Psych 111 Exam 3

oral psychosexual stage

0-1 Emphasis on trust issues in later life Over-indulgence: overly trusting Under-indulgence: distrustful

Characteristics of a useful goal

SMART goal

Freudian slips

Slips of the tongue that expose the unconscious

tend-and-befriend response

Women tend to nurture themselves and others and bond together

Dream analysis latent

hidden meaning of a dream

Personality

one's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting that persists over time and across situations

chameleon effect

we naturally mimic people's postures, facial expressions and voice tones

anal psychosexual stage

1-3 Emphasis on control issues in later life Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, disorganized Anal retentive: organized, neat

genital psychosexual stage

12+ Emphasis on relationships Problems here: unsatisfactory romantic/ sexual relationships Kind of summarizes the oral, anal, phallic

Asch's experiment

3 lines with paid actors and the lines were easy to distinguish which was the longest but, the real person didn't want to be excluded from the group so they chose the wrong answer

phallic psychosexual stage

3-7 Emphasis on self-esteem issues in later life: superego development Boys: castration anxiety (Oedipal complex) - boys are inclined to be attracted to their moms, and be with them, the problem is dad. Worried that dad will castrate the boy. Learn to be like dad to get a woman like mom. Girls: penis envy (Electra complex) - girls are attracted to their moms too, but don't have a penis. Girls become upset with their mom for not having a penis. They realize they can be like their mom and get a penis (dad).

For each performance review, Professor Donnell is evaluated by her students, colleagues, department chair, and research assistants. This best illustrates

360 degree feedback

latency psychosexual stage

7-12 Not much goes on because personality is already fully developed

Stress' relationship with AIDS, cancer, and coronary artery disease

AIDS: because the stress response suppresses immune response, exposure to stress worsens the development of AIDS in those exposed to HIV Cancer: stress may weaken the body's defenses against the replication and spread of cancer cells

How do attitudes affect actions

By changing our thoughts, we can change our attitude which will change our results.

transference

Client will consciously relate to therapist as if the therapist is an important person from the client's past (mother, father, etc.). The client "transfers" what they learned from earlier relationships onto current relationship

Lazaru's explanation for emotion

Cognitive appraisal theory, our brains process and react to vast amounts of information without our conscious awareness. Some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking, but instantaneously felt emotions require some sort of cognitive appraisal of the situation. The appraisal may be effortless and we not be conscious of it, but it is still a mental function, to know whether something is good or bad, the brain must have some idea of what it is. Emotions arise when we appraise an event as beneficial or harmful to our well-being, whether we truly know it is or not.

Assessing the unconscious

Freud tried to get unconscious themes to be projected into the conscious world through free association and dream analysis. Projective tests are structured, systematic exposure to a standardized set of ambiguous prompts, designed to reveal inner dynamics.

who is most closely associated with the general adaptation syndrome?

Hans Selye

Normal role of immune system components

Is it a bacterial infection? - send in B lymphocytes Is it a cancer cell, virus or foreign substance? - send in T lymphocytes Is it a harmful intruder, or a worn-out cell that needs to be cleaned up? - send in macrophages Is it a diseased cell that needs to be cleared out? - send in natural killer cells

cognitive dissonance theory

Leon Festinger - we feel uncomfortable when we act in ways that conflict our beliefs. We reduce this comfort by changing our attitudes to more closely match our behaviors.

Difference in male and female stress response

Men tend to socially withdrawal and numb themselves with alcohol. They are also more likely to become aggressive under stress. Men's behavior and brains show less empathy and less tuning in to others during stress

Link between pessimism and heart disease

Men who are generally more pessimistic are more likely to develop heart disease within 10 years than optimists

Milgram's Obedience Experiment

Milgram had a participant and an actor. The participant would ask a question and if the actor got it wrong they would get shocked. The voltage went up for every wrong answer, eventually it got to lethal doses of voltage. The actor pretended to not make sounds and Milgram would advise the participant to keep going.

Right frontal lobe

Negative withdrawal emotions (fear, digest, anger, depression)

Free association

Patient is encouraged to verbalize without censorship or selection whatever comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing, illogical or irrelevant

General Adaptation Syndrome

Phase 1: alarm reaction - the stressor occurs: fight or flight Phase 2: Resistance - the body's resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in (to cope with stress) Phase 3: exhaustion (reserves depleted)

Structured interviews

Proven to be the best form of interviews. They are not a conversation with general questions, and an objective systemic strategy of assessing strengths (attitudes, behaviors, knowledge and skills)

Repression/denial

Pushing anxiety-arousing thoughts into the unconscious, repressing id

SMART goal

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time based

Stress reaction

Stressful event -> appraisal (choose either threat or challenge) -> then the response if it's a threat then you become stressed to distract. If it's a challenge then you become aroused, focused.

360-degree feedback

Supervisor rating, peer rating, subordinate rating, customer rating, self-rating all are aspects of performance appraisal

Lessons drawn from conformity and obedience studies

The US is actually not any better than the Nazis when it comes to listening to authority figures. 66% of people will do what they are told, even if that involves killing someone.

Link between depression and heart disease (chronic stress à inflammation)

The two problems are both caused by chronic stress and the intervening variable may be excessive inflammation

Williams College Study

They had students talk, one at a time, with a young woman who acted either cold and critical or warm and friendly. Before the conversations, the researchers told half the students that the woman's behavior would be spontaneous. They told the other half the truth—that they had instructed her to act friendly (or unfriendly). Did hearing the truth affect students' impressions of the woman? Not at all! If the woman acted friendly, both groups decided she really was a warm person. If she acted unfriendly, both decided she really was a cold person. They attributed her behavior to her personal disposition even when told that her behavior was situational—that she was merely acting that way for the purposes of the experiment.

Stress' effect on the immune system

Those experiencing stress were more likely to catch a cold. The tradeoff between stress response may help our bodies focus energy on managing stress

Type A/Type B personality and relation to heart disease

Type A personalities are more likely to develop heart disease

interviewer illusion/fallacy

Valuing intentions rather than habits, neglecting to recall bad "reads" such as past interviewees who failed or quit, seeing interview behavior has a predictor of job behavior, using prejudgments to interpret interviewee behavior

Zajonic and LeDoux's explanations for emotions

Zajonic said we have emotional reactions apart from or even before out interpretations of a situation. LeDoux says that some emotions take the "low road" that bypass the "high road"

Grit

a combination of desire for achievement and the ability/willingness to persist at hard work

Flow

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills

evidence that emotion precedes physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the _____. Evidence that emotion precedes mentally labeling our physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the _______ a. James-Lange theory; two-factor theory b. two-factor theory; James-Lange theory c. Cannon-bard theory, James-Lange theory d. James-Lange theory; Cannon-bard theory

a. James-Lange theory; two-factor theory

what theory supports the idea that someone's behavior is a result of situational circumstances or character traits? a. attribution theory b. dispositional theory c. trade theory d. situational theory

a. attribution theory

which theory of emotion states that individuals' experiences trigger feelings and psychological reactions at the same time? a. Schacter-singer theory b. cannon-bard theory c. James-lange theory d. cognitive theory

a. cannon-bard theory

when people adjust their behavior/thinking to match a group standard, they are said to be a. conforming b. aggressive c. relating to others d. being obedient

a. conforming

Rogarian term that describes the state in which a person's ideal self is consistently similar to his actual experience a. congruence b. incongruence c. alignment d. resilience

a. congruence

Enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies is known as a. group polarization b. groupthink c. social loafing d. social facilitation

a. group polarization

_____ is the study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another a. social psychology b. humanistic psychology c. behavioral psychology d. relational psychology

a. social psychology

The __________ nervous system arouses the body, whereas the _______ nervous system calms the body down a. sympathetic; parasympathetic c. parasympathetic; sympathetic

a. sympathetic; parasympathetic

Regression

age regression, adopting mindset of teenager when marriage is falling apart

Normative social influence

agree to avoid rejection or gain social approval

role of role-playing

allows students to explore realistic situations by interacting with other people in a managed way in order to develop experience and trial different strategies in a supported environment

Sublimation

allows to act out id impulse in a way that is socially beneficial (dentists)

Stressor

an event or condition which we view as threatening, challenging or overwhelming

Cannon-Bard Theory

asserts that we have a conscious/ cognitive experience of an emotion at the same time as our body is responding, not afterward. Human body responses run parallel to the cognitive responses rather than causing them.

Insight

awareness of underlying sources of emotional, cognitive, or behavioral responses in difficulties in oneself or another person.

Who is most closely associated with the conformity experiment? a. B.F. Skinner b. Solomon Asch c. Erik Erikson D. Stanley Milgram

b. Solomon Asch

what psychologist conducted the famous lines experiment? a. James dobson b. Solomon asch c. William wundt d. stanley milgram

b. Solomon asch

name the theory that describes that what you are think about a stimulus dictates the emotion you feel is a. two-factory theory of emotion b. cognitive appraisal theory c. James-lange theory of emotion d. stress-response theory

b. cognitive appraisal theory

Sarah wants to be liked, so she agrees with her classmates. She wants to avoid rejection and gain social approval. What is Sarah demonstrating? a. informational social influence b. normative social influence c. respective social influence d. relational social influence

b. normative social influence

what subfield of I/O psychology focuses on job seeking, recruitment and training? a. organizational psychology b. personnel psychology c. organizational development d. organizational communication

b. personnel psychology

what psychosexual stage occurs between the ages of 3 and 7 and highlights self-esteem issues later in life? a. anal b. phallic c. oral d. latent

b. phallic

Voice effect

before you implement change, ask employees what they think. It must be genuine in order to work. Even if the unfavorable option is chosen, employees will be more likely to go along with it.

The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the

body's response to prolonged stress

Oxytocin

bonding hormone may play a role in bonding

social leadership

building teams, encouraging participation in decisions, mediating conflicts and building unity

Who is most closely associated with the Stanford Prison Experiment? a. B.F. Skinner b. Solomon Asch c. Philip Zimbardo d. Erik Erikson

c. Philip Zimbardo

the presence of others can boost performance which is known as a. group polarization b. social loafing c. social facilitation d. groupthink

c. social facilitation

Brief stress

can improve immune system response and be a motivating action. This can also lead to focusing priorities, feeling engaged, energized and satisfied, providing challenges that encourage growth, knowledge and self-esteem.

3 categories of stressors

catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles

conformity

changes in a person's behavior or thinking to match a group standard

peripheral route persuasion

changing attitudes by going around the rational mind and appealing to fears, desires, associations

Resistence

clients demonstrate that certain topics, thoughts, feelings are taboo because they are threatening, can change the subject or avoid.

door-in-the-face technique

compliance method whereby the persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down

foot-in-the-door technique

compliance tactic that assumes agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a second, larger request.

Defense mechanisms

created by the ego to compromise id and superego

what is the order of the three stages of general adaptation? a. resistance, alarm and exhaustion b. alarm, exhaustion, resistance c. exhaustion, alarm, resistance d. alarm, resistance, exhaustion

d. alarm, resistance, exhaustion

What are the two types of attributions people use to explain others' behavior? a. situational and collectivistic b. dispositional and collectivistic c. dispositional and attitude d. situational and dispositional

d. situational and dispositional

when performing as a group, there's a tendency to exert less effort than if performing alone. This is known as a. groupthink b. obedience c. social facilitation d. social loafing

d. social loafing

what leadership style sets acceptable standards, effectively organizes work and focuses on meeting goals? a. servant leadership b. authentic leadership c. authoritative leadership d. task leadership

d. task leadership

Appraisal

deciding whether to view something as a stressor. Are they challenges or a threat?

James-Lange Theory

emotion is our conscious awareness of our physiological responses to stimuli. The body arousal happens first, and then the cognitive awareness and label for the feeling. Arousal comes before emotion

Schacter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

emotions do no exist until we add a label to whatever body sensations we are feeling

Health psychology

emotions, as well as personality, attitudes, behaviors and responses to stress can have an impact on our overall health

employees who are more ______ are more likely to get work done

engaged

gary is connected, passionate, and energetic employee who loves working for his company. What level of employee engagement Is he expressing?

engaged

3 levels of employee engagement

engaged, not engaged, actively disengaged

group polarization

enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies. May occur when people in a group discuss an idea about which most of them have the same opinion

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of _____ into the bloodstream

epinephrine

Interpretation

explaining how the client's unconscious issues connect with their symptoms, this must often be repeated.

Low road

fear stimulus -> thalamus, amygdala, fear response. Speedy low road, no reason to evaluate when fight or flight kicks in. Ex: someone pulling a knife on you

High road

fear stimulus -> thalamus, sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, fear response. Thinking leads to the high road. Ex: competitor spreading rumors about you, think about situation and you are tense, feeling afraid of them

Attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

A completely focused state of consciousness resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills is called

flow

personnel psychology

focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

strengths based selection

focusing on strengths that employees have rather than weaknesses. I/O psychologists recommend aptitude tests and job knowledge tests for employees.

Emotions

full body/ mind/ behavior response to a situation

central route persuasion

going directly through the rational mind, influencing attitudes with evidence and logic

combination of desire, ability, and willingness to persist at hard work is known as

grit

Predictors of happiness

high self-esteem, close friendships or satisfying marriage, meaningful religious faith

the macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the

immune system

transformational leadership

inspiring people to transcend self-interest to work for a collective vision

Behavior scales

instead of using a numbered scale, each valued trait comes with a range of behaviors that best describes the employee

Izard's 10 basic emotions

joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt

Graphic rating scales

like a 5-point scale to rate the employee on frequency of behavior or strength of a trait

informational social influence

look to the behaviors of others who are also in the same or similar situation to see how they behave (ex: expert)

Deindividuation

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Satisfaction

measure of workers contentedness with their jobs, whether they like the job or aspects of it.

Prolonged stress

mental and physical coping systems become overwhelmed and defeated rather than strengthened. Immune functioning and other health factors decline because of the damage.

lowball technique

method in which the persuader gets a person to commit to a low-ball offer they have no intention of keeping; then the price is suddenly increased. Since the person already committed, it is hard to say no to the new higher price demand.

Displacement

moving negative emotions onto a safer target to satisfy id and superego

Reaction formation

not going to do id impulse, but do exact opposite

Appraising/Evaluating Performance

o Involves developing criteria for good performance and compare individual and organizational performance to these criteria. Examples are checklists, graphic rating scales and behavior scales

human factors psychology

o Taking the design of the body and the functioning of the mind into account when designing products and processes.

group think

occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. It's fed by overconfidence, conformity and group polarization

Recency error

only focusing on easily remembered recent incidents rather than on a full year of performance

Id

operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Superego

opposite of id, rules and restrictions

Psychosexual stages

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Assessing the impact of different management styles on the motivation and productivity of employees best illustrates the professional concerns of

organizational psychology

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Relative derivation

perception that we are worse off relative to the people we compare ourselves to

Behavioral medicine

physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers and others work together in patient care.

Left frontal lobe

positive approach emotions (joy, love, goal-seeking)

Projection

project impulse on everyone else, if fixated can become paranoid

the study of how interacting psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect health

psychoneuroimmunology

Types of defense mechanisms

repression/denial, regression, displacement, reaction formation, projection, sublimation

A lie detector test is used to monitor a person's

respiration and galvanic skin response

Unconscious

revolutionary idea at the time, even if it is common now. Unconscious thoughts was created by Freud.

Positive psychology

scientific study of human functioning, with goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

Task leadership

setting standards, organizing work and focusing on completing goals

Managers who build teamwork and effectively mediate employee conflicts are said to excel in

social leadership

Shaping attitudes

someone or something that shapes a situation or an activity has a very great influence on the way it develops

Spillover effect

sometimes our arousal response to one event, spills over into our response to the next event. Subjects experienced a spillover effect when arousal was caused by injections of adrenaline. They interpreted their agitation in relation to whatever emotion the others in the room appeared to be feeling: the emotional "spill over" from others

Engagement

specific way of being involved in a task. Goes with flow.

the process of appraising and responding to events which we consider threatening or challenging is known as

stress

_________ is an event or condition which we view as threatening, challenging or overwhelming

stressor

Social psychology

study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another. They are interested in the social environment of the person.

Organizational psychology

studying and consulting about how worker productivity and motivation is affected by studying different patterns of worker-management engagement, leadership and teamwork

social loafing

tendency for decreased performance when tasks are done in a group rather than alone

adaptation-level phenomenon

tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced

How does FAE work in collectivistic cultures?

the behavior of others is attributed more to the situation, credit for success is given more to others, blame for your individual failures is attributed to disposition

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

role of autonomic nervous system in emotion

the physiological arousal felt during various emotions is orchestrated by the sympathetic nervous system, which triggers activity and change in various organs. The parasympathetic nervous system will calm down the body after.

social facilitation

the presence of others can boost performance; however, it will lead to poor performance on tougher tasks.

Stress

the process of appraising and responding to events which we consider threatening or challenging

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how interacting psychological, neural and endocrine processes affect health

Ego

trying to please both Id and Superego

human factor psychologists would be most likely to aid in the design of

user friendly factory machinery

Attribution theory

we explain others' behavior with two types of attributions: situational attribution (environment/situation) and dispositional attribution (individual)

Dream analysis manifest

what happens in the dream, story of the dream

Zimbardo's Prison Experiment

what we do we gradually become

Leniency or severity error

when one's appraisal of an employee is too generous or too harsh on all evaluations

Halo errors

when one's overall impression of an employee biases the rating of specific behaviors; good people can have weak areas

Fundamental attribution error

when someone we dislike or a stranger, acts foolishly we tend to overestimate the influence of a person's disposition (personality). Compared to when we know someone who acts foolishly we tend to underestimate the impact of the situation