depression increase BDNF

In general the ventromedial descending motor tracts control the muscles of the a) thumbs b) fingers c) trunk d) toes e) face

trunk

The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of a) nodes of Ranvier b) voltage-activated ion channels c) ligand-activated ion channels d) myelin e) EPSPs

voltage-activated ion channels

The general intellectual climate of a culture is referred to as its a) canon b) guano c) zeitgeist d) converging operations e) confounds

zeitgeist


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