Psych 1101 Final
Which of the following is NOT one of the effective encoding strategies discussed in the text? A Using an acronym B Using retrieval practice C Using the method of loci D Using massed practice
Using massed practice
Behaviorists would argue that language is a(n) and . A Reflex; can be learned B Instinct; cannot be learned C Verbal behavior; can be learned D Reflex; cannot be learned
Verbal behavior; can be learned
During a car accident, Noah struck the right side of his head. Since the accident, he has stopped shaving the left side of his face. It is possible that Noah suffers from ________. A Munchausen's disease B Visual agnosia C Visual neglect D ADHD
Visual Agnosia
Which of the following is true about Weber's Law? A The difference threshold is the same for everyone B Weber's Law can be used to determine the absolute threshold C Weber's Law suggests that the ability to notice a difference between two stimuli is dependent on the intensity of the two stimuli D Weber's Law can be applied to determine d' and response bias in Signal Detection tasks
Weber's Law suggests that the ability to notice a difference between two stimuli is dependent on the intensity of the two stimuli
When would you use an interaural time difference? A When detecting differences in light B When detecting differences in the way two surfaces feel C When determining the location of a sound D When your stomach receives a message about the arrival of food from the mouth
When determining the location of a sound
Which of the following demonstrates functional fixedness? A Emily struggles to learn a new math problem. The terms are unfamiliar to her and she is not motivated. B While putting in lawn decorations, Monica fails to use a nearby rock in place of a hammer. Unable to push the decoration into the ground, she just has to prop it next to a tree. C Lee is unable to open a jar of pickles. He has to ask his friend Luke to help him. D While driving down the highway, Connor fails to visually see the sign for his exit because he is not paying attention to what he is doing.
While putting in lawn decorations, Monica fails to use a nearby rock in place of a hammer. Unable to push the decoration into the ground, she just has to prop it next to a tree
General intelligence is most strongly associated with which form of memory? A Long-term memory B Semantic memory C Verbal memory D Implicit memory E Working memory
Working memory
Which law answers Chastity's question: "I know you can be overwhelmed and you can be underwhelmed, but can you ever just be whelmed" if whelmed is loosely equated with arousal? A Good genes B Yerkes-Dodson C Matching D Premack
Yerkes-Dodson
In the first Spider-Man movie, there is a scene where Spider-Man throws two villains through a window. In the next moment, the window appears intact. It is likely that if you were to watch this scene which of the following would be true? A You wouldn't notice the window had repaired itself because you would be focused on the action. B You most likely would notice the window had repaired itself because self-repairing windows are unusual. C You would most likely only notice the windows if you were an expert on Spider-Man. D No one would ever notice that the window had repaired itself because people never notice small details.
You wouldn't notice the window had repaired itself because you would be focused on the action
Which of the following is an accurate example of empathy? A Your therapist hasn't experienced your situation but really tries to emotionally understand your feelings about what happened. B Your therapist tells you that they are sorry for what happened to you. C Your therapist asks you to tell them more about your situation. D Your therapist provides you with support groups in the area for people who have gone through similar experiences.
Your therapist hasn't experienced your situation but really tries to emotionally understand your feelings about what happened
Marshall's friends just ordered two pizzas. The delivery driver forgot one of the pizzas and came back with the second, cold pizza after Marshall finished his eighth slice. He's not sure that he wants more pizza. What type of motivating operation is eating half of a pizza? A Abolishing operation B Motivating operation C Establishing operation D Deprivation operation
abolishing operation
Otis deals with his anxiety about dating difficulties by cleaning his apartment and car over and over again. His behavior is characteristic of the fixation at the ______________ stage of psychosexual development. A Anal B Oral C Phallic D Genital
anal
A manipulative, callous individual with no apparent conscience might be classified with which disorder? A Schizophrenia, paranoid type B Bipolar disorder C Antisocial personality disorder D Obsessive-compulsive disorder
antisocial personality disorder
Obsession is to compulsion as ______________ is to ______________. A Emotion; cognition B Cognition; emotion C Cognition; behavior D Behavior; cognition
cognition, behavior
The most popular intelligence tests include several types of questions in an attempt to test the different aspects of intelligence. This broad approach should increase the test's _________. A Content validity B Construct validity C Standardization D Reliability
content validity
Janet decides that she will deal with her depression by joining a support group for people with depression. Her decision to deal with this emotional concern realistically and directly illustrates the operation of the: A Id B Ego C Superego D Preconscious process thought
ego
The message moving through a neuron is ________ while the message between neurons is ________. A Chemical; electrical B Heat; potential C Resting potential; action potential D Electrical; chemical
electrical, chemical
A duck likes to collect and swim in his sea of coins which he can exchange for oats. What is his behavior called when he collects so many coins that are not themselves food? A Caching B Hoarding C Foraging D Tamping
hoarding
According to the evolutionary perspective, what is the ultimate cause of our behavior? A Having sex B Caching food C Producing offspring D Experiencing emotions
producing offspring
What would the conditional response be to a black liquid that reliably indicated that lemon juice would be given to a dog? A Salivation B Hunger C Fear D Anger
salivation
If a chick spreads his wings and twitters when he stands under a heat lamp, what should he do when he sees a conditional stimulus that signals the heat lamp according to a stimulus substitution account? A Peck at it B Turn toward it C Snuggle with it D Spread his wings
spreads his wings
The term circadian rhythm refers to which of the following? A An annual cycle of winter, summer, spring, & fall B A 28-day cycle of rising and falling hormone levels C A 24-hour cycle of arousal and relaxation D An eight-hour cycle of hunger and satiety
the 24-hour cycle of arousal and relaxation
Louis is six years old, but on an intelligence test, he scores at the level of a typical eight-year-old. According to Terman, Louis would have an I.Q. of _______. A 100 B 133 C 75 D 90 E 125
133
As a general rule, our short-term memory span is roughly equal to the amount of material we can internally rehearse in about ________. A 2.5 seconds B Half a second C 5 seconds D 25 seconds
2.5 seconds
Madeleine was diagnosed with major depression years ago. Considering developmental trajectories, at what age was she most likely diagnosed? A 7 B 16 C 22 D 39
22
Someone suffering from sleep apnea would probably be prescribed _________. A Ritalin B A CPAP device C Melatonin D Adderall E Light therapy
A CPAP device
Lizbeth was writing a paper on the Upper Paleolithic Transition. What would she address in this paper? A Why people appear to have become more intelligent over the past century. B Ways in which statistical differences between different groups have been used to justify discrimination. C A period of time approximately 65¸000 years ago when artifacts indicating culture and human intelligence start to appear in the fossil record. D A period of time when Social Darwinism was used to justify the forced sterilization and mass extermination of large groups of people.
A period of time approximately 65,000 years ago when artifacts indication culture and human intelligence start to appear int he fossil record.
In a research survey, you have no particular opinion on the topic of discussion. Uncertain of how to respond, you tend to agree with most of the questions that the survey is asking. This is an example of: A Acquiescent response bias B Social desirability bias C Extreme survey bias. D Moderated survey bias
Acquiescent response bias
Executive functions include: A Inhibiting impulses B Switching between tasks C Mentally manipulating information D All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia? A Delusions B Hallucinations C Alogia D All of these are negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Alogia
Which of the following statements about conformity is true? A Conformity always leads to disaster. B Few people conform to the actions of others. C People in the Western cultures are more likely to conform than those in Eastern cultures. D Animals, such as whales and chimpanzees, clearly demonstrate conformity.
Animals, such as whales and chimpanzees, clearly demonstrate conformity
Aphrodite is ovulating and meets four men who aren't completely wrong for her while speed dating. Hephaestus has to walk with a cane, Dionysus has too many lovers already, Hades is dark and brooding, and Ares has bragged about all of his military conquests. Whom will she choose? A Hephaestus B Dionysus C Hades D Ares
Ares
On an important job interview, you want to make the best impression possible. If you commit a social faux pas, where in the interview process would it cause the most damage in the eyes of those evaluating your likeability and fitness within the organization? A At the beginning B In the middle C At the end D After they make you an offer
At the beginning
Juanes is 2 years old. His communication is severely impaired. He appears withdrawn and unresponsive to affection. He is most likely to be diagnosed with ______________. A ADHD B Down syndrome C Autism spectrum disorder D Major depression
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Selena has just been assigned to play point guard on her college basketball team. If she is able to run the ball down the court while paying attention to the position of the other players and initiate offensive plays, we can consider her dribbling ________. A Selective B Automatic C Effortful D Tertiary
Automatic
When preparing for your upcoming trip, your friend confides in you that he is scared of getting on airplanes. When you press him as to why, he reports that he has seen several crashes reported on the news. You explain to him car accidents are more frequent, posing a higher risk. His fear of flying is mostly influenced by how easy it is for him to remember instances of plane crashes. In other words, his fear is influenced by the . A Representative heuristic B Availability heuristic C Memory bias D Hindsight bias
Availability Heuristic
The tendency for certain neutral stimuli to more easily (i.e., with fewer pairings) become conditional stimuli is termed ____________. A Aversive therapy B Biological preparedness C Higher-order conditioning D Taste aversion
Biological Preparedness
The content of the DSM does which of the following? A Changes little from edition to edition B Is not affected by society C Both A and B D Neither A nor B
Both A and B
Which of the following questions would address the internal validity of an experiment? A Who can the results be generalized to? B Can changes in the DV be explained only by manipulation of the IV? C Is the sample representative of the population? D Can we reproduce the same findings with a different sample?
Can changes in the DV be explained only by manipulation of the IV?
Which of the following is an example of unconditional positive regard? A Carl's grandmother threatens to disown him if he doesn't date the "right" person. B Carl's grandmother doesn't approve of Carl's dating partner but loves him anyway. C Carl's grandmother asks Carl to find a different person to date. D Carl's grandmother doesn't say anything to Carl about his dating partner but withholds her affection from him.
Carl's grandmother doesn't approve of Carl's dating partner but loves him anyway
All the cells and supporting structures inside the skull and vertebral column form the ________. A Central Nervous System B Peripheral Nervous System C Somatic Division D Autonomic Division
Central Nervous System
Which of the following was the first antipsychotic drug developed? A Haloperidol B Chlorpromazine C Perazine D Fluphenazine
Chloropromazine
An effective strategy for improving one's immediate memory capacity is to group information into meaningful patterns. What is the technical name for this strategy? A Reorganizing B Grouping C Chunking D Systematizing
Chunking
Individuals who have had strokes or injuries to the Wernicke's area are likely to have trouble with: A Tasting B Smelling C Comprehending speech D Having erections
Comprehending Speech
Professor Tess compares the similarity of personality test scores from a sample of twins, which means he is investigating the ______________ for this sample of twins. A Concordance rate B Biogenetic factor C Identity quotient D Symmetry index
Concordance Rate
When people join cults, particularly those that predict the end of the world (e.g., the Doomsday cult), what happens when the world does not end as expected? (Select the best answer.) A Many realize that they had been fooled and leave the cult. B Cult leaders set the doomsday for a future date to retain members. C Current leadership is dismantled and a new charismatic leader steps in. D Members remain committed to the cult, believing that they saved the world.
Cult Leaders set the doomsday for a future date to retain members -not entirely sure
As Serena Williams got better and better at tennis growing up, which of the following things likely happened in her brain? A Dendrites branched out in her cerebellum. B Her spinal cord got longer. C Her brain grew in circumference. D She produced less dopamine.
Dendrites branched out in her cerebellum
What does DSM stand for? A Disorders and Severe Mental Illnesses B Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders C Dictionary of Severe Mental Disorders D Directory of Statistics and Mathematic Derivations
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Xander participated in a study where he heard two messages, one in each ear. His task was to listen to one message while ignoring the second. Xander participated in _________. A A cocktail party measure B A subliminal message experiment C A dichotic listening experiment D An intentional change detection experiment E A flicker task
Dichotic listening experiment
Charlie got an ear infection, and he won't be able to hear out of his right ear until the infection clears up. Charlie will have the most trouble with which of the following? A Detecting pitch B Localizing sounds accurately C Differentiating between low and high frequencies D Determining the intensity of sounds
Differentiating between low and high frequencies
Dr. Carl Hart is giving a presentation on drug addiction. He is discussing how social context can affect the release of the neurotransmitter associated with reward and pleasure. He is discussing the neurotransmitter ______________. A Serotonin B Dopamine C Oxytocin D Glutamate
Dopamine
Which of the following are the 4 Ds of abnormal behavior? A Distress, danger, desire, dysfunction B Dysfunction, deviance, distress, danger C Danger, deviance, disgust, distress D Deviance, dysfunction, distress, dismay
Dysfunction, deviance, distress, danger
Your teenage daughter has recently expressed that she is focused on discovering her "inner self." This exploration and search for identity most closely aligns with which theory of development? A Piaget's theory of cognitive development B Erikson's theory of personality development C Vygotsky's sociocultural theory D Kohlberg's theory of morality
Erickson's theory of personality development
Social Darwinism misused the teachings of Darwin to develop _______. A Civil Rights movement B Conservatism C Eugenics D Incorrect measures of intelligence
Eugenics
Chase and Simon tested both novice and expert chess players. Their findings supported that expertise provides the foundation for creative problem-solving because which of the following is true? A Expertise improves intelligence. B Expertise allows for consolidating information and unburdens thinking resources. C Expert chess players had more experience and experience is positively correlated with creativity. D Expertise eliminates the need for the preparation stage.
Expertise allows for consolidating information and unburdens thinking resources
If a behavior that was previously reinforced is no longer followed by either the addition or removal of a consequence stimulus, the behavior will eventually stop occurring. This phenomenon is known as _________. A Negative reinforcement B Positive reinforcement C Negative punishment D Extinction E Positive punishment
Extinction
The psychologist becomes hoarse from his maniacal screaming and loses his voice. Eventually, the woman no longer trembles when the bell is rung. Which phenomenon best accounts for this? A Stimulus discrimination B Stimulus generalization C Spontaneous recovery D Extinction
Extinction
A researcher is conducting an experiment to test if meditation helps improve focus and attention in class. During one of the meditation sessions, the fire alarm disrupts the amount of time some students have to meditate. In this example, the fire alarm is what type of variable? A Dependent variable. B Independent variable. C Disruptive variable. D Extraneous variable. E Confusing variable
Extraneous variable.
Dexter is really turned on by stiletto boots. In fact, he cannot become sexually aroused unless his partner dons a pair of these boots. For Dexter, these boots are a ______________ object. A Fetishistic B Paraphilic C Voyeuristic D Masochistic
Fetishistic
Which of the following is true about flooding? A Flooding involves being presented with the most intense source of fear. B Flooding involves being presented with the smallest fear a person may have. C Flooding involves being presented with one fear at a time.
Flooding involves being presented with the most intense source of fear
Malcom has always been able to solve problems in school. Even when he was a small child, he seemed to think through questions and answer them more quickly than his classmates. According to Cattell, Malcom's quick reasoning and problem-solving skills are probably evidence of his overall _________ intelligence. A Fluid B Crystallized C Practical D Creative
Fluid
Spearman argued that intelligence is made up of 2 factors. What are these factors? A Crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence B g and s C Verbal skills and mathematical abilities D Analytic intelligence and creative intelligence
G and S
Anita has always had an ear for music. She often finds she can play a piece flawlessly after only hearing it once. Which of the following models best explains this ability? A Spearman's g B Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities C Gardner's Multiple Intelligences D Mayer's El Model
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Fey is an Olympic figure skater who won the gold medal at the last Olympic games. However, she seems to have real problems when it comes to balancing her budget each month. The theory of intelligence that would best explain Fey's different levels of performance on these tasks is __________. A Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences B Spearman's theory of general intelligence C Thrustone's theory of primary mental abilities D Sternberg's information-processing (triarchic) theory of intelligence
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
The goal of a descriptive study is to: A Establish causation between two or more variables B Perform research by experiments C Find a correlation between two or more variables D Gather data about a given subject
Gather data about a given subject
You overhear your friend telling a story. Specifically, you hear him yell "I done great!" You correct him by telling him, he meant to say "I did great!" You corrected his . A Syntax B Grammar C Mental lexicon D Phoneme usage
Grammar
Tim has had an operation to treat his severe epilepsy. As a result of this operation, the two halves of his brain are unable to communicate with one another. If I were to show him an image of a rose on the left and an image of a cat on the right, you should expect that which of the following is true? A He will be able to report seeing a cat but would draw a rose with his left hand. B He will report seeing a rose but would draw a cat with his left hand. C He will be able to report seeing both images but will only be able to draw what he saw on the left. D He will be unable to report that he saw either image but will able to draw both of them.
He will be able to report seeing a cat but would draw a rose with his left hand
Which of the following is not associated with narcolepsy? A Cataplexy B Hypnagogic hallucinations C Sudden sleep attacks D Night terrors
Hypnagogic hallucinations
According to the self-serving bias, if you get an "A" on your next exam, what attribution are you most likely to make? A "I am really smart!" B "The test was really easy!" C "Everyone must have done well." D "The test was really hard."
I am really smart
Sperling's partial report technique provides evidence for _________. A Echoic memory B Procedural memory C Iconic memory D Immediate memory E Semantic memory
Iconic Memory
What portion of Baddeley's working memory model is responsible for verbal information? A Central executive B Visuospatial sketchpad C Phonological loop D Iconic memory
Iconic Memory
A "reinforcer test," or contingency analysis, allows one to empirically determine which of the following? A If there is a contingency between a response and a consequence B If an antecedent tells us when to respond C Whether the consequence is a primary or secondary reinforcer D If the consequence functions as a reinforcer for the target behavior Explanation
If the consequence functions as a reinforcer for the target behavior
What basic characteristic of immediate memory is demonstrated by memory span tasks (such as how many numbers can be kept active in mind at once)? A Immediate memory is represented visually. B Immediate memory has a limited duration. C Immediate memory is represented verbally. D Immediate memory has a limited capacity.
Immediate memory has a limited capacity
A correlation coefficient equal to +1.00 between scores on a written driver's license test and performance on a practical driving test means that: A Written test performance causes better performance on a practical test B Higher practical test scores are associated with lower written performance C Increased written test performance is associated with increased performance on a practical test D There is no relationship between written and practical performance
Increased written test performance is associated with increased performance on a practical test
What is the biggest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease? A Traumatic brain injury B Substance use C Increasing age D Poor memory
Increasing age
Harry Harlow conducted research with monkeys to examine attachment behaviors. What conclusions could be derived from his results? A Infant monkeys spend the majority of their time on the wire mother but will run to the cloth mother when stressed. B Infant monkeys show no preference for the wire or cloth mother (they distribute their time equally amongst both mothers). C Infant monkeys spend the majority of their time on the wire mother and will run to that mother when stressed. D Infant monkeys spend the majority of their time on the cloth mother and will run to that mother when stressed.
Infant monkeys spend the majority of their time on the cloth mother and will run to that mother when stressed
A person with visual neglect has damage to the ____________. A Superior parietal lobe B Inferior occipital lobe C Medial frontal lobe D Medial temporal lobe E Inferior parietal lobe
Inferior parietal lobe
At a casino, one can find slot machines. Which schedule of reinforcement would most likely govern the payout of slot machines? A Extinction B CRF C Intermittent D Fixed ratio-1
Intermittent
According to the Fundamental Attribution Error, when making attributions about other people, we are more likely to make ______________ attributions, whereas when making attributions about ourselves, we are more likely to make ______________ attributions. A Internal; internal B External; external C Internal; external D External; internal
Internal, external
Longitudinal research designs allow researchers the opportunity to study stability or change over time in the same group of individuals as they age. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a longitudinal research design? A Is maternal diet during pregnancy associated with cognitive and social development in infancy? B What strategies do 5th graders use to solve challenging math problems? C What are the benefits of having close friendships at school, particularly comparing among four groups of children who are currently enrolled in 2nd grade, 4th grade, 6th grade, and 8th grade? D Is being reared in an orphanage or institution early in life associated with less optimal cognitive and social development (relative to control children who were reared by their parents in the community) as children age?
Is being reared in an orphanage or institution early in life associated with less optimal cognitive and social development (relative to control children who were reared by their parents in the community) as children age?
When information in short-term memory is continually rehearsed, which of the following is true? A It still only lasts approximately 1/2 second B It can theoretically last indefinitely C It can last for up to 2.5 seconds D It can last for up to 5 minutes
It can theoretically last indefinitely
Electrical wires that you plug into your wall are typically protected by a coating that prevents the wires from being exposed. Myelin performs this function in the neuron, covering the axon. Why? A It prevents electrical activity from escaping into the surrounding area. B It slows down the electrical pulse to ensure it doesn't move too fast. C It ensures that the electrical pulse doesn't go past the end of the wire/axon. D It protects the plug/cell body.
It ensures that the electrical pulse doesn't go past the end of the wire/axon
What emotion is Natalie Merchant conveying with the following lyrics: "Is she fine/ So well bred/ The perfect girl/ A social deb?/ Does she talk the way I do?/ Is her voice reminding you/ Of the promises/ The little white lies, too?/ Sometimes, tell me/ While she's touching you/ Just by mistake/ Accidentally, do you say my name?" A Jealousy B Rage C Wistfulness D Smugness
Jealousy
Which of these is an example of a schema? A Knowing the order of events at a restaurant: Walk in, be seated, order, eat, pay, leave. B Knowing that your friend Tracey likes the color red. C Knowing that Moscow is the capital of Russia. D Knowing the best way to throw a football.
Knowing the order of events at a restaurant: Walk in, be seated, order, eat, pay, leave
Koshik's (elephant) ability to generate Korean speech sounds emphasizes which important function of speech? A Language's ability to connect information B Language's ability to create symbolic representations C The anatomical differences between humans and elephants are not a limitation D Language as a tool for social connection
Language as a tool for social connection
The scale on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality-2 (MMPI-2) that is designed to assess the extent to which individuals are responding to the items in a manner designed to present themselves in a socially desirable manner is the ______________ scale. A Cannot say B Lie C Infrequency D Correction
Lie
Action Potential: Resting Potential :: A Quiet: Asleep B Loud: Quiet C Sad: Angry D Angry: Sad
Loud: quiet
Which of the following situations would lead to feelings of cognitive dissonance? A Rachel cares about the environment, so she makes sure to recycle. B After his father died from lung cancer, Nate never smoked another cigarette. C Polly started volunteering at an animal shelter and started a vegan diet. D Luis has always protested violence and war, but last week he signed up to join the Marine Corps.
Luis has always protested violence and war, but last week he signed up to join the Marine Corps
After creating rivalry and dislike between two groups of boys at a summer camp, Sherif decreased between-group conflict by: A Providing a group party where everyone got to spend time together B Making the groups work together for a common goal C Not continuing to keep score in any competitions between the groups D Sherif was unable to decrease conflict between the groups.
Making the two groups work together
Who developed the Strange Situation paradigm? A John Bowlby B Mary Main C Mary Ainsworth D Harry Harlow
Mary Ainsworth
What does the Deese, Roediger, & McDermott Task illustrate? A Memory is inherently reconstructive B Memory is primarily verbal in nature C Memory is independent of cues D Memory is susceptible to errors of omission
Memory is inherently reconstructive
Luchin's Jar Problem presented subjects with a series of problem-solving tasks that all required the same strategy. When confronted with a new set of problems that needed a new strategy the subjects often failed to adapt to the new problems. What did this illustrate? A Mental sets B Functional fixedness C Perceptual sets D Mental biasing
Mental Sets
Marianna is participating in an experiment asking her to respond when she sees a stimulus. Sometimes the light is so dim that she is not exactly sure if she sees the stimulus; when that happens, she generally says "yes, I saw it." According to Signal Detection theory, what should Marianna have more of? Multiple answers:You can select more than one option A More hits B More correct rejections C More false alarms D More misses
More hits and More False Alarms
To avoid having her heart broken again, Sharon throws herself into her work so that she will never be financially and emotionally dependent on anyone again. Sharon's actions represent what Horney called: A Moving toward people B Moving against people C Moving away from people D Moving without people
Moving away from people
After the occurrence of a response, a consequence is taken away. If the response occurs less often in the future, what is the operant process called? A Negative reinforcement B Positive reinforcement C Negative punishment D Extinction E Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Increased concentrations of this neurotransmitter may be associated with less impulsive responses during adolescence. A Dopamine B Glutamate C Norepinephrine D Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Which of the following best illustrates the effects of biological constraints? A Not being able to train an animal to act in a way that disrupts its normal foraging B Training an animal to do tricks it would not do in its normal habitat C Biological preparedness D Depriving an organism of food to make positive reinforcers more powerful
Not being able to train an animal to act in a way that disrupts its normal foraging
What monocular depth cue is used when one image partially blocks the view of a second object, leaving the partially hidden object being seen as further away than the whole object? A Occlusion B Relative Height C Relative Size D Perspective Convergence
Occlusion
Artistic Anne is likely to score high on the ______________ factor of the Five Factor Model. A Openness B Conscientiousness C Agreeableness D Extraversion E Neuroticism
Openness
Sara stared momentarily at the blue light that shined from her computer. When she looked away, she saw yellow dots. What theory would best explain what Sara experienced? A Akinetopsia theory B Feature-detection theory C Opponent-process theory D Trichromatic theory
Opponent-process theory
What does research on flashbulb memories indicate? A People are highly confident in their accuracy and are in fact very accurate. B People are not highly confident in their accuracy but are in fact very accurate. C People are not highly confident in their accuracy and are also not very accurate. D People are highly confident in their accuracy but are not very accurate.
People are highly confident in their accuracy but are not very accurate.
For the word "prefix," the smallest standalone sound of the word, "pa," is a , whereas the smallest understandable portion of the word, "pre," is a . A Phoneme; morpheme B Morpheme; phoneme C Grammar; syntax D Lexicon; semantic network
Phoneme, morpheme
Which of the following refers to the evolutionary history of a population? A Ontogeny B Phylogeny C Genotype D Phenotype
Phylogeny
Which of the following activities would require the greatest number of neurons in the motor cortex? A Lifting a heavy bag of groceries B Playing a Mozart piece on the piano C Eating dinner D Playing checkers
Playing a Mozart piece on the piano
After the occurrence of a response, a consequence is added. If the response occurs less often in the future, what is the operant process called? A Negative reinforcement B Positive reinforcement C Negative punishment D Extinction E Positive punishment
Positive Punishment
Which of the five basic operant processes is viewed as the "operant process of last choice?" A Negative reinforcement B Positive reinforcement C Negative punishment D Extinction E Positive punishment
Positive Punishment
Which part of the brain is not fully mature in adolescence, resulting in difficulty assessing risk and controlling impulses? A Amygdala B Prefrontal cortex C Anterior cingulate cortex D Basal ganglia
Prefrontal cortex
______________ techniques require individuals to provide responses to ambiguous stimuli. A Projective B Objective C Retrospective D Behavioral
Projective
What is one difference between psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches to therapy? A Psychoanalytic approaches require a much longer duration in therapy. B Psychodynamic approaches involve examining the impulses and consequences of the id. C Psychodynamic approaches are less active in sessions. D Psychoanalytic approaches focus more upon building up the strengths of the ego and superego.
Psychoanalytic approaches require a much longer duration in therapy
Dreaming occurs during which stage of sleep? A Stage 1 B Slow wave sleep C Stage 3 sleep D Paradoxical sleep E REM sleep
REM sleep
When questioned by the police and a social worker after being robbed and beaten, the victim could not recall any useful details. The social worker noted that this use of ______________ helps to prevent this person from reliving the trauma. A Regression B Repression C Projection D Displacement
Repression
The story of Henry Molaison is a good example of a case study because: A Researchers treated his memory impairment by researching many similar studies. B Researchers manipulated the independent variables to determine the cause of his injury. C Researchers studied him and gained valuable information about memory that could be used to formulate hypotheses and generate future research. D Researchers determined that brain injuries do cause limited memory impairment.
Researchers studied him and gained valuable information about memory that could be used to formulate hypotheses and generate future research.
Having a secure and stable environment (e.g., a home) exemplifies which of Maslow's need levels? A Belonging B Safety C Physical D Biosocial
Safety
Which of the following would be a beneficial use of cognitive therapy? A Sally wants to change self-defeating thoughts contributing to depression. B Rachel wants to go to the library more often because she enjoys reading. C Peter wants to improve his relationship with his siblings. D Lorraine wants to get to the root of why she is afraid of flying on planes.
Sally wants to change self-defeating thoughts contributing to depression
After working in his auto repair shop all day, Jerry works a few more hours in the shop each night on his stock car, which he races on weekends at a local figure-eight track. Although he could make more money working as a mechanic at a dealership, Jerry likes being his own boss because he can combine his knowledge of cars with his passion of being the best racer he can at the level he can financially afford. Jerry's actions meet his __________ needs. A Self-effacing B Self-serving C Self-perfection D Self-actualization
Self-actualization
Jacob has felt like he was bad at math ever since one of his teachers in middle school made him feel dumb when he did a problem wrong on the board for all to see. Jacob's insistence that math just "wasn't his thing" lasted throughout high school. Although he passed his courses with C's, his teachers felt that he simply wasn't trying. Once in college, Jacob found out that he was required to complete a college math course. He was hesitant because he was worried about his inability to do well in math. On the first day, the professor did some ice-breaker activities. When asked to describe himself, Jacob stated that he was terrible at math and always had been. After class, the teacher asked to talk with Jacob about his low self-esteem regarding math. The teacher showed Jacob that he had been placed in a higher-level course based on his placement exams, which seemed to indicate that he was better at math than he believed. The teacher was most concerned that Jacob's negative outlook and predetermined belief that he would fail would likely come true unless he replaced those thoughts with more positive ones. It appears that the teacher is most concerned about which of the following? A Self-fulfilling prophecy B Pluralistic ignorance C Jacob cheating on assignments and exams D Diffusion of responsibility E None of the above
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Children in need of a cochlear implant to experience audition should have their implant by the age of two. Children that receive cochlear implants after the age of two are less likely to progress with auditory processing as quickly but are still able to process sounds. The ability to process auditory information (even if not as well) demonstrates a _____ in auditory development A Critical period B Sensitive period C Developmental sensitivity D Developmental plasticity
Sensitive Period
Janice learns how to play the guitar with these steps: how to hold the guitar properly, how to generate sound from the strings, how to tighten/loosen the strings, and how to read sheet music. Her music teacher provides praise when she's mastered each step. This illustrates which of the following phenomena? A Negative reinforcement B Shaping C Premack principle D Higher-order conditioning
Shaping
According to Steven Pinker, Darwin identified what as the opposite of a threatening human posture? A Waving "hello" B Nodding your head C Shrugging D Skipping
Shrugging
According to Phillip Zimbardo, what type of attributions would he use to explain the behavior of participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment? A Dispositional B Internal C Situational D None of the above
Situational
Hans Eysenck published a report stating that given enough time, psychological disorders will get better on their own. What did he call this phenomenon? A Meta-analysis B Cognitive restructuring C Self-actualizing tendency D Spontaneous remission
Spontaneous remission
Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency? A Mean B Median C Mode D Standard deviation
Standard deviation
When involved in a mathematics competition, Susan was the only female on the team. She grew up being told that boys were better at math than girls. When it was her time to answer math problems, Susan was overwhelmed with the fear of meeting others' expectations that girls were not as good at math as boys. This is an example of which of the following (select the best choice)? A Stereotype threat B Prejudice C False consensus effect D Scapegoating
Stereotype threat
You are at a party and hear gunshots. Your heart rate quickens, and you start breathing more quickly. You immediately feel yourself on high alert. What system have you likely activated? A Sympathetic nervous system B Visual nervous system C Somatic nervous system D Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is an example of a technique used in classical conditioning therapy? A Unmailed letter technique B Free association C Systematic desensitization D Cognitive restructuring
Systematic desensitization
Your two-year-old, Holly, loves eating gumdrops and you often use them to convince her to behave when you're running errands. However, today she is definitely not behaving at the grocery store! You hide the gumdrops in your purse, but Holly continues to beg you for them and reaches into your purse to try and grab them. Holly is displaying which of the following aspects of cognitive development? A The A-not-B error B Object permanence C Symbolic thinking D Primary circular reactions
The A-not-B error
What is the defining feature of the period of the embryo? A Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall B Refinements and finishing touches C Rapid cell division D The emergence and development of major bodily systems
The emergence and development of major bodily functions
The average IQ of this year's graduating class at El Dorado High School is 115 points. The average IQ of the graduating class from 25 years ago was 105 points, and the average IQ of the graduating class from 50 years ago was 100 points. One explanation for this effect is known as _______. A Instability effect B Shifts in reaction range C The Flynn effect D Reciprocal determinism
The flynn effect
Which part of the nervous system releases hormones? A The adrenal glands B The hypothalamus C The thalamus D The hippocampus
The hypothalamus
Which of the following statements about cognitive decline is false? A Alzheimer's disease is a form of dementia. B Along with cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease may be accompanied by depressive symptoms. C The prevalence of dementia decreases with old age. D Alzheimer's disease impacts individuals living with the disease and those who care for them.
The prevalence of dementia decreases with old age
The term 'beneficence' would best apply to which of the following? A The results of the study are accurately portrayed when published B The rights of researchers have been adequately protected C The research benefits outweigh the costs that participants may experience
The research benefits outweigh the costs that participants may experience
Paul experiences severe anxiety, which makes it hard for him to engage in daily activities. His medication provider prescribes a benzodiazepine medication but cautions Paul to take the medication only as prescribed. What is the best reason for this? A It takes a long time for the medication to start working. B There is potential for addiction if the medication is taken too often. C The medication will not work if taken with other medications. D All of the above
There is a potential for addiction if the medication is taken too often
How would you predict the cones in the eye would respond to the color red? A There would be a lot of activation from the S-cones, medium activation of the M-cones and no activation from the L-cones B There would be equal activation from the S- cones and the M- cones, and no activation from the L-cones C There would be little activation from the S & M cones and a lot of activation from the L-cone D There would be moderate firing from the L & S cones and a great deal of firing from the M cone
There would be little activation from the S and M cones and a lot of activation from the L-cone
Sam's 8-month year old, Miranda, is starting to learn several new words. Sam confides in you that he is worried that Miranda is struggling to learn certain action words, or verbs. What do you tell him to reassure him? A This is normal; children are rapidly learning new words in this stage. Just give Miranda time. B All babies are different. Don't be so hard on her, she's only 8 months old. C Maybe it's her school. Just try reading to her more after school. D This is not surprising because Miranda is normal in showing a noun-bias. Other words will be remembered relatively slower at this stage.
This is not surprising because Miranda is normal in showing a noun-bias. Other words will be remembered relatively slower at this stage.
What is the reason for using relaxation skills when engaging in systematic desensitization? A To use them after an exposure activity B To aid in reducing anxiety when engaging in an exposure activity C To use them immediately before a therapy session D To only use them when doing exposures with the highest SUDS ratings.
To aid in reducing anxiety when engaging in an exposure activity
Why are control groups important in experiments? A To ensure that all the population is accurately represented B To allow for a comparison with the experimental group C To disprove the hypothesis D To test the effect of more than one treatmen
To allow for a comparison with the experimental group
When Dr. Emory looks at slides of blood samples, he sees a rich and diverse world of cellular life instead of small dots on a slide. In using his years of experience looking at slides, what is Dr. Emory is using? A Top Down Processing B Transduction C Accommodation D Bottom Up processing E Figure ground
Top-down Processing
When we look at the sky at night and see Sagittarius as an archer rather than a configuration of stars, what are we relying on? A The Gestalt Principle of Similarity B Top-down processing C The Gestalt Principle of Figure-ground D Binocular disparity E Bottom-up processing
Top-down processing
