psych 110

flooding

a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

What is Rational-emotive therapy

Therapist point out the rational assumptions and give them new assumptions and assign hw to challenge the old ones and creating new ones.

To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least: A)two weeks. B)two months. C)one year. D)two years.

Two weeks

Treatment of GAD based on cognitive perspectives. How many are there?

Two: -Rational-emotive Therapy -Breaking down worrying mindfulness based ( accepting their conditions as a therapist reassuring they are okay) cognitive therapy \

skin-picking disorder

a disorder characterized by recurrent picking at scabs or places on the skin, creating significant lesions that often become infected and cause scars

postpartum depression

a new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth

biological challenge test

a procedure used to produce panic exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist

what is a basic irrational assumption?

manipulative assumptions everyone must except me it is catastrophic when things arent going as expected One should be thoughtfully competent

anxiety ; how long do you have to have it to be considered ? they need at least three of the symptoms ( name a few)

the vague scene of being endanger -more than 6 months -Edginess _fatigue -Poor concentration -restlessness -Difficulty concentrating - muscle tension sleep disturbance

what is mindfulness based cognitive therapy. what is it similar to ?

therapist help clients be aware of there mind, these thoughts are just tricks of the mind. Similar to Breaking down worrying

What are some thoughts that go through when someone has SAD?

they hold unrealistic high standards ( they think they must perform perfectly in social situations) They think they are unattractive they think they are socially unskilled being awkward is the end of the world they feel that they have no control of their anxiety when in social situations

what are family pedigree studies ?

they study how many relatives have the same disorder n n

What is major depressive disorder?

two weeks sadness, loss of interest in previously enjoyable things, change in behavior

Premenstral Dysphoric Disorder

week before menstruation she is very depressed

when may someone seek treatment for a phobia?

when the phobia interferes with their life

List exposure treatments for Specific phobias

( ALL THREE are called exposure treatment) -modeling _Synthetic desensitization -flooding

rapid cycling

( sometimes) comes within a week Or 3-4 episodes within a year ( up and down up aand down ) a pattern of bipolar disorder involving at least four manic or depressive episodes per year

***According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT: A)distractibility. B)inflated self-esteem. C)decreased need for sleep. D)suicidal ideation.

)suicidal ideation.

DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders

-Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) -Specific phobias -Agoraphobia -Social anxiety disorder -Panic disorder

OCD diagnostic criteria

-recurrent obsessions or compulsions (or both) take up more than 1 hour a day or cause considerable stress to the individual -not caused by substance, medication use, or other disorders

social anxiety disorder what is it? what was it once called?

-social phobia -an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

mania

1 week a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state ( opposite of depression

persistant depressive disorder

2 YEARS major depressive episodes " persistent depressive disorder with major depressive episodes " under diagnosed -"always like that"

Depression

2 weeks A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

How long must you have SAD for it to be considered diagnosed ?

6 months or more

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) be familiar with diagnostic criteria

6 months or more -they experience Disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety worry about multiple things at least three of the following edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems Significant distress or impairment

Hypomania

A mild manic state in which the individual seems infectiously merry, extremely talkative, charming, and tireless.

*****Leila always feels threatened and anxious—imagining something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing: A) a generalized anxiety disorder. B) a hormonal imbalance. C) no specific problem; she just likes to worry. D) a specific fear response.

A) a generalized anxiety disorder.

*****Fear differs from anxiety in that: A) fear is a response to a specific threat and anxiety is more general. B) anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear. C) anxiety is a response to an interpersonal threat and fear is to an inanimate threat. D) anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague.

A) fear is a response to a specific threat and anxiety is more general.

Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter? A)norepinephrine B)epinephrine C)serotonin D)endorphin

A) norepinephrine

Which statement reflects the MOST common obsessive thought? A)If I touch that doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated. B)I must make sure that the brochures are folded evenly. C)I can hardly stop myself from yelling sexual obscenities in class. D)I hope that person dies a long, slow death.

A)If I touch that doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated.

People who talk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved in dangerous activities are showing _____ symptoms of mania. A)behavioral B)motivational C) Cognitive D)emotional

A)behavioral

A person experiencing a panic disorder is MOST likely to also have a: A)fear of leaving home. B)fear of enclosed spaces. C)fear of other people. D)fear of driving.

A)fear of leaving home.

21. OCD: The Biological Perspective

Abnormal SEROTONIN activity· Abnormal brain structure and functioning

hair pulling disorder

Also known as trichotillomania; a distressing problem in which individuals compulsively pull hair out (typically from the scalp), resulting in varying degrees of disability, social stigma, and altered appearance.

The biological perspective of panic disorder

Anti depressant drugs *similar to SAD controls norepinephrine

Treatments for SAD

Antidepressant medication cognitive therapy and exposure therapy

Is a state of alarm in response to a vague sense of being in danger

Anxiety

Be very familiar with biological treatment of anxiety list them

Anxiety Drug therapy- Relaxation therapy- they will identify which muscle are tense and work on relaxing them biofeedback-EMG shock therapy

peripartum

past : postpartum

Panic Disorder

periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes and gradually pass

***According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate symptoms of edginess, sleep changes, distress, and excessive worry for ______ to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. A)two months B) six months C) four months D) five months

B) six months

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found: A)an overwhelming percentage of cases of depression can be attributed to an allele variation on a single chromosome. B)a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients. C)high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins. D)no compelling evidence for a link between genetics and depression.

B)a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.

A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying a: A)meta-worry. B)basic irrational assumption. C)compulsion. D) condition of worth.

B)basic irrational assumption.

The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is: A)the number of depressive and manic episodes. B)the severity of the manic episodes. C)the number of depressive D) the seasonal variation in the episodes.

B)the severity of the manic episodes.

What is GABA used for?

Benzosiazepines encourages the release of GABA which then reduces anxiety Gama is an inhibitor.

Bipolar depression have?

periods of mania that alternated with periods of depression

Phobias

persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations

Agoraphobia is the fear of: A)flying. B)speaking. C)going to public places. D)spiders.

C) going to public spaces

To determine if a person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, one could: A)show her a snake; if she appears to be very uncomfortable, she most likely has a phobia. B)show her a snake; if she appears to be slightly uncomfortable, she most likely has a fear. C)ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for six months, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a phobia. D)ask her if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a fear.

C)ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for six months, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a phobia.

Milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as _____ disorder. A)hypomanic-depressive B)Hyper- manic C)cyclothymic D)manic-depressive

C)cyclothymic

Which would be an emotional symptom of depression? A)lack of desire to eat B)a negative view of oneself C)experiences of sadness and anger D) staying in bed for hours during the day

C)experiences of sadness and anger

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with? A)seasonal B)catatonic C)recurrent D)melancholic

Catatonic

Understand the meaning of the diathesis-stress model

Certain individuals have biological vulnerability toward disorder• Precipitated by psychological and sociocultural factors •Treatment-Integration of models-Stress management programs

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than six months. The woman is experiencing: A)peripartum "baby blues." B)postpartum psychosis. C)peripartum hormone dysregulation syndrome. D)postpartum depression.

D)postpartum depression.

Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: A)modeling. B)stimulus generalization. C)conditioning. D)preparedness.

D)preparedness.

Which is a behavioral symptom of depression? A)lack of desire to eat B)a negative view of oneself C)experiences of sadness and anger D)staying in bed for hours during the day

D)staying in bed for hours during the day

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

People with depressive disorders suffer only from _____________, a pattern called _____________

Depression Uni polar Depression

Anadonia

EMOTIONAL SYMPTOM depression the inability to express pleasure

OCD - exposure and response prevention (ERP)

Exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts• Used in individual and group therapy formats• May involve self-help procedures in home settings

A serious threat to your well being is a state of immediate alarm in response to a serious threat to one's well-being

Fear

Agoraphobia: What is it? Diagnostic criteria.

Fear of being in public spaces or situations where escape Due to getting a panic attack at one point in life and then fearing getting a panic attack and not being able to get help.

emotional symptoms of depression

Feeling "miserable," "empty," "humiliated" Experiencing little pleasure

What is the checklist for mania ?

For 1 week or more , person displays a continually abnormal, inflated, unrestrained, or irritable mood as well as continually heightened energy or activity, Unlimited energy ( for most of every day. )

what are the DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders and the OCD and related anxiety disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) -Specific phobias -Agoraphobia -Social anxiety disorder -Panic disorder Hair pulling disorder skin picking hoarding body dismorphia

obtaining a phobia through modeling

If a mother is scared of illnesses and frequently expressive of those fears. The child will also develop a fear

Evolutionary explanations of phobias

Preparedness, we are born with phobias/fear. due to evolution I.E. : in ancient times we needed to be afraid of the dark because of night fall. now we are scared of the dark due to the ancient fear. ( whatever you get what i mean)

OCD- forming a compulsion why?

It becomes ritual, you feel better only once you complete the " ritual"

synthetic desensitization

Learn to relax while gradually facing their fear while the client is relaxed the therapist slowly exposes them to the object and they will correlate relaxation with the object * from low to high on anxiety levels

What neurotransmitter causes Depression ?

Low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin

GAD: Be familiar with the new wave of cognitive explanations ( explanations on other flashcards)

Maladaptive assumptions : everyone hates me a way to change assumptions Metacogitive theory Intolerance of Uncertainty Avoidance theory

how long must you have symptoms of panic attacks ?

ONE MONTH OF EACH 1) at least one month of having continual concern about having a panic attack 2 ) at least one month of dysfunctional behavior

The obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: what are the obsessions? What are the compulsions?

Obsessions: Thoughts that feel both intrusive and foreign-Attempts to ignore or resist them trigger anxiety-Have common themes Compulsions -Voluntary behaviors or mental acts feel mandatory/unstoppable-Behaviors reduce anxiety -Behaviors often develop into rituals-Have common forms/themes

what are a few symptoms of panic attacks

Palpitations of the heart, tingling in the hands or feet, shortness of breath, sweating, hot and cold flashes, chest pains, choking sensation, faintness, dizziness,

Cognative therapy OCD

Psychoeducation-Guiding the client to identify, challenge, and change distorted cognitions Theorist Cognitive theorists-Indicate that everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts-Suggest that people with OCD blame themselves for normal (although repetitive and intrusive) thoughts and expect that terrible things will happen as a result-Posit that people attempt to NEUTRALIZE their thoughts with actions or other thoughts to avoid negative outcomes z

cyclothymic disorder

Shifts between up and down but to a lesser level of severity Diagnosed 2 Years - Often regarded as moody, not really anything else A mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder.

Most common phobias

Specific phobias, agoraphobia,

What are treatments for agoraphobia?

Support group approach home based self help

What is the biological perspective ?

That GAD is caused primarily by biological factors ( you are born with it do to one of your parents carrying it/ family members) SOMETIMES TRUE not always

what is the most disturbing thing about panic attacks?

That it comes out of the blue

OCD: The Behavioral Perspective

The act becomes a key method to avoiding or reducing anxiety

Modeling

The therapist confronts the feared objects to show the participant that it inst scary the client is then encouraged to join.

obtaining a phobia through classical conditioning ( what is the scientific term)

Unconditioned stimulant -> Unconditioned response ( your foot getting stuck in the river-> fear response) Conditioned stimulus-> Conditioned response ( later in life you hear running water-> triggers a fear response)

Intolerance of Ambiguity

WE hate situations where we dont know whats going to happen defined as 'the tendency to perceive (i.e. interpret) ambiguous situations as sources of threat'; tolerance of ambiguity as 'the tendency to perceive ambiguous situatios as desirable.'

Metacogitive Theory

Worry about worrying the person worries about how much they worry and if its normal. leading to making them worry even more

intolerance of uncertainty theory

Worrying about what may occur Even if the possibility is very small, they still worry about it

avoidance theory

Worrying serves a "positive" function for those with GAD by reducing unusually high levels of bodily arousal Example: you get a new job, you start shuddering and sweating heart rate goes up. instead of dealing with it you purposefully start to worry about the negative impacts of what may happen. ( taking your mind off the uncomfortable physical situation)

whats the difference between phobia and aversion?

aversion, no big deal, i just prefer not to be around Phobia is irrational fear

What are Maladaptive assumptions?

basic irrational assumptions

why do some people never get treatment for phobias?

because they avoid them for so long phobias are maintained because there they maintain no interference

OCD behavioral therapy

exposure and response prevention (ERP) treating compulsions rather than obsessions

melancholic

extreme unpleasure in everything

acrophobia

fear of heights

Bipolar 1

full manic and major depressive episodes And an alteration between the two types of episodes **** MAJOR DEPRESSION AND MAJOR MANIA

OCD is now Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders, what are they ?

hair pulling, skin picking, body dysphoria ,

physical symptoms of depression

headaches, dizzy spells, general pain

Bipolar 2

hypo mania and depression episodes *** no history of Manic Episodes**** **** MAJOR DEPRESSION AND HYPO MANIA ( hypo mania is a lesser level of mania )

catatonic

immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement),

disruptive mood disregulation

in the past we would diagnose children with bipolar disorder but we now call is Disruptive mood Disreulation Child has extream temper tantrums, it wil make them blow. Symptoms 2 years often under diagnosed Extreme anger, disruptive

body dysmorphic disorder

involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance

Psychodynamic therapies-Seek to uncover and overcome underlying conflicts and defenses-Use free association and interpretation-Have little research support-Preferably used as short-term therapy

just

behavioral symptoms of depression

less active and productive

Seasonal Major depression

long nights ( highest suicide in the spring time)

Motivational symptoms of Depression

loss of interest, lack of drive, difficulty starting anything

cognitive symptoms of depression

negative cognitions about self, world, and future

what neurotransmitter causes panic attacks?

norepinephrin