Psych 110 UTK exam 3
Who proposed observational learning? Ivan Pavlov John Watson Albert Bandura B. F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
acquisition
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
stimulus generalization
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages? Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson John Watson Lawrence Kohlberg
Lawrence Kohlberg
latent
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
conditioned stimulus
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
extinction
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? attention, retention, reproduction, motivation motivation, attention, reproduction, retention attention, motivation, retention, reproduction motivation, attention, retention, reproduction
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
avoidant
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
variable interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
law of effect
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
the frontal lobes become fully developed ________. at birth at the beginning of adolescence at the end of adolescence by 25 years old
by 25 years old
The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________. nature nurture continuous development discontinuous development
continuous development
The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________. critical period mitosis conception pregnancy
critical period
stimulus generalization
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
psychosocial development
domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships
physical development
domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
cognitive development
domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
nurture
environment and culture
extinction
extinction
formal operational stage
final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________. gross motor skills fine motor skills large motor skills small motor skills
fine motor skills
sensorimotor stage
first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior
operant conditioning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
associative learning
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent? developing autonomy feeling competent forming an identity forming intimate relationships
forming an identity
nature
genes and biology
primary reinforce
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
secondary reinforcer
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
object permanence
idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
conservation
idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed
punishment
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
reinforcement
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being? child riding a bike teen socializing infant sucking on a nipple toddler walking
infant sucking on a nipple
temperament
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
in Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________. ignored the doll played nicely with the doll played with tinker toys kicked and threw the doll
kicked and threw the doll
latent learning
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________. teacher model instructor coach
model
Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer? food money water sex
money
unconditioned response (UCR)
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior. positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment
negative punishment
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________. unconditioned stimulus neutral stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned response
neutral stimulus
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________. egocentrism object permanence conservation reversibility
object permanence
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________. is innate occurs as a result of experience is found only in humans occurs by observing others
occurs as a result of experience
uninvolved parenting style
parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands
authoritative parenting style
parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view
permissive parenting style
parents make few demands and rarely use punishment
authoritarian parenting style
parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child
acquisition
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
model
person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
egocentrism
preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others
stage of moral reasoning
process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development
vicarious punishment
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior
vicarious reinforcement
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior
Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains? cognitive psychological physical psychosocial
psychological
psychosocial development
psychosocial development
conditioned response (CR)
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
continuous reinforcement
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
partial reinforcement
rewarding behavior only some of the time
shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
preoperational stage
second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically
The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style? secure insecure avoidant insecure ambivalent-resistant disorganized
secure
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________. shaping extinction positive reinforcement negative reinforcement
shaping
stimulus discrimination
stimulus discrimination ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________. higher order conditioning acquisition stimulus discrimination stimulus generalization
stimulus generalization
neutral stimulus (NS)
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
normative approach
study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
negative reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
Extinction occurs when ________. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
concrete operational stage
third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events
observational learning
type of learning that occurs by watching others
instinct
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
reflex
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval
variable ratio
continuous development
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
habituation
when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development? zygote, fetus, embryo fetus, embryo zygote fetus, zygote, embryo zygote, embryo, fetus
zygote, embryo, fetus
higher-order conditioning
(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
schema
(plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information
avoidant attachment
Characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves
Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? A. language development B. egocentrism C. pretend play D.object permanence
D
how is lifespan development defined? The study of how we grow and change from conception to death. The study of how we grow and change in infancy and childhood. The study of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth in children. The study of emotions, personality, and social relationships.
The study of how we grow and change from conception to death.
environment and culture
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
A. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
Which of the following illustrates conservation? A.Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices. B. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. C.Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. D. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries.
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores playing poker checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? A. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings B. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle C. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food D. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell
B. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? A. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. B. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. C.Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast. D. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.
assimilation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
physical
_______ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
positive reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
assimilation
adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known
accommodation
adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known
in Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________. unconditioned responses conditioned responses unconditioned stimuli conditioned stimuli
conditioned responses
learning
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
secure attachment
characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore
disorganized attachment
characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused
resistant attachment
characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child
formal operational
children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior. associative learning observational learning operant conditioning classical conditioning
classical conditioning
classical conditioning
classical conditioning
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________. classical conditioning; operant conditioning classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning operant conditioning; observational learning operant conditioning; learning conditioning
classical conditioning; operant conditioning