Psych 110 UTK exam 3

Who proposed observational learning? Ivan Pavlov John Watson Albert Bandura B. F. Skinner

Albert Bandura

acquisition

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

stimulus generalization

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages? Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson John Watson Lawrence Kohlberg

Lawrence Kohlberg

latent

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

conditioned stimulus

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

extinction

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? attention, retention, reproduction, motivation motivation, attention, reproduction, retention attention, motivation, retention, reproduction motivation, attention, retention, reproduction

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

the frontal lobes become fully developed ________. at birth at the beginning of adolescence at the end of adolescence by 25 years old

by 25 years old

The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________. nature nurture continuous development discontinuous development

continuous development

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________. critical period mitosis conception pregnancy

critical period

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

psychosocial development

domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships

physical development

domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

cognitive development

domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

nurture

environment and culture

extinction

extinction

formal operational stage

final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________. gross motor skills fine motor skills large motor skills small motor skills

fine motor skills

sensorimotor stage

first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent? developing autonomy feeling competent forming an identity forming intimate relationships

forming an identity

nature

genes and biology

primary reinforce

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

object permanence

idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

conservation

idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being? child riding a bike teen socializing infant sucking on a nipple toddler walking

infant sucking on a nipple

temperament

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

in Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________. ignored the doll played nicely with the doll played with tinker toys kicked and threw the doll

kicked and threw the doll

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________. teacher model instructor coach

model

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer? food money water sex

money

unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior. positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment

negative punishment

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________. unconditioned stimulus neutral stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned response

neutral stimulus

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________. egocentrism object permanence conservation reversibility

object permanence

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________. is innate occurs as a result of experience is found only in humans occurs by observing others

occurs as a result of experience

uninvolved parenting style

parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands

authoritative parenting style

parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view

permissive parenting style

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment

authoritarian parenting style

parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

egocentrism

preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others

stage of moral reasoning

process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains? cognitive psychological physical psychosocial

psychological

psychosocial development

psychosocial development

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

preoperational stage

second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically

The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style? secure insecure avoidant insecure ambivalent-resistant disorganized

secure

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________. shaping extinction positive reinforcement negative reinforcement

shaping

stimulus discrimination

stimulus discrimination ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________. higher order conditioning acquisition stimulus discrimination stimulus generalization

stimulus generalization

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

normative approach

study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Extinction occurs when ________. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

concrete operational stage

third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval

variable ratio

continuous development

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development? zygote, fetus, embryo fetus, embryo zygote fetus, zygote, embryo zygote, embryo, fetus

zygote, embryo, fetus

higher-order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

schema

(plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information

avoidant attachment

Characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? A. language development B. egocentrism C. pretend play D.object permanence

D

how is lifespan development defined? The study of how we grow and change from conception to death. The study of how we grow and change in infancy and childhood. The study of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth in children. The study of emotions, personality, and social relationships.

The study of how we grow and change from conception to death.

environment and culture

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

A. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which of the following illustrates conservation? A.Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices. B. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. C.Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. D. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries.

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores playing poker checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? A. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings B. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle C. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food D. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell

B. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? A. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. B. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. C.Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast. D. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.

assimilation

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

physical

_______ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

assimilation

adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known

accommodation

adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known

in Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________. unconditioned responses conditioned responses unconditioned stimuli conditioned stimuli

conditioned responses

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

secure attachment

characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore

disorganized attachment

characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused

resistant attachment

characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child

formal operational

children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior. associative learning observational learning operant conditioning classical conditioning

classical conditioning

classical conditioning

classical conditioning

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________. classical conditioning; operant conditioning classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning operant conditioning; observational learning operant conditioning; learning conditioning

classical conditioning; operant conditioning