Psych 111 Modules 1-5 Mini Exams

In simple terms, what is an operant (as described in operant conditioning)?

A behavior that is controlled by its consequences

David, a staunch Libertarian, tells anyone who will listen that all Republican and Democrat voters are at fault for all of the problems in this country, and that Libertarian voters are the ones trying to maintain our freedoms. This is an example of _________

A blatant bias

What is the HPA axis?

A physiological response to stress involving interactions among the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the adrenal glands

Irene sends a letter to you (her newly elected mayor) to complain about discrimination that occurred toward her from a local business. The laws in your city specifically state that discrimination is illegal. Now it is your job to decide whether discrimination really occurred. Based on what you know about how discrimination is defined, which of the following examples would you MOST LIKELY expect Irene to tell you about if it really was discrimination?

A store employee charged her extra because he doesn't like people who go to Irene's church

You are a therapist and have started using biofeedback with a new client. As an expert in this area, which of the following would you use to MOST accurately describe what biofeedback is to your client?

A stress-reducing strategy involving showing clients information about their bodies, such as blood pressure or heart rate

Michael, a hypnotherapist, gets frustrated when people tell him hypnosis doesn't actually work. He is quick to point out that there is substantial evidence that hypnosis can be effectively used to treat ________

Acute and chronic pain

Researchers who focus on the nature vs. nurture debate may prefer to use which of the following methods?

Adoption studies

Which of the following situations would involve aggression according to the definition given in the reading?

After I block the shot of a basketball player on the opposing team, he begins yelling at me and insulting me.

Colonel Vance is a pilot in the Air Force and is participating in a study about aggression in the military. Based on what you have learned about aggression, which of the following MOST accurately describes how aggression levels are related to change or stability over time?

Aggression levels tend to be fairly stable over time, so it is likely that Colonel Vance is similar in aggression levels in his 40s to whatever his aggression levels were in his 30s

Dr. Graziano is a personality researcher and has designed a new study to focus on the Big Five factor model of personality. The survey that he is using asks participants to rate themselves on questions about topics such as being forgiving, helpful, uncooperative, rude, gullible, irritable, and manipulative. Based on what you've learned about personality, which personality trait does Dr. Graziano's lab focus on?

Agreeableness

Helpful Harvey is always doing nice things for others. He is known for his kind personality. Based on what you've learned about personality, which personality trait plays an important role in prosocial behavior?

Agreeableness

Which of the following is a purpose of the myelin sheath?

Allows the action potential to move faster down the neuron

Adam is building a study design to test how blood pressure is related to chronic stressors. He decides that it is important to be able to measure blood pressure in everyday life situations so that he can see how health relates to chronic stress in natural settings, rather than his research lab. Adam places a portable blood pressure device on people that they can wear for several days at a time as they go about their normal routine. Which of the following BEST describe his use of the portable blood pressure devices?

Ambulatory assessment

When you walk through the cemetery late at night and have a surge of fear, or when you're remembering the fear you felt when the big spider ran across your foot last week, this brain structure is likely at work.

Amygdala

My dog Gryff is a smart little guy who can do a lot of tricks and is very obedient. But I've noticed that when a cat runs by, he instinctively chases it without any pause or thought. Gryff is demonstrating fixed-action patterns when he does this. When animals or humans respond in fixed action patterns, they are usually activated by:

An instinctive behavior that is almost automatic and is triggered by a sequence of behaviors

As of January 2021, it is illegal to text or dial a phone number while driving, but it is legal to talk on the phone or use a voice assistant while driving as long as the driver isn't holding or looking at the device. As a student of psychology, you know that:

Driving performance suffers even when talking on a phone hands-free, so in order to reduce accidents from distracted driving, the state of Utah should ban even hands-free use of cell phones while driving.

Holly Flax would use which neuroimaging method to provide the best temporal resolution?

EEG

Which of the following dietary practices is recommended to help lower or deal with stress?

Eating fish (or other foods) with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids

Jared will neither confirm nor deny that he has two guilty pleasures in life—Taylor Swift's music and Downton Abbey. All week long he has really wanted to listen to Taylor Swift's song Shake It Off, but he has resisted the temptation. Then at the end of the week, he found out a new Downton Abbey movie is coming out, and he just couldn't resist. He had to watch the trailer. Which of the following is Jared's experience an example of?

Ego-depletion

Whenever Kylie is feeling down, she likes to volunteer at the daycare nearby because it boosts her mood and helps her feel happier. Which of the following theories of altriuism likely explains this scenario?

Egoistic motivation

TYPE OF MEMORY: A lot of people have told Sheldon that he has a photographic memory, but he quickly clarifies for them that he has (---?---), which is the ability to access a visual memory for long periods of time. Whatever you want to call it, his mind is like a steel trap!

Eidetic Memory

Emily is very good at managing her own feelings, but it is especially impressive how well she can understand how others are feeling. She must be very high in:

Emotional intelligence

Which of the following BEST describes how emotions interact with your body?

Emotions influence many different organs in your body to prepare your body for action

Arianna sees a woman in the park with her kids who appears to be in need of food and new clothing and imagines what it would be like to be in that situation. Arianna chooses to buy the woman and her children dinner and a pair of new clothes. What is this scenario an example of?

Empathy-altruism model

For some reason Sheldon has had a really hard time performing the mental operations that allow him to convert his sensory information into a usable form that his brain can use and store for later. Or in other words, he is having problems with __________.

Encoding

DJ Jazzy Jeff turns on his car radio and the One Direction song "Story of My Life" comes on. His mind immediately flashes back to seeing his old crush Hillary at a party several years ago where he heard this song playing in the background for the first time. He remembers that experience when he hears this song come on the radio because of:

Encoding specificity principle

Which of the following is a possible solution to the replication crisis listed in the reading?

Encourage researchers to do more replication studies and publish more replication attempts

Which of the following will most likely help to solve the replication crisis?

Encouraging researchers to preregister their studies

The changes that are taking place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a new memory is formed (just after encoding) are called:

Engrams

Leah has been under a lot of stress for months. She is taking Psychology 111 and is learning about the physical toll that can occur on the body when people experience chronic stress. Which of the following sounds MOST likely to include realistic health concerns for people like Leah that are experiencing chronic stress?

Chronic stress can result in serious heart problems, damage our DNA, and weaken the immune system

If I want to know whether there is a relationship between the average amount of sleep someone gets and her/his GPA, which type of study would probably be the most straightforward and probably require the least resources to conduct?

Correlational

Charlie is studying whether height is related to athleticism. He is not looking at causal outcomes, but just seeing if this relationship between these two variables exists.

Correlational Design

Danny is undergoing chronic stress—his boss constantly demands more and more from him at work, and his wife has been sick for the past couple weeks, so he has a lot more to do at home. Which of Danny's hormone levels would most likely be increased during this chronic stress?

Cortisol

Jerry is pretty sure he is the next Einstein. According to research, which of the following types of intelligence would Jerry's grandpa MOST likely be superior to Jerry?

Crystallized intelligence

One day at The Office, Michael Scott hosts the Dundies and makes a lot of jokes that are pretty offensive and hurtful. In the beginning, however, everyone laughs at the jokes because that's how everyone at the office is supposed to respond. This is an example of:

Cultural display rules

One of the biggest challenges with the validity of standardized intelligence tests is that they may not accurately measure intelligence across different _______

Cultures or economic backgrounds

Wanda's nervous system is trying to send a message to her brain. In order for this to work, the molecules inside of her neurons need to be able to move around to switch the electrical charges so that the messages can be sent down one neuron before it can move to another. What is the term that describes how these molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration inside of Wanda's neurons?

Diffusion

Your landlord believes that younger people, like yourself, are irresponsible. She refused to lease you an apartment because you're in your early twenties, and so in her mind you're irresponsible. This is an example of:

Discrimination

Amy was a victim of sexual abuse. When social workers ask her to discuss the details of the abuse, she can't remember any of the details and has extensive forgetting when it comes to those traumatic experiences. However, her memory seems to be otherwise intact. Based on what you studied, Amy is MOST likely demonstrating:

Dissociative amnesia

Which is a question involving the relationship between nature and nurture?

Do genetics or the home environment contribute more to development of personality traits?

Friendly Feona is always making new connections as she trains children how to be good friends. She teaches them that relationships are connected to well-being. Based on research and what you've learned in class, which of the following is MOST likely to be included in Feona's training to the children she teaches?

Having even a small number of very good friends has a substantial positive effect on well-being.

Alfred Binet was a pioneer in the field of intelligence. Which of the following was one of his major contributions to the field?

He came up with the first IQ test

Noah is building the ark and is behind schedule. The people around him are getting more and more wicked and he knows that he needs to pick up his pace to make the deadline he was given. He is feeling stressed! Because he is a man, research would suggest that he would be most likely to engage in which of the following behaviors in response to this stressful situation?

He is more reactive and responds quickly to the slightest stressor

TYPE OF MEMORY: You never want to get into an argument with Sheldon because he has a great memory of all of his past experiences and daily activities. For example, he can quickly tell you everything he has eaten in the past couple of days, and even where he was when he ate them. So you don't want to accidentally use his milk from the fridge or he will know it was you, because he will remember everything that he does and know that he didn't use that much milk

Episodic

Hans can recall his 10th birthday party in great detail because that was the day he got his first pet - he'll never forget the way Ralph the Hamster nibbled on carrots and squeaked for the first time. This is an example of:

Episodic memory

Josh is very proud of where he grew up (Randolph, Utah). When asked about his hometown, he always describes his favorite family activities in the town square. Which of the following types of memory does Josh call upon to share this information?

Episodic memory

Leonard is known for being very intelligent. He can figure out almost any problem, and his friends are always coming to him for advice. Which of the following statements about Leonard's brain is MOST accurate?

Even though Leonard's brain is only about 2% of his body weight, it is using up about 20% of his oxygen and calories

According to the reading, what did Freud contribute to the theory of consciousness?

Even when we are awake, some things in our brains are not available to our conscious mind

Dr. Smith is a researcher who studies the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that humans share across time and culture. What are of psychology does her research sound most like?

Evolutionary psychology

Dr. Caw Peekat wants to conduct a study that will use the same methodology as a well-known published study. He follows the procedure in every way and uses the same measures, word for word, to conduct his own study. He wants to follow this previous study in every way possible to see if he gets the same results in a similar sample. It sounds like his study is doing what?

Exact Replication

Which of the following is an example of multimodal perception?

Experiencing taste differently because of the smell of food

Dennis creates a study where he randomly assigns participants to either a treatment group or a control group to find out if his drug treatment is effective at lowering depression.

Experimental Design

Bernard is designing a study to help children with Autism develop better social awareness. This is a really important area to him and he wants to design his study in a way that it relates to people in other settings and populations, and not just his little city and only in the demographic population he is working with in this study. It sounds like he is really focused on which aspect of his study?

External Validity

Ruben is doing a study to understand how the type of discipline parents use for preschool children is related to academic achievement over time. He is concerned that his study is only representative to his population, and that when he is done the results will not generalize to other populations. Ruben is concerned about which type of validity?

External validity

Charles is the life of the party. He's always wanting to meet new people, and he's comfortable in any social situation. Charles would be high in which personality factor?

Extraversion

A fitness fanatic works out religiously. If you ask him why he works out so much, he responds, "To get people to notice me. I don't really like doing it, but I do like when people check out my huge biceps!" Which of the following terms best describes the fitness fanatic's drive?

Extrinsic motivation

Which of the following accurately describes the facet approach of personality?

Factors in the five-factor model can be subdivided into more facets which can be studied

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is generally seen by researchers as the only therapy which can effectively treat mental illness.

False

Billy was in therapy when his therapist started to push him to open up more about his childhood. He started to tell stories that didn't really happen and added elaborate details in many cases. Now that he has talked more about them with the therapist, he opens up about these stories to you, his childhood friend. You were there during the actual events and know that these stories did not happen as he is stating. What kind of eyewitness testimony problem is happening with Billy's stories?

False memories

Stevie is a participant in a memory study. The research protocol that he is exposed to ends up leading Stevie to have a memory about something that was never real because it was implanted through the manipulation of the experimental procedures. When a memory like this is completely and unconsciously fabricated, the BEST term to describe this is:

False memory

Spencer tells his doctor that for the past six months, he's been having a hard time focusing, he's had a hard time sleeping, and he's found it impossible to stop worrying about the future. He worries about anything and everything. His symptoms BEST match the symptoms of:

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Charles Spearman was a pioneer in the field of intelligence. Which of the following was one of his major contributions to the field?

He proposed that intelligence was a single factor (g).

A psychologist is trying to do an empirical test of whether Popeye's or Chick-Fil-A makes better chicken sandwiches. He blindfolds each participant, plugs their nose, and places pieces of the sandwich directly on their tongues. This psychologist is trying to isolate which sense?

Gustation

Jillian is a relationship expert and is consulting other researchers on how to design relationship studies. Based on what you know about subjective well-being, which of the following would Jillian MOST likely suggest for other researchers to include in a study that focuses on subjective well-being?

High positive emotions that one experiences in life, low negative feelings such as sadness and anger, and high life satisfaction

Zeus is afraid of a lot of different things. When he takes Psych 111 he reads about 4 main subtypes of phobias and he realizes that he has fears in each of those categories of specific phobias. Which of the following is MOST likely to describe one of his specific phobias AND the category it is in?

His fear of heights = natural environment type phobia

According to Dr. Jones' research on sleep and obesity, which of the following statements sounds the most accurate?

Increased sleep duration is related to lower obesity rates, and late bedtimes are related to increased obesity rates

Which of the following is an argument against the post traumatic model listed in the reading?

Individuals experiencing dissociation frequently have high fantasy proneness

Which of the following is an argument against the posttraumatic model listed in the reading?

Individuals experiencing dissociation frequently have high fantasy proneness

Which of the following reasons accurately describes why a researcher studying stress would choose to use ambulatory assessment and experience sampling methods rather than studying stress in a laboratory?

It allows us to study things like behavior and physiology in a naturalistic setting

Which of the following is true regarding dissociation?

It can either be a transient symptom or an integral aspect of personality

Which of the following is a problem with the heritability coefficient?

It treats genetics and the environment as two separate constructs and ignores the ways that they may interact

Laman has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, which is characterized by a maladaptive excess in which personality factors?

Low agreeableness and low conscientiousness

In which state of consciousness if one most susceptible to bias?

Low awareness

Nancy is trying to teach her 5-year-old daughter Lucy how to spread jam on toast with a butter knife. She shows Lucy over and over and Lucy never seems to get any better at it. According to Bandura's theory, which of the following reasons would BEST explain why Lucy is struggling so much to learn how to spread the jam on her toast?

Lucy cannot retain the memory of how to hold the knife correctly or how much jam to get on the knife

Mindy was so busy the past several weeks that she did not study for today's psychology exam. She decided to stay up late last night and cram for several hours. This less effective type of studying is an example of:

Massed practice

If it were not for this brain structure, you would not be sitting here taking this test, because it manages your life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate.

Medulla

Which aspect of pharmacokinetics is influenced by grapefruit juice?

Metabolism

Dr. Phil has a lot of knowledge and skills in monitoring and controlling his own learning and memory. This concept is known as:

Metacognition

Jeff is an industrial-organizational psychologist and researcher that is consulting for an international company. The company is interested in getting the most and best out of each of their employees. Based on what Jeff knows about work environments, relationships, and job outcomes, which of the following is Jeff MOST likely to tell the company about their employees' work relationships?

Having better work relationships will be related to having better job performance

Momagon was able to learn how to destroy buildings by watching YouTube videos on the topic. Her ability to learn this complex motor task without having to be rewarded is an example of...

Observational learning

When Jared's youngest son, Eli, turned two years old, he started watching his older brothers make Lego creations. After watching them put the blocks together over several days, he began putting the blocks together by himself. Which type of learning is this an example of?

Observational learning

According to the reading, which of the following is "at the core of science"?

Observing the world in a systematic and organized way

PARENTING STYLE: When Iggy was little, he felt like he never got to anything he wanted. So now that Iggy is a dad, he overcompensates by giving his kids every opportunity that he never felt like he got. He has very few rules in his home and focuses on spoiling his kids with gifts, treats, and a lot of warmth. Iggy praises them almost no matter what his kids do. They are starting to be very disobedient, rowdy, and cranky, and they never express gratitude any longer. However, Iggy keeps spoiling them with whatever they want because he thinks it will help them appreciate him when they are older

Permissive

Victor is managing a research lab where they use brain imaging techniques that detect the amount of radioactive substances the brain consumes to view brain activity? This is called:

PET

Ginny experienced numerous stressful events as a child. Her school was plagued with a long list of challenges from an evil wizard and his friends. Her husband Harry also experienced intense stressors. Now they both continue to have lasting fears and reminders. Certain things trigger flashbacks, such as loud noises, darkness, or sudden bright lights. They are very sensitive to these external cues that remind them of their earlier experiences. If you were a psychologist assigned to treat them, what would you most likely diagnose them both with?

PTSD

Darren is known as a mean drunk by all of his neighbors. He gets very rude and aggressive. Based on what you've learned about alcohol, which of the following might explain why alcohol increases Darren's aggression?

People expect alcohol to make Darren more aggressive, and their actions facilitate his aggression

Ashley is studying about prejudice and discrimination and learns about how social identity theory influences our behaviors toward others. Based on this theory, which of the following statements is true?

People prefer people from their in-group over people from their outgroup

Which of the following best describes the flynn effect?

People taking IQ tests tend to outperform those who took the same test in the past

Helen's research is focused on the somatic and autonomic nervous system areas. As an expert in the nervous system, you describe Helen's research as focusing primarily on which main branch of the nervous system?

Peripheral Nervous System

Phyllis grew up in a home with a lot of rules and very little warmth, so she does the opposite and showers her own children with love, affection, and gifts. She feels that being their friend is more important than being a disciplinarian, so she doesn't make her children follow very many rules. If Phyllis is focused on low levels of demands and a lot of warmth and responsiveness, which type of parenting style is Phyllis using now with her own children?

Permissive

REINFORCEMENT OR PUNISHMENT: Zack Morris is trying to convince Kelly Kapowski to go to Homecoming with him. He comes up with a creative way to ask her and she says yes! To thank her, Zack brings her a half gallon of her favorite BYU Creamery ice cream and a bottle of Cookies'n'Cream milk. He is really hoping this makes it more likely that she'll agree to go on a date with him next time he asks as well! What is Zack using to help her say yes to the next date?

Positive Reinforcement using Primary Reinforcers

REINFORCEMENT OR PUNISHMENT: Lisa Turtle helped her mom clean out the garage for 4 hours this morning! Her mom is so pleased with Lisa's help and cheerful attitude today that she gives Lisa $50.00! Lisa is so happy. She might want to start helping around the house even more after her mom's reaction!

Positive Reinforcement using Secondary Reinforcers

REINFORCEMENT OR PUNISHMENT: Screech is being so good at school lately! His teacher noticed that he was kind to another student who tripped at lunch, so the teacher gives Screech a sticker with his favorite super hero on it! Two more stickers and Screech will get an award from Principal Belding! The sticker is an example of:

Positive Reinforcement using Secondary Reinforcers

When Daniel has good behavior at school, he is given a gold star as a reward. The gold star is an example of a:

Positive reinforcer

Flashbacks are unique to which anxiety disorder?

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

This perspective is very interested in understanding the development of a sense of self, and the underlying/unconscious motivations behind a person's actions

Psychodynamic

After a trip to the grocery store, you remember there being apples in the produce section even though the produce section did not contain apples. This is because you were relying on _____ to create your memory.

Schemata

Jillian hurries into the elevator. Rudy is in the elevator and asks Jillian if there were any newspapers near the elevator when she got in. Jillian says she is pretty sure she remembers seeing newspapers there, even though there were none there when she went by. This is because she is relying on to create her memory because the newspapers are usually there.

Schemata

Jill is a new research assistant in Dr. Hendricks' psychology lab. She explains to Jill that all of her research studies incorporate the idea that we do not know everything, and that we should rely on the best information and arguments to build our conclusions. Jill learns that science is a process of learning through having open discussions and debates, and using the best data to decide which competing theory will win. This sounds MOST like which of the essential elements of science?

Science is democratic

Which of the following is meant by the statement "Science is democratic"?

Scientists have open discussions about scientific theories

Regina is a devoted mother. She pays attention to her baby, responds to it when it cries, and provides for its needs. Her baby will develop a(n) __________ attachment style.

Secure

You are at a party - it's packed with hundreds of people, the music is blaring, there is a disco ball sparkling from the ceiling, and you smell pizza from a nearby table. You hear someone casually mention your name in a conversation behind you. You immediately begin paying attention to what they are saying and ignore everything else. This is an example of:

Selective Attention

TYPE OF MEMORY: Sheldon is so good at trivia! He will be my plus one if I go on "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire" because he has a great memory for general knowledge, such as knowledge about language and facts that he learned in his formal education.

Semantic Memory

Ariel is on Jeopardy! She is doing the final question and needs to know the definition of the word "bamboozle" to win. Recalling the definition of bamboozle like this is MOST likely an example of which type of memory?

Semantic memory

Franchesca walks into a room with a flickering fluorescent light. At first, the light doesn't bother her, but as time goes on, she gets more and more bothered by the flickering light. This best matches the psychological phenomenon of:

Sensitization

Last summer, Serena had an internship in Oregon. As she was moving her things into her new apartment, she was surprised by how much noise she could hear from the traffic below. However, after a little while she didn't even notice the traffic anymore. What psychological phenomenon did she experience?

Sensory Adaptation

Trisha is a nervous, emotional eater. She is giving a very important presentation tomorrow morning and tonight she decides that she will eat some ice cream as a way of coping or distracting her nerves about tomorrow's presentation. After eating more than half of the container of ice cream, her taste receptors are no longer responding to the taste of the ice cream because she is experiencing the same, unchanged stimulus over and over. Which of the following BEST describes what Trisha's taste receptor cells are experiencing?

Sensory adaptation

Mary is about to take a math exam. The instructor tells her, "Good luck. Women don't usually do well on this particular exam." Mary gets nervous. She is usually very good at math but does poorly on this important exam. What is the term that describes what happened to Mary?

Stereotype threat

Steven knows that in reality, test scores increase when people engage in more physical exercise. Which of the following would be a type II error?

Steven's statistical results suggest that the relationship between physical exercise and test scores does not exist, even though in reality it does.

Kendall's psychiatrist prescribes a drug which increases the amount of dopamine in brain synapses. Which type of drug is this?

Stimulant

Bobby has been having memory problems over the past several weeks since being in a sledding accident. He can remember events that occurred before the accident, but he isn't able to learn new material that he is studying in class. His doctor suspects that a new pain medication Bobby has been taking (to deal with lingering head pain from the accident) has made it difficult for his neurons to change and adapt when new information is brought into his brain. If his doctor is correct, with which memory stage is Bobby having difficulty?

Storage

Which of the following accurately describes the sleep-dissociation model?

Studies support the theory that a lack of sleep may cause dissociation

Which of the following has MOST likely contributed to the replication crisis?

Studies with small samples sizes were published with statistically-significant results, but similar results were not found when other populations or larger populations were studied using those same methods

Which of the following examples BEST describes the differential threshold?

The amount the brightness of a light must be changed before you can tell it has gotten brighter

A therapist conducts mindfulness meditation as part of their therapy. Which of the following is a valid reason for this practice?

The meditation will help the patient to reduce value judgments for their thoughts and feelings.

An eyewitness sees a man who was wearing no glasses rob a store. In an interview, the police ask him, "what style of glasses was the man wearing when he robbed the store?" The eyewitness later remembers the man to be wearing glasses. Which term BEST describes this phenomenon?

The misinformation effect

In one study, infants looked to their mother before playing with a toy to see if it was safe for them. The infants based their decisions off of the emotional facial expressions from their mothers. This is an example of:

Social referencing

Which of the following would be an example of fluid intelligence?

Solving a complicated puzzle

Young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a piano prodigy! He is already composing music when other children are barely learning to feed themselves. He practices for hours at a time and learns to use his hands and arms in a way that makes beautiful music. This voluntary movement of his muscles is primarily related to which branch of his nervous system?

Somatic nervous system

Who is generally considered the father of psychology and was responsible for defining psychology as a separate field which could be studied using scientific methods?

Wilhelm Wundt

Which of the following would be an example of a specific vulnerability, as defined in the reading, which could contribute to an anxiety disorder?

Witnessing a family member's sickness and death due to a contagious virus

Dr. Granger is teaching a seminar called the Psychology of Gender. One of the people in the audience asks her to give an overall statement about what the gender differences are between men and women in relation to emotion. You are in the audience and have just taken Psych 111 and know that which of the following is she MOST likely to mention?

Women are more encouraged to share feelings, cry, and talk about moods than men

In stressful situations, _______ tend to respond in a 'tend-and-befriend' fashion and _________ tend to exhibit a 'fight-or-flight' response.

Women, Men

__________ are more likely to engage in relational aggression than ______

Women, Men

Buddy was given the following string of numbers: 4-8-1-5-1-6. A few seconds later, Buddy is asked to repeat the numbers, but in reverse order! Which memory system would Buddy need to use if he was asked to repeat the numbers in reverse order?

Working memory

Your friend John is stressed about a test he has to take next week. Because you're a psychology student, you want to give him advice on the best ways to deal with stress. Which of the following pieces advice would MOST help him deal with his stressor?

Write about his stress in a journal

You are teaching your mom about an interesting concept from your Psych 111 class called Weber's Law. She is having a hard time understanding it, so you decide to give her a helpful example. Which of the following would be the best example to explain Weber's Law to your mom?

You are taste-testing new sugar substitutes. The first one is a bit more mild/bland, and when a little more is added you immediately notice the difference. Then you try one that has a very strong flavor. You sense that it is much more difficult to notice a difference when a little more is added because that flavor stimuli is so much stronger.

Which of the following is a sign that you might have an anxiety disorder?

Your anxiety interferes with your life in a significant way

Chief Hopper wants to know whether increased age is associated with greater happiness. The study design that would take the most time but would BEST answer this question is:

a longitudinal design

Miguel is reflecting on a few key memories that he has. He notices that it didn't take much effort to encode these memories even though he knows so many details about them. These are flashbulb memories. What factor among these memories is likely common?

They were unexpected events that had strong emotional associations.

Quincy is interested in understanding how much genetics plays a role in intelligence compared to the environment a baby is raised in. She designs a study to test whether nature or nurture plays the larger influence on intelligence. Which of the following popular experimental methods is Quincy MOST likely to use if she wants to get a clear answer for this question?

Twin Studies

In a test to determine whether someone has COVID-19, Charlie didn't have the coronavirus, but the test concluded that he did. What type of error was this?

Type 1 Error

Dr. Bell is interested in studying the relationship between cheese consumption and aggressive behavior. After analyzing her data, Dr. Bell finds that the more cheese consumed, the higher the likelihood the participant will be aggressive. However, in reality this relationship does not exist. This is an example of:

Type I Error

Which of the following best describes the replication crisis?

Type I errors made in past psychological studies have had large consequences due to a lack of replication by subsequent researchers

One important aspect of person-centered therapy is __________. The therapist never criticizes or condemns the patient's feelings and behaviors. The therapist is only supposed to express warmth and empathy. What is this feature called?

Unconditional positive regard

Jason has a fear of snakes. His therapist treats him by showing him pictures of snakes, toy snakes, and eventually, real snakes. Why is the therapist doing this?

The therapist knows that by seeing the snakes and suppressing his panic reaction to them, Jason's brain biology will change, and it will eventually stop producing such a negative response to seeing them

Borderline personality disorder is difficult to diagnose mostly because:

There are many features of personality disorder, and two people with the same diagnosis can present with very different features.

Out of the options in this list, the __________ and the ____________ are both structures within the central nervous system.

amygdala, spinal cord

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of _____________ and ______________.

behavior; mental processes

What is the field called that focuses on the intersection between genes and environment?

behavioral genetics

If you are interested in classical and operant conditioning, then you might be interested in this psychological perspective that included work by B.F. Skinner and John Watson.

behaviorism

What kind of vulnerabilities refer to specific genetic and neurobiological factors that might predispose you to developing anxiety disorders?

biological vulnerabilities

Due to a tight labor market, economic issues from challenges such as job losses and COVID-19, and rapid rises in housing costs, many young adults like Paul are returning home to live with their parents. Based on the reading, what do we call the situation that Paul and others find themselves in when they leave home, but then end up moving back home to live with parents?

boomerang generation

Elena is not easily persuaded but if you present a logical argument based on solid research evidence, she can be swayed to your position. Which approach would you take to persuade her?

central-route processing

Jared found a new medicine that allowed him to grow back all of his beautiful hair that he has lost over the years. When he wakes up, he goes to the kitchen and starts eating breakfast. His six-year-old son joins him but doesn't notice anything different about Jared. This is an example of _______________.

change blindness

One of the main functions of a neuron is to:

send and receive information between the brain and the rest of the body

The primary function of neurotransmitters is to:

send information from one neuron to another

Kingston walks into his apartment to find that his roommates are hosting a party. Many people are there, and they are all gasping and in awe. He quickly scans the room to see what is causing this. He notices that his roommate Shin Lim is doing magic and making cards disappear. Using their cues to direct how he should act, he joins in and oohs and awes. He is using:

shadowing/social referencing

If identical twins Tia and Tamera Mowry were separated at birth and raised by very different families in different areas, and were then studied later and found to have very similar levels of intelligence, this would support that which of the following played a large role in intelligence?

nature

The __________is responsible for helping Michael Scott perceive his environment and consciously move his body.

somatic nervous system

The _________ is found near the center of Creed Bratton's brain so that it can efficiently direct sensory information to the appropriate regions of the brain for further processing.

thalamus

Susan Fiske and others have recognized that biases are not always straightforward and may have both positive and negative connotations. With regards to in-groups and out-groups, Fiske's stereotype content model focuses on which two judgements of another group?

warmth, competence

In order to initiate a neuron signal to carry its message down the axon and to the next neuron, you need to have MORE of the following potentials:

excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Cierra knows exactly what her role is in her relationship with her professor, Dr. Karen Nelson. She knows exactly what she should and shouldn't talk to her professor about, and she knows exactly what kind of activities she can engage in with her professor. What kind of relationship is this?

formal

Which of the early psychological movements was William James most associated with?

functionalism

Which disorder is characterized by excessive worry over everyday things, where people worry more days than not, and it can interfere with life and functioning?

generalized anxiety disorder

Sarah and Mark have been married for 6 years when they experience a miscarriage. They are devastated and respond to the stress in different ways. What is the MOST likely way for Mark to respond to this extremely difficult stressor (according to gender research on stress)?

get frustrated and go to the gym to punch a boxing dummy

Which of the following is the most effective method for reducing stress in the long term?

getting 8 or more hours of sleep per night

Which of the following variables would likely show a positive correlation?

height and weight

Work places are most likely to be stressful when individuals experience __________ levels of pressure and __________ levels of control.

high, low

This brain structure is responsible for you being able to form long-term declarative memories.

hippocampus

Which of the following brain regions controls Kevin Malone's pituitary gland?

hypothalamus

Which of these health conditions is MOST likely to occur after experiencing chronic stress (according to the Sapolsky video, lectures, and readings):

increased central adiposity

Monique and her brother Monty are dizygotic twins, which means they most likely have the same:

parents

A characteristic manner of thinking, feeling, behaving, and relating to others is known as:

personality

A St. Louis Cardinals (baseball) fan may feel an immediate dislike when she sees someone wearing a Chicago Cubs sweatshirt. This feeling of ill-will is an example of:

prejudice

When Rex, of 'Rex Kwon Do' (on Napoleon Dynamite), faces challenges, he tries to eliminate the source of his stress or reduce its impact through his own actions. This is called:

problem-focused coping

Which of the following features of research methods are unique to experimental research, as opposed to correlational research?

random assignment

Sheldon is taking Psych 111 and is fascinated by Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). He sees a lot of similarity to how he is experiencing stress with his roommate right now. He has been putting up with his roommate's clutter, loud snoring, sarcastic comments, and body odor all year. It is very stressful and frustrating, but Sheldon is hanging in there in hopes of the semester finishing up soon and moving to a new apartment! His body has learned to live with this higher level of stress for now. Which of Selye's stages is Sheldon currently experiencing?

resistance

Which of the following correlations is the strongest?

-.81

A good theory includes:

-An accurate explanation of a real life phenomenon -A simple explanation -A useful application to real world issues and a positive contribution to current research

Sophie, who is 10 years old, scored as well as an 11-year-old would have on an IQ test (she did better than the average 10-year-old). What would her IQ score be?

110

The human brain takes up about 2% of a human's total body weight, and uses up about _____% of a human's total energy.

20

Michael frequently breaks the law, tells lies, and uses others without regard for their feelings. These characteristics are most representative of which personality disorder?

Antisocial personality disorder

An individual finds it difficult to be close to their romantic partners, and they find that their partners generally want to be more intimate than they feel comfortable being. Which attachment style most closely matches this individual?

Anxious-Avoidant

Which part of the peripheral nervous system is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Autonomic Nervous System

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating anxiety disorders?

CBT tends to be more effective than medication in the long run

Which of the following would be least effective if an individual is in a state of low awareness?

Central route persuasion

If you are feeling "balanced," it is because this lower brain region is helping you control and coordinate your involuntary, rapid, and fine motor movements.

Cerebellum

___________ involves a deliberate focus on an unchanging stimulus to promote relaxation

Concentrative meditation

When Betty was young, her parents, friends, teachers, and neighbors demonstrated examples of how she should manage and modify her emotional expressions in various social circumstances. She knows that in her community she should be quiet and listen when an elder is speaking. She is demonstrating that she is aware of the:

Cultural display rules

Social psychology is primarily concerned with:

How humans influence other humans

Amber was diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. During her structured clinical interview, her psychologist was looking for possible sets of key features of dissociative disorders. Which of the following sounds like the MOST likely types of features the psychologist was looking for in Amber?

Derealization, depersonalization, identity alteration, identity confusion

Laurissa is a new missionary that has just arrived in Bolivia to begin her mission. She is from the United States and has never been around Bolivian people or experienced their culture. When she arrives, she isn't sure how to greet locals or ask for directions, so she tries to act like the other missionaries around her are acting. She assumes that they know what they are doing since they have been in Bolivia for the past year. What is Laurissa relying on?

Descriptive norms

At a boy scout camp, one leader in each new group is chosen to be the first-aid officer. Camp organizers believe that using this simple policy, if someone were to get hurt, they would be more likely to get helped. Which barrier to helping are they trying to overcome with this policy?

Diffusion of responsibility

Which of the following is true of stereotypes?

Everyone holds some stereotypes

This perspective was taught by Max Wertheimer and suggested that psychological events and behaviors could not be understood if they were broken down into smaller parts, but should be understood as "an organized whole."

Gestalt

Jerry sees the big picture when he looks at things. He is a musician and has a hard time understanding the value of a specific note without considering the entire melody. Which psychological movement would best describe his view of things?

Gestalt Psychology

Which of the following is true of the relationship between sleep and stress?

Getting eight or more hours of sleep a night is a powerful method for reducing stress

Which of the following examples BEST describes normative social influence?

Going along with the norms because someone is concerned about what others might think of them

Jane is an internationally respected social psychologist and researcher. She is measuring the objective social variables regarding the relationships of college students. Which of the following questions should Jane include in her survey?

How many people did you spend time with this weekend?

This perspective is sometimes called the "third force" in psychology, and focuses on the idea that people have the free will, or ability to direct their own lives to strive for self-actualization.

Humanistic

This psychological perspective focuses on personal agency and is especially compatible with the Latter-day-saint conception of eternal progression.

Humanistic

David and Hunter are both learning how to sew. There are more students than sewing machines in the class, so while David gets to learn to sew using a machine, Hunter is told to watch the other machines closely and write down the steps of operation. At the end of the day, each student is given a written quiz on how to operate a sewing machine. Which student will do better and why?

Hunter, because the steps he took to learn the information more closely match the quiz format.

DISORDER/SLEEP PROBLEM: Wazzup there Sleeping 'Cutie'! Hahaha. I made a funny. Oh man...I'm so sleepy. Everything is funny to me. I'm Bachelor #4 and I'm the best choice for so many reasons. I'm a super hard worker and I'll always do the dishes and clean the house. I might as well since I can never seem to fall asleep or stay asleep at night anyway. Oh man, I'm so jealous that you can sleep so well. Maybe you can give me some helpful tips?

Insomnia

Sophia is studying the effect that playing violent video games has on violent behavior. She brings 100 students into her lab and randomly assigns them to play a violent or a peaceful video game. She then records how students act when her research assistants approach them aggressively. Because this study was conducted in a laboratory, it was high in __________ but low in _________.

Internal validity; external validity

Jolene is a relationship researcher and wants to focus on how to try to improve well-being through relationships. With that in mind, which of the following types of relationships are most likely to result in well-being boosts?

Intimate

Miguel is afraid he'll do poorly on the Personal Health Project. He's really anxious about doing poorly, so he works extra hard to make sure he is tracking his goals every night. This is an example of:

Intrapersonal function of emotion

Kevin just walked into a dark room. He is experiencing a lot of sensation and perception. Which of the following is the BEST example of Kevin experiencing perception?

Kevin gasps as he becomes consciously aware that he heard a strange sound coming from a dark corner of the room.

Carlos is driving down the road and sees someone lying down on the sidewalk who might be hurt. He doesn't recognize the man on the ground so he walks by and decides that he shouldn't get involved. Two weeks later, he is walking down the same sidewalk and just a few feet away from where the stranger was, he sees a man that he recognizes laying out in the road with traffic coming. The man is his second cousin that he met recently at a recent family reunion. This time he helps immediately and puts himself in danger to run into the road and pull the man to safety. What is the MOST likely explanation for why he helped the second man who was in more danger, and not the first one?

Kin selection

TYPE OF STUDY - Frankie is going to study how teens deal with physical changes in adolescence from middle school through high school:

Longitudinal

Snow White has a very tired friend named Sleepy. He is always yawning and is the most exhausted of the seven dwarfs every time she hangs out with them. Snow White is taking Psych 111 this semester and finally tells Sleepy that he may have an issue with having too much of one of his hormones being released at high levels, causing him to always be sleepy. Based on what you know about hormones, which of the following is MOST likely the hormone that Snow White mentioned to Sleepy?

Melatonin

Which of the following is true of the differences in helping behavior between men and women?

Men are more likely than women to help in situations that require physical strength.

To protect against bias in her study, Dr. Kim decides to choose her participants by putting all university students' names in a hat and picking out names. Each student has the same probability of being chosen. Dr. Kim used:

Random sampling

The _________________ of humans is larger than almost any other animal.

Ratio of brain size to body mass

When you are answering a multiple choice question like this, it is an example of using:

Recognition

Which of the following best describes a function of the limbic system?

Regulation of emotions

Sandra, Megan, and Beth all have a goal to drive safely in order to avoid injury to themselves or to others. Sandra believes that if she texts while driving today, she's likely to text while driving tomorrow and likely to develop a habit. Megan believes that it is possible to only text while driving today, and not develop a habit. While Sandra and Megan both believe that texting and driving poses a significant risk, Beth doesn't think that texting while driving is actually dangerous. Based on what you know about these women, who is the LEAST likely to text and drive, and therefore most likely to adhere to their overall goal?

Sandra

DISORDER/SLEEP PROBLEM: Hello Sleeping Beauty. I'm Bachelor #3 and my name is Sir Snores-a-Lot. I like long walks on the beach and when things take my breath away. Kind of like when I'm sleeping and I stop breathing for short periods of time. But don't worry, we can travel the world together because my CPAP machine is portable! Pick me!

Sleep Apnea

Based on obesity and sleep research from previous studies, which of the following statements sounds MOST accurate according to the Chen article?

Sleep deprivation is becoming increasingly prevalent in both adults and children.

Which of the following situations MOST accurately describes the cocktail party effect?

When Willy is having a conversation before church with his friends, he is able to focus on their conversation and filter out other conversations taking place around him.

Benny has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder and has experienced a lot of challenges, including major issues in his sleep patterns. His therapist works with him and enters him into a program that is normalizing his sleep schedule. According to the research and the reading, what is the most likely outcome for Benny if his sleep is normalized?

When sleep is normalized, Benny experiences a reduction in his dissociative symptoms

Based on what you have learned about informational social influence, which of the following examples would BEST relate to this concept?

When you are answering a quiz question in class and the professor shows the answers that others have given, you change your answer to the response which is most popular among your classmates

Sally is measuring the effect of pineapple on pizza consumption of college students. She randomly assigns some pizza to receive pineapple slices and some to get none. She then measures the amount of slices each college student eats of each pizza, and compares the results. Which of the following correctly identifies the independent variable and the dependent variable?

Whether or not the pizza has pineapple slices is the independent variable, and the number of pizza slices consumed is the dependent variable

According to Carol Dweck, which of the following would be most useful at predicting whether someone will do well in school?

Whether they believe that intelligence is fixed or that it can be changed

Tracy is usually pretty calm. Her FitBit device shows that her heart rate is healthy when she is at home. Her mom is a nurse, and used her portable blood pressure monitor at home to find that Tracy had a healthy blood pressure of 110/70. However, when Tracy gets a physical at the doctor's office her heart rate is about 50 beats higher per minute and the doctor expresses concern that her blood pressure measures 155/102. Tracy is a Psych 111 student and knows that which phenomenon is occurring in this case?

White-Coat Hypertension

Brian and Sarah are worried because their newborn baby was diagnosed with severe jaundice and has to stay at the hospital in the NICU. Brian is not sleeping and Sarah is worried that the baby will have lasting health problems because of this. They are experiencing the effects of:

distress

Imagine that you are watching the Jazz crush the Rockets in basketball, but you are simultaneously trying to study for your upcoming finals. This is an example of _______________.

divided attention

Kevin McCallister is one of 5 children in a large family. One day his parents leave him home by himself and he has to protect his home from the wet bandits (you may have seen this documentary, called "Home Alone"). Kevin is happy that he gets some time alone because he feels like his family is too big and too involved in his life. He didn't decide how many people to have in the family. This was the family he was born into, sometimes called the family of origin. But Kevin learns that there is another term for this type of family, known as his:

family of orientation

If a well-conducted study finds that the majority of football players in the NFL have at least some evidence of previous traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), the findings could be generalized to:

football players in the NFL only

The parietal lobes of the brain cortex contain the:

somatosensory cortex

We discussed the 'replication crisis' in class. But why would a researcher want to repeat other psychologists' experiments?

replicating others and getting similar results strengthens the original research

Rodney is walking through the mall with his friends when he passes by a sales counter. The salesperson, Sarah, tells Rodney that he needs to act fast because it is almost the end of her shift and Sarah has had a busy day with everyone buying all of her new bacon-scented hand sanitizer! There are only 4 bottles left and she lets Rodney know that if he doesn't act fast then they won't be on sale at the mall again for months, if at all!

scarcity and psychological reactance

Candace is an excited first-time mother! She has been working very hard to manage her education, career, and marriage relationship over the past 8 years. She has been completing her PhD in family psychology this semester, and knows that the family systems theory describes the ways that a family can be most successful. Based on this theory, if Candace wants to have a successful family life, what should be her main goal for her family to keep functioning well?

stability of rules and roles

Katie walks in to take her ACT exam in her high school. The proctor says, "Wow...good luck! People like you don't usually score very high on standardized tests." Katie feels really frustrated and has a lot of anxiety. She has a hard time focusing on the exam and does very poorly. What is the term that describes what happened to Katie?

stereotype threat

One of the functions of glial cells is to:

wrap around axons to speed up signal transmission within a neuron

Based on the reading about the replicability crisis, studies have shown that about what percentage of psychology studies have been found to replicate previous research?

36%

Which of the following was a finding discussed in the Chen (2012) study?

A lack of sleep influenced the chance of obesity in boys more than girls

Which of the following examples BEST represents the idea of stereotype threat?

16-year-old Kevin is about to take the driving test when the instructor tells him that people who look like Kevin never seem to pass the driving test. Sure enough, Kevin gets really nervous and doesn't drive well so he fails the driving test.

Approximately what percentage of published psychological studies have been shown to replicate?

36%

Your roommate learns that you are taking Psych 111 and asks what you know about "GAD." You just read about that and you tell your roommate that you know that approximately what percent of people will meet the criteria for being diagnosed Generalized Anxiety Disorder throughout their lifetime? (choose the closest answer)

5%

McKay believes that Mexican immigrants work harder and better than most American citizens, and he regularly hires them to work for his business. However, he doesn't spend time outside of work with them and he worries that they take away job opportunities from American citizens. This is an example of:

An ambivalent bias

Which person would be least likely to learn well?

An individual who has anxiety about their ability to learn a topic

Ashley grew up in an orphanage where she didn't receive adequate attention. She was ignored when she cried, and her caregivers weren't consistent about giving her food or taking care of her. Ashley may develop a(n) __________ attachment style.

Anxious-avoidant

Two of your friends are arguing about the definition of learning. You are in Psych 111 and have been discussing learning in this chapter. You decide to step in and help your friends by giving the correct definition of the concept of learning. Which of the following would you most likely tell your friends; "Learning is......."?

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience

You decide you want to replicate the famous normative influence experiments that were done by Solomon Asch in the 1950s. You recruit male students at BYU and have them participate in your study with a group of research confederates. In your study, the participant and the confederates look at cards with lines of different lengths on them and have to match up the line to the best option from the other lines on the answer sheet. If your results were to EXACTLY replicate the findings from Asch, you would expect which of the following to occur?

Around 75% of the BYU students would go along with the norm stated by the research confederates at least one time.

When Charlie calls his grandma, she complains to him about how difficult it is to use her computer. Charlie feels sad for her because he knows how hard it is to not understand how to do things. When Charlie's grandma used to live down the street from Charlie, he used to respond to the complaining by going to her house and helping her with her computer. However, since his grandma moved across the country three months ago, Charlie has responded to the complaining by calling her less often. Which model best explains this behavior?

Arousal: cost-reward

PARENTING STYLE: Olivia grew up in a military household and had to move around a lot. Her parents were both combat medics in the army, and had very tough exteriors to their personalities. Now that Olivia is a parent herself, she follows the same parenting style of her parents by having a lot of structure and demands a lot out of her children. When they make mistakes, she is not very compassionate or forgiving and tells them that they need to just figure it out and do better! She often finds herself repeating phrases to her children what she heard her parents say to her, such as "Do it this way or else!" "Because I said so!" or "It's my way or the highway!"

Authoritarian

PARENTING STYLE: Isabella is giving a talk in church on Father's Day. Her own father passed away from cancer when Isabella was only 7 years old, so it is a challenging topic. Her dad was sick or in the hospital in many of her early memories, so she doesn't remember much about his parenting. So she talks about ideals of parenting and states that this type of parenting style is associated with the best outcomes for children in many areas of life. She also mentions that she feels that Heavenly Father uses this type of parenting style because He has rules and asks a lot of us, and yet He is very responsive, warm, merciful, and involved in His children's lives if they let Him. Her talk gives clear examples of how to be a great father!

Authoritative

Regina is a researcher that studies the intersection of genes and environment, and how they influence behavior. What is her field of research called?

Behavioral Genetics

The most common illnesses in developed countries can be attributed to...

Behavioral factors

This perspective led to research on classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and reinforcers by people such as B.F. Skinner.

Behaviorism

After taking Psych 111, you are now an expert in persuasion and use this expertise in your new marketing career selling BYU Creamery chocolate milk and mint brownies. If a customer is trying to resist the temptation of buying your delicious food, which of the following would be the MOST common approach to defend against your unwanted persuasion?

Being confronted by weaker versions of poor quality, bland brownies and just okay versions of chocolate milk and saying no so that they can be strong enough to confront your stronger versions of the delicious food

John is 35 years old and scored a 90 on his IQ test! This means that John's intelligence is:

Below average

Jeremy is conducting a study that examines the pain associated with muscle cramps in different parts of the body. He brings in Blake and explains that he will be giving Blake a strong shock to his leg, and gets Blake's informed consent. Then he hooks Blake up to electrodes on his lower leg and turns up the voltage as high as it will go. Blake grimaces and tenses up in excruciating pain. Jeremy lets it continue for about 30 seconds and turns it off just before Blake passes out. When the study is done, Jeremy explains that the study is more out of curiosity and that there are no directly positive impacts that will likely come from this knowledge. It sounds like he is not following which of the following ethical guidelines?

Benefits

Dr. Thomas is studying emotions in children and adolescents. She watches for behaviors known as cultural display rules and has an expectation of how boys and girls will act in her study. Based on what you have learned about display rules concerning how emotions are expressed in males and females, what would you MOST likely expect to see in Dr. Thomas' study?

Boys will be reluctant to talk about their feelings in a social setting whereas girls will have been taught and encouraged to do so

Nellie is a star athlete on the BYU Women's basketball team. She is known for her balance and agility. After the ball bounces off of the rim, she has an amazing ability to balance her body as she responds to how the ball comes toward her quickly. Which part of Nellie's brain is involved with these coordinated movements and posture?

Cerebellum

Which of the following BEST describes neurotransmitters ?

Chemical substance released by the presynaptic terminal button that acts on the postsynaptic cell.

Calvin and Hobbes are interested in replicating Susie's new research that shows that girls prefer dolls to dinosaurs. However, in their replication they plan on using boys and girls because they want to know if there is a gender difference in toy preference. Their replication is which type of replication?

Conceptual replication

A researcher hypothesizes that college students who don't eat breakfast will also be overweight. She knows she needs to be careful that she doesn't just search for evidence that fits her beliefs and ignore contradicting evidence. This researcher is wary of:

Confirmation bias

Which of the following examples BEST describes the idea of functions in the brain being lateralized?

Daniel's left side of his brain is more specialized in performing tasks that have to do with logic, such as mathematics

According to Karl Popper, scientific claims should be falsifiable or testable. Which of the following claims is falsifiable?

Death Valley is the driest location in the United States.

Which of the following examples best supports the Social Identity Theory?

Debbie tends to categorize people into groups when she meets them and gets to know more about them, and she tends to prefer people from her own in-group over those from another's out-group

Which of the following outcomes was discussed in the Chen et al. article regarding the possible connection between sleep and obesity?

Decreased sleep duration related to increased risk of obesity in boys more than girls

Shelly is walking past someone that needs help, but she decides not to help them. Her decision is an example of pluralistic ignorance. You know that pluralistic ignorance inhibits which part of the decision to help?

Defining the situation as an emergency

Rachel wants to be a better person, but she's unsure what goal she should set for herself. She's pretty open to all of the information she can find about improving herself. Which phase of self-regulation is he in?

Deliberative Phase

Keisha was studying earlier but after pulling a late night studying, she is asleep on her couch. She is in Stage N3 of her sleep cycle. Based on what you know about sleep stages, which type of brain waves are MOST prevalent in her current stage of sleep?

Delta

Which of the following BEST represents the order in which a neuron receives and then sends a signal?

Dendrite, Soma, Axon, Terminal button

You are a happy little neuron! Which part of you is responsible for receiving information from other neurons around you when they want to communicate?

Dendrites

Rosa's grandfather was a soldier in Vietnam. He experienced a lot of stress and life-threatening situations. Rosa and the family members know to be cautious around her grandfather because occasionally he will hear a loud noise and have a really negative reaction to it. It is like he has heard gunfire or an explosion and he will drop to the ground and cover his ears as if he reliving the experience. Rosa knows that her grandfather has been diagnosed with PTSD, and that he is experiencing the effects of what type of memories?

Flashbacks

Emily was in a scary skateboarding accident where her wheel broke and she crashed and rolled down a steep hill in Provo Canyon. She can remember vivid details of the experience as if her mind took a picture of that moment in time. This kind of memory is called:

Flashbulb memory

Robin is a clinical psychologist and is trying to help her clients be less aggressive. She has studied all of the most effective ways to reduce aggression in her research and therapy. Based on what you know from this class, which of the following is Robin MOST likely to focus on in her practice if she wants to reduce aggression?

Focus on reducing aggression early, especially with younger patients

Rodney just got some bad news. He lost his part-time job selling seeds to chicken nugget farmers. Now he won't have enough money for his rent payment and tuition. Feeling anxious, he calls his parents and lets them know about his job. He asks if he can borrow a little money to cover food expenses and a new book that he needs. They agree to send him some money. Then Rodney says, "actually, is there any way I can borrow enough to pay for my rent and tuition?" His parents know how hard Rodney works and they agree to pay for his rent and tuition until he can find another job.

Foot In The Door

George is working on improving his GPA. He is a Psych 111 student and is excited to be studying more effective ways of learning. According to what George would have learned in this module, which of the following is a principle of effective learning?

Forgetting can assist you in learning

Carolyn is studying positive psychology and wants to focus on one of the 3 key strengths that were listed in your reading. If you had to identify her research topic based on only knowing that it was one of the 3 key strengths mentioned in your positive psychology reading, you would MOST likely guess that her study had to do with which one of the following topics?

Forgiveness (Gratitude & Humility)

Who was the first African American to earn a PhD in Psychology?

Francis Cecil Sumner

Judd decides to run an experiment to test how sibling interactions affect well-being. Which of the following measures is an aspect of subjective well-being that he could use in his study?

Frequency of positive feelings

Harriett is a health psychology researcher. She did an initial study that found insomnia in home settings was related to screen use just before bedtime, so she brought people into her sleep study lab and verified the same phenomenon under experimental conditions. Now she is doing a follow-up study in participants' homes with a large sample to see if her findings from the lab will be significant in a large field study. What kind of approach is this?

Full-cycle psychology

This perspective was taught by William James, and focused on how the mind allows people to live, work, play, and adapt to their real-world surroundings.

Functionalism

Josh is starting a boy band that will be even bigger than the Backstreet Boys, One Direction, and Justin Bieber combined. At their first practice, Josh makes a few mistakes. One of the other band members is convinced that it's because Josh doesn't have what it takes to be a great musician. However, in Josh's mind he made a couple of mistakes because he has never played the song before and is sight reading. Which of the following errors did Josh's bandmate possibly make?

Fundamental attribution error

Who founded the first psychological laboratory in America?

G. Stanley Hall

Ron worries about everything! It seems like his brain never turns off when it comes to stress and worries. He gets worn out by all of the things that stress him out. He worries that his magic wand won't work, or that he will vomit slugs, or that he'll be crushed by chess game pieces. He has one of the most common types of anxiety disorders and his worries often get in the way of daily life. He worries about things that are not very realistic, and just about any topic causes him to be anxious. As his new psychologist, which disorder would you most likely diagnose Ron with?

GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)

Last Saturday, Aaron went to the BYU football game with some of his friends. During the game, a lot of the crowd booed the referee after they thought he made a bad call. Aaron was not really paying attention and didn't have a strong opinion at first, but he booed the referees too since the people around him were. What is this an example of?

Group polarization

Melanie tends to think that others are acting in mean ways. Even when people are clearly not trying to be mean or aggressive, in ambiguous situations she will think that they are trying to be aggressive. What is Melanie demonstrating?

Hostile attribution bias

Which of the following motivations for helping BEST aligns with the kin selection theory?

If I help my half-brother, the genes that I share with him will be passed on.

Ryan wants to earn an A on his American heritage final this semester to bring up his overall grade. He made a schedule of what time he will study each day, what chapters he is going to study, and the strategies he will use to study. Now he is working hard to keep these goals. Which phase of self-regulation is Ryan in?

Implemental phase

Kylie has watched "The Princess Bride" over ten times throughout her life. She hadn't intended to learn anything while watching the movie, but one day, she and her friends realize that they can quote the whole movie without much effort. This is an example of:

Implicit learning

Wonder Woman is very skilled in self-defense. She knows a lot of things about self-defense that were learned when she wasn't even trying to learn them. She just seems to have picked them up as she was going about saving people. These long term memories that don't require effort are:

Implicit learning

Oscar is really nervous. He is taking a final in the testing center and he has to good grade or he won't pass this last class in his program. He is desperate to graduate and recognizes the person in front of him in the adjacent row to his left is in his class. Then he sees that the person sitting on his right is also in his class! He is really tempted to cheat off of these other students, because he knows that they are some of the top students and always make great comments in class. He can see what the other students are putting on their exams. He doesn't know the answer to the final question and he isn't sure what to do. He thinks, 'nobody else will ever know if I copy their answer.' But he decides that he should be honest and not look at the other students' last questions. It sounds like he was being tempted to conform to their answers so he would make sure he was correct. Which kind of social influence would be illustrated if he had copied their responses?

Informational social influence

Jonathan signed up to participate in a research study. If this study follows the code of ethics, then one of the first things that should happen is that the study should be explained to him and he should be allowed to know what is going to happen to him during the study. That way Jonathan can make the decision to willingly complete the study prior to data collection beginning. This process of making sure that he understands the purpose of the study and the roles that both he and the researchers will play sounds most like which of the guidelines in the code of ethics?

Informed Consent

Juan is trying to teach his daughter to brush her teeth on her own using observational learning. He's really excited because her brain has developed enough that she can move her arms in a tooth-brushing action, so he believes she will start to imitate others in brushing their teeth at bedtime. What aspect of Bandura's social learning theory is Juan thinking about?

Initiation

Which of the following is a key feature of research?

It involves systematic data collection

Your roommate claims to be the most humble person in Utah County. In fact, your roommate brags about it all of the time! You think this is highly unlikely, because you know that someone who is high in humility is likely to have certain characteristics. Based on what you learned in Psych 111, which of the following statements would BEST describe humility?

It involves the ability to "forget" oneself

Which of the following is true regarding the cerebral cortex?

It is responsible for motor planning and decision-making

Which of the following situations most closely resembles reciprocal altruism?

Jim gives Phyllis a ride to work while her car is in the shop because she had given him a ride to work last month.

Which early philosopher was known for promoting empiricism

John Locke

Andrea is really interested in becoming a social psychologist. She is having a hard time pinning down her topic for her senior thesis project because so many areas of social psychology are interesting to her. Based on the topic areas in social psychology that you have learned about, which of the following senior thesis topics would Andrea be the LEAST likely to choose if she is focusing on common areas of social psychology?

Language formation

You are traveling back in time when you meet a young Donald "Donny" Broadbent. He is taking Psych 111 just like you are now. He is really interested in selective attention and is starting to develop his theory. You remember his Filter Model from class and decide to help him out. Which of the following are you MOST likely to suggest to Donny to help him build his model?

Let Donny know that filtering occurs very early on in selective processing, and that no additional processing occurs for the unselected information.

Professor Xavier is the leader of a group of people with special abilities that are known as the "X-Men" (you may have seen their movies or comics). Professor Xavier's main job is to help these friends (who outsiders call mutants) learn to control their abilities. He teaches them that the amount of self-control they have is:

Like a muscle, which can be strengthened through practice

A group of mock witnesses is selected for a study on eyewitness memory. Trina is one of the mock witnesses and watches a video of a staged crime taking place. Due to low lighting in the video it is difficult to see the criminal very well, but Trina is able to pick out some details of the criminal in the video anyway. The next step in the study is to have Trina and other mock witnesses choose the criminal from a grouping of pictures of different people, including the criminal. What is Trina doing in this step in the study?

Looking at photo spreads

Which of the following statements is true regarding how many people stopped giving shocks in Milgram's Obedience Study when the learner asked participants to stop?

Many of the participants continued to shock the learner long after they asked them to stop, even going to the top of the shock levels

This first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (in 1894) was able to help shape the field of psychology and ethical research, and pave the way for more women to join the field.

Margaret Washburn

Who is regarded as the founder of positive psychology?

Martin Seligman

Which of the following involves a stage of high awareness?

Mindfulness meditation

Which of the following involves a state of high awareness?

Mindfulness meditation

Which of the following examples sounds the MOST like an example of habituation?

Minnie is a 5-month-old who is participating in a learning study. She is watching a video with the same face over and over saying the same thing. After a while, she is responding less because the sensory information she is repeatedly exposed to is unchanging

Liz was walking to campus this morning when a bus hit a bicyclist just down the street. Liz ran and helped the bicyclist up. Liz saw the bike ride out into the road and it was clearly the biker's fault. However, after hearing the biker state that bus ran a red light it makes Liz less sure about the cause of the accident. When the police talk to her they ask her how fast the bus was going when it ran the red light and now she thinks she remembers the bus running a light when it did not. Her inaccurate memory is an example of the phenomenon known as:

Misinformation Effect

Isabel was studying for her finals and needs to figure out an effective way to remember a lot of information on her upcoming religion exam. She decides that the best way of doing this will be to utilize a strategy that helps her remember the order of the 10 commandments by using rhyming aids to help her remember and be able to retrieve the information using these cues. She comes up with the rhyming scheme (one-sun, two-shoe, three-tree, four-door, five-alive, six-sticks, seven-heaven, eight-gate, nine-line, and ten-hen) to help her remember the order of the commandments. For example, four-door means the door of the chapel (it reminds her to keep the Sabbath day holy), and six-sticks means don't use sticks to hurt others (thou shalt not kill), and eight-gate means a steel gate (thou shalt not steal). What strategy is Isabel using to improve her memory for the religion exam?

Mnemonic devices

Murielle has been using a lot of clever tricks to remember information. It is especially helpful for examples and memorizing lists of her favorite things. Yesterday she told me that she remembers how to use a fire extinguisher from the acronym PASS (Pull the pin, Aim the nozzle, Squeeze the handle, and use a Sweeping motion at the base of the fire). She is using:

Mnemonic devices

Which of the following is a key finding in positive psychology research?

Most people are happy

Holly is a taking Psychology 111 class and reads about the concept of metacognition. Her teacher asks her to think of an example to describe this concept to the other students in class. Holly is very bright and is most likely to give which of the following examples to describe metacognition?

My roommate Marlie is one of the smartest people I know because she has really good skills at assessing and controlling how she learns and memorizes things, both in class and outside of class.

DISORDER/SLEEP PROBLEM: Hey there Beauty! I'm Bachelor #2 and my friends call me...(falls asleep)...[Beauty - "Hello, Bachelor #2? Hello?"] (he wakes up again), sorry, I was saying that the other dwarfs call me Sleepy. Okay, so I fall asleep at random times and I'm always tired, but when I am awake I'm the life of the party (falls asleep again and goes limp, then falls on the floor in full cataplexy).

Narcolepsy

Ana has just moved from Brazil to the United States. She speaks a little English and really wants to make friends in her new home. She joins a few clubs at her school and starts wearing clothing that is popular in the United States. What social psychology principle is Ana exhibiting?

Need to belong

REINFORCEMENT or PUNISHMENT: Jessie Spano's dad is yelling at her because she lied about where she was after school. She snaps back at him that the family's rules about not going to the 'The Max' Diner (where all the cool kids hang out) are stupid, then she puts in her headphones and walks away. Her dad is furious, but stops yelling at her and walks out of the house, slamming the door on his way out. In this scenario Jessie figures out that next time her dad starts yelling at her that she should do the same things she just did. Unfortunately, her dad taking away the anger and yelling (by walking away) after her behavior made it more likely that she'll do this type of inappropriate adolescent behavior in the future.

Negative Reinforcement

Emily wants to raise money for her nonprofit which provides mosquito nets for children in Sub-Saharan Africa. She recently began an ad campaign which encourages people who might be feeling sad to donate so that they can have the good feeling of knowing they did something to help someone else that day. Which model is Emily relying on in this campaign?

Negative state relief

Your neurons are communicating to your brain, and things are going great! For this process to work well, each neuron needs to be able to send the message down the length of the axon to the axon terminal button. Once the message reaches that area, it hits a gap between the next neuron. That gap, known as the synapse, synaptic gap, or synaptic cleft would be a barrier to your signal moving to the next neuron. However, you are lucky because your neurons are able to release chemicals that will bind to the postsynaptic cell and communicate the message that the next cell is supposed to pass on. What are these chemical substances called that are released between neurons in the synapse?

Neurotransmitters

DISORDER/SLEEP PROBLEM: Last but NOT least, it's me...Bachelor #5! I'm your ideal man in every way...well...almost every way. The only thing keeping me from being completely perfect is that I occasionally get up at night and walk around the room in a complete panic! Just know that I'm not really conscious of what's going on in the moment, so it's not personal. I used to do this a lot more as a child, but now it's more sporadic. I'll look like I'm awake and scared, but I'm pretty out of it. I usually think I'm being chased by that big spider in Lord of the Rings!

Night Terrors

This personality disorder is related to an excessive amount of conscientiousness:

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Which brain structure is involved in seeing a sunset from Y mountain?

Occipital Lobe

Multitasking happens best when:

One of the tasks is fully automated

Madeleine is creative, artistic, curious, and imaginative. She is high on which of the Big 5 Personality Factors?

Openness

Before Irene can begin collecting data, she has to specify exactly how she is going to measure her variables:

Operational Definition

You just finished your Thanksgiving feast! What is responsible for helping you relax in a recliner chair and allow your Thanksgiving dinner to digest?

Parasympathetic Nervous System

In one of the reading assignments, there is a description of a study that involves a research confederate who bumps into a research participant in the hall and then swears at them. How did the reaction of the participants who were from a culture of honor compare to the participants who were not from a culture of honor?

Participants who were from a culture of honor were angrier.

Which of the following is true of side effects in psychotropic medications?

Patients frequently take more than one drug because they had side effects from the first one they were prescribed.

Which of the following is true of obedience?

People are more obedient to someone who they believe is an experimenter than they are to someone they believe is another participant.

What did we learn about people's online behavior from the analysis of blog posts before and after 9/11?

People were less engaged 6 weeks after 9/11 than in the 2 weeks following the attacks, and experienced a social and cognitive weariness in the aftermath after the attacks

Which of the following is most consistent with Charles Spearman's general factor of intelligence?

People with higher-than-average reading ability probably also have higher-than-average math ability.

A YouTube channel struggled to get many followers, so they decided to take a new tactic for attracting viewers. They began all of their videos with short clips of cute little kittens playing with balls of yarn. Which route of persuasion did the YouTube channel try to appeal to?

Peripheral

Julene had sleep apnea and went to the doctor to check on her treatment options. Initially, the doctor recommended a CPAP mask, but Julene wasn't excited about wearing a mask all night. Sensing Julene's lack of enthusiasm, the doctor began listing all of the benefits the CPAP mask could provide if she used it. Which of the following persuasion techniques did the doctor use?

Presenting the Message as Education

Harry Potter is learning a new language for casting spells. The only challenge is that the old spells keep coming out of his mouth when he tries to do a new spell. It is so difficult to learn the new spells because he is so experienced in using old spells. It sounds like he is experiencing:

Proactive interference

Blake is hiking up a hill with his friends in the dark. Suddenly they hear the loud warning of a rattlesnake right between their feet! They sprint up the hill in fear and stop quickly. Their hearts are pounding and they are breathing hard. They are scared! Then they realize that they have to get back down the hill, and the only way down is past the snake in the dark. This was before cell phones (can you imagine that time in history!) and they had no light source with them. They convince a friend who didn't run to slowly back down the hill and turn on the car headlights to let them run down the hill with some light. What type of coping did Blake and his friends use in this situation?

Problem Focused Coping

When Matthew was a child, his parents used very aggressive behavior to control him. They would threaten, bully, manipulate, and even follow him. Which type of abuse was he mostly experiencing?

Psychological abuse

Which of the following is a reason described in the reading why psychology is an essential part of health?

Psychologists can help with information collection and treatment adherence

REINFORCEMENT OR PUNISHMENT: A.C. Slater stole his dad's car without asking for permission! Now his dad, an Army major, is furious! He grabs A.C.'s driver's license and says that he cannot have it back for 3 months! No more driving for A.C. Looks like he is going to be riding a bike for a while

Punishment by removal

When Alice's parents found out she lied to them, they got upset and took away her phone for a week. Alice's parents utilized...

Punishment by removal

Tina is doing a case study where she has a lot of intensive information about one child that has a rare medical condition. This is what type of design?

Qualitative Design

TYPE OF STUDY - Louise is setting up a study where she will let people choose if they want to be in the treatment group or the control group, so she will not use random assignment. This is which type of study?

Quasi-Experimental Design

DISORDER/SLEEP PROBLEM: Hola Sleeping Beauty! I'm your pick! Yep, Bachelor #1, that's the one! Choose me and I'll make all of your wildest dreams come true. Of course, speaking of dreams...you may want to stay far away from me when I'm dreaming because I tend to not do the whole sleep paralysis thing. I can be a little feisty in real life and I might accidentally hit you in my sleep. It's not my fault though! In my dreams I'm fighting dragons for you...I just happen to do the same thing in real life while I'm dreaming. My bad...

REM Behavior Disorder

In operant conditioning, a behavior is associated with the occurrence of a significant event. For example, Minnie (a certain mouse who likes polka dots) learns that if she presses a lever, food will appear. The food is considered a ________ because it increases the likelihood that Minnie will press the lever again.

Reinforcer

Which of the following is a reason why Milgram's experiments on obedience are so controversial?

Research participants may not have been treated ethically

Which of the following is true of ethical use of deception in psychological research?

Researchers are required to educate participants about the true nature of the study after it is over.

Sally, like all of you, is more than halfway through the semester. At the beginning of the semester, she was definitely feeling stressed by all of the difficult courses she was taking. Now, she is getting used to the grueling mental demands. Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is Sally most likely experiencing right now?

Resistance

You are a happy little brain cell. The voltage inside of you relative to the voltage outside of you is -70 mV. What do we call the baseline electrical charge inside of the cell compared to the outside?

Resting Membrane Potential

Wendy is an ophthalmologist that diagnoses and treats eye diseases. She often has patients come in who are experiencing a range of issues with different structural components of their eyes. A patient comes in today who is having issues on the back part of her eye, the thin layer where the rods and cones are located and where the light coming into the eye focuses the image. Which part of the eye sounds like it is having a problem?

Retina

One of the strongest skills that Sheldon has is not just the fact that he can build and store memories, but that he can recall them so easily. Somewhere in that brain there are a million memories, but he somehow quickly pulls them out of storage in a form that can be used. What is this process of accessing these stored memories called?

Retrieval

Jessica was known for being a smarty-pants. One day she woke up on the floor with a headache. She had rolled out of her bunk bed and sustained a head injury. Now she can no longer remember anything from her birth until the time she woke up on the floor. She likely has:

Retrograde amnesia

Kona is playing her ukulele in the shade when a coconut falls and hits her in the head. She is able to recover physically, but at the moment she is not able to remember anything in her life before the coconut hitting her in the head. She is experiencing:

Retrograde amnesia

Which of the following is true of using exercise to cope with stress?

Rhythmic activities, such as running or dancing are especially helpful with coping with stress

Your friend Kara is a BYU student that has struggled in school and with her health. You are taking Psych 111 this semester and want to help her. You know that she has some pretty unhealthy sleep habits and you decide to give her some advice based on what you recently learned in class. Which of the following would you MOST likely suggest to her to help her be successful in school and maybe help her be more healthy physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually?

Set consistent evening routines that help her get to bed at a regular time that is not too late in the evening

This psychologist developed the concept of psychoanalysis to be able to assess unconscious thought and key experiences from the past.

Sigmund Freud

This psychologist started as a medical doctor but began to study the mind and how it might relate to problems which can't be explained by neural phenomenon:

Sigmund Freud

You know that this psychologist actually started out as a medical doctor, but began to study the mind and how it might relate to problems that influence physical health and mental well-being:

Sigmund Freud

Tom and Jerry are always fighting! Finally they decide to go to mediation to see if a trained therapist can help them figure out a way to get along. The therapist asks Jerry to explain what he sees as the motives and behaviors of his roommate Tom. Jerry starts to describe Tom's motivations and behaviors, which is another was of describing which concept from this chapter?

Social attribution

Sadie is very interested in seeing justice and order. She decides to go to law school so that she can be a district attorney and prosecute criminals, which is a way that she sees herself being able to be part of the group hierarchy that keeps things in society being civil. Sadie believes that people who follow social conventions, orders, and laws should be in charge and keep law-breakers off of the streets and limit their rights and freedoms because of their choices. Based on these descriptions, which of the following terms would you MOST expect Sadie to score high in?

Social dominance orientation

Ms. Cole assigned her students to groups of five to work on a project over the book they were reading in class. Stacy thinks the other members of her group are smart and will do most of the work, so she sits back and takes a nap while the others work on the project. What term best describes Stacy's behavior in this scenario?

Social loafing

Cultures have strict rules on the proper way to express emotions. The reading states that these rules exist to maintain __________.

Social order

Gerald, a well-known psychologist, is studying whether temperament is caused by someone's genetics or their early environment. He would expect to find a heritability coefficient of:

Somewhere between zero and one, because temperament most likely has contributions from both genes and environment

Louie really wants to get the best grade he can on his final exam. Based on what you know from your Psych 111 class, which of the following strategies would you MOST likely encourage Louie to try as an effective way to study to do his best on his final exam if he only had a total of 5 hours to dedicate to his studying?

Space the 5 hours into 30 minute intervals over the course of a week

Clark, an older gentleman, sees two young kids get in a fight over a toy. He says, "kids nowadays just aren't spanked enough, so they don't behave." A psychologist would respond to this comment by saying that:

Spanking can reduce aggression in the short term if conditions are met, but it tends to increase aggression in the long term.

Gretchen is extremely afraid of vomit. Her fear is so extreme that if anyone mentions the word "vomit", describes being sick, or actually is sick in front of her, she literally runs out of the room. What anxiety disorder does Gretchen MOST likely have?

Specific phobia

After an old behavior has been extinguished using classical or operant conditioning, what do we call it when that extinguished response occurs again after time has gone by?

Spontaneous recovery

Doc and Grumpy are getting frustrated. Sleepy has been in bed for over 10 hours and they have a lot of work to do today! They go in and wake him up. Sleepy is in deep sleep, and is really out of it. It takes him a minute to wake up. His body was very relaxed and there were a lot of slow-wave delta waves in his brain. He says he was not dreaming. Which sleep stage is this?

Stage 3 - NREM 3

Two door-to-door salespersons come to Rodney's house to sell ice cream. Ben and Jerry promise Rodney that it will only take 5 minutes of his time. But as they keep pulling examples of ice creams out of the cooler they brought with them, it has now taken more than an hour! Ben and Jerry keep talking and talking to Rodney and trying to convince him that he needs to buy their new low-calorie bacon-flavored ice cream. Rodney doesn't really want to buy it, but he really needs to get going and he thinks it will be the only way to get rid of them, so he reluctantly agrees to buys some so that he doesn't have to use up more of his precious time...especially now that he has invested this much time so far.

Sunk Cost Trap

TYPE OF STUDY - Joshua is going to have participants answer an online questionnaire because it is cheap and he can reach hundreds of people quickly:

Survey

This part of the autonomic nervous system increases your heart rate, raises blood pressure, and causes dilation of pupils in order to prepare you to cope with a stressor.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Sam is walking home from an amazing first date. Suddenly a cougar (not Cosmo, but a real mountain lion!) jumps down from a rock wall and growls at him! Before he even understands what he just saw, he has already turned away and is sprinting toward his apartment faster than he has ever moved in his life! He opens the apartment door and jumps inside, locking the door behind him. He is panicked, breathing hard, and his heart is racing. Sam is taking Psychology 111 this semester and knows that his fight or flight response was due to which part of his nervous system?

Sympathetic nervous system

You are designing a new intervention to try to decrease aggression. Based on what you know from your Psych 111 class, which of the following would be the BEST strategy to include in your intervention so it will be successful?

Target the intervention to focus on reducing aggression when children are young

Bubba likes being different from those around him. He studies conformity so can know the factors that increase conformity and avoid them if possible. Based on what you know about conformity, which of the following is true?

Teenagers conform more frequently than Adults

Steven wants to examine whether people's test scores are related to how much physical exercise they do. The null hypothesis in this scenario would be:

Test scores have no relation to how much people exercise

This "inner chamber" is the brain's sensory center, and is known for relaying your sensory information to the proper areas of the cortex.

Thalamus

When Martha was young, her dad used to wake her up every morning by belting the BYU Fight song at the top of his lungs. She always felt grumpy after being woken up. Now as a BYU student, she feels grumpy every time she hears the BYU Fight song at football games. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

The BYU Fight song

You are looking at President Thomas S. Monson wiggle his ears during General Conference! Which of the following is the part of the ear which you can actually see him wiggling?

The Pinna

Which tool did Gordon Allport use as a starting point to develop the five factors of personality?

The dictionary

A 9-year-old boy has a hard time staying still and focusing on anything for more than 30 seconds. His parents have wrestled with how to best help their son. None of their children take medication regularly, but after meeting with a psychiatrist, the parents have considered putting their son on medication. What could be one of the reasons the parents are hesitant?

The drugs have not undergone rigorous testing for safety and efficacy in children.

Marla just witnessed a car accident and feels like she wants to help because she imagines how the injured person must feel. Which of the following models of helping involves thinking about how the victim must feel and putting yourself in their shoes?

The empathy-altruism model

People with borderline personality disorder are more likely to seek treatment than those with other disorders because:

The high neuroticism present in their disorder makes daily life painful so they seek help

Liam is a social psychologist and is designing a new study. Based on what you know about the levels of analysis that social psychologists have used historically, which of the following is Liam most likely to focus on?

The higher levels of analysis (relationships, groups, and culture)

When people are presented with a dichotic listening task they are asked to listen to two different voices. Usually they are asked to pay attention to one. In the process, according to Broadbent's filter model theory, what happens to the information from the other ear ?

The ignored information never makes it beyond a physical analysis

During dichotic listening experiments, two messages are presented simultaneously to an individual - one in each ear. The individual is instructed to pay attention to one and ignore the other. What happens to the ignored information?

The individual can typically recall if it was a man or woman's voice (or another physical characteristic), but none of the content

Researchers wanted to know if violent media causes children to become more aggressive. They showed children a cartoon with violent acts and then watched the children play with toys. The researchers measured how many times the children hit a doll in the playroom. Children shown the cartoon hit the doll more than children who did not watch the cartoon. Which of the following is the operational definition of aggression in this study?

The number of times the child hits the doll

Dwight Shrute is a participant in a in a social psychology experiment. He is being asked to complete the Implicit Association Test. Based on what you learned about this measure, what is it most likely assessing?

The preference Dwight has for members of his own-group over people that are from other ethnic groups

When Homer Simpson reads the Gettysburg Address, he will have a tendency to remember the information at the beginning of the quote better than at the end. (Maybe this is why he can still quote the first line?) This is an example of:

The primacy effect

What is a p-value?

The probability of observing a particular outcome in a sample

Dr. Birmingham is studying how social relationships influence our overall well-being. You join her lab as a research assistant and start to collect data for a project about social relationships. As you look over the research on social relationships, you see something interesting that you remember from your Psych 111 class. Based on what you learned in Psych 111, and confirmed by your research on Dr. Birmingham's project, which of the following statements is true regarding social relationships?

The same part of the brain is activated when one experiences social pain from rejection as when one experiences physical pain.

Which of the following was a critique of the trait personality theory listed in the reading?

The situation a person is in can influence their actions

Dr. Tice is a well-known social psychologist. Based on what you know about this field, which of the following would be the BEST definition of her area of study?

The study of how the presence of others influences our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Jeremy statistically tests whether there are differences in music ability in two groups of students. From his statistical test, he calculates a p-value of 0.61. Assuming he uses a p-value of 0.05 as the threshold, what conclusion can he draw from the results?

The two groups have similar musical ability.

What's the primary disadvantage of psychoanalytic theory?

There is very limited empirical support for the effectiveness of this approach

Which of the following best describes the way that psychoactive drugs work?

They alter the action of neurotransmitters

Napoleon Dynamite and Deb and are dating and are thinking about getting married. Based on what you learned in the chapter on family relationships, which of the following statements is MOST likely to be true regarding the characteristics between Napoleon and Deb?

They are probably similar in age, social status, and level of physical attractiveness as those are common filters people use in mate selection

After discussing persuasion in class, Katie is feeling a bit nervous about the idea of fixed action patterns. Which of the following is MOST likely the reason that fixed action patterns make Katie anxious?

They can make us vulnerable to exploitation

How were participants recruited for the Chen (2012) study you read?

This study did not involve recruitment as it simply analyzed studies which were already published

When you walk into your favorite bakery, molecules from the bread arrive in your nostrils, and your nostrils convert those molecules into neural signals. This process is called _________.

Transduction

In the movie "Sing," Ash is a porcupine with big dreams to be a rock star. When she has to sing her song from memory, she does much better if she is able to play a guitar and close her eyes while she rocks out because these are the same behaviors she was doing when she first learned the words. This idea of memory being better if you tap the same kind of original encoding activity from when you learned it is called:

Transfer-appropriate processing

You and your roommates decide to go to the women's volleyball game. As you enter the Smith Fieldhouse, you notice a table with t-shirts on it. Attached to the table, there's a sign that states, "Buy a t-shirt for a good cause!" What is the phrase "for a good cause" an example of?

Trigger feature

Around 50% of people who go to drug treatment centers will relapse after treatment.

True

PARENTING STYLE: Esther is growing up in a single-parent home. Her mother is always gone because she needs to work two jobs just to keep up on food and rent payments to take care of Esther and her 4 younger siblings. Esther's mother has been through a lot, and is emotionally exhausted from her divorce, as well as physically exhausted from trying to provide for 5 young children. Due to these challenges, Esther's mother doesn't have much time to play with the children or interact with any kind of emotional support or warmth. She is just trying to keep them alive and healthy, so she hasn't set up many rules because she doesn't want to be a disciplinarian when she does have a minute here or there to talk to her kids

Uninvolved

Gertrude is a recent graduate of BYU's Psychology program, and earned a PhD in experimental psychology. Dr. G. Nee-us (as she is now known) understands that it is really important for good scientific researchers to be systematic and programmatic in their approach to research. For example, they should do things to encourage the use of the 6 principles of open science. Which of the following would Dr. G. Nee-us be MOST likely to use in her research to follow these principles?

Use large open datasets and make her data available to other researchers to encourage scientific collaboration and scientific integrity

Identifying the correct perpetrator in a lineup of possible perpetrators is not always easy. It can be influenced for the positive or negative by many factors. According to research, which of the following reasons would MOST likely help the witness correctly identify the perpetrator?

Using fair lineups in which no one in the line up sticks out and they all match the description given by eyewitnesses

You just graduated and took your first big job out of college! Congratulations! You are the new director of sales for self-tying shoelaces. You are marketing these shoelaces to all of the kids in the local schools and you get permission to present your products at an assembly where parents will be present. You decide the most effective strategy is to have the kindergarten teachers be your established opinion leaders. You give each of the kindergarten teachers a free pair of the laces and show them how to work them. Then you rely on them going around before the assembly and showing the parents how great the shoelaces are for kids. The parents trust the teachers and respect their opinions so they buy a LOT of shoelaces that night! It sounds like you used with the of the following methods of persuasion?

Using mavens

Preston has been afraid of dogs since he was around three years old. When he was three, his neighbors bought a puppy. Preston's sister screamed and ran when she saw the dog, and Preston has been afraid of dogs and thought they were scary ever since he saw her reaction. Which is most likely responsible for Preston's attitude about dogs?

Vicarious conditioning

Ironically, two of your roommates are having a very tense and aggressive argument about whether there is more violence now or throughout history! You decide to settle the issue by sharing what you learned in your Psych 111 class about this issue. Which of the following should you tell them?

Violence is far less common now than it used to be

The stereotype content model describes feelings people have towards other groups in terms of ------------ and -------------:

Warmth and competence

The Gospel teaches that we are capable of change. In reference to this principle, in Dr. Nielsen's video discussion on the brain he adds that:

We are capable of making literal changes to our brains

Which of these IQ tests was developed more recently than others and works to test a larger and more broad range of intellectual abilities?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Jeremiah just stepped on a thorn with bare feet! OUCH! His body is trying to send the signal to his brain to lift up his foot after feeling that sharp pain. What do we call the important signal that is being carried down the axon of a neuron to communicate this message to his brain?

action potential

When Dwight Shrute is feeling stressed, where is his norepinephrine being produced?

adrenal gland

PARENTING STYLE: Esther grew up in a challenging situation. Now that she is a mother, she makes it a priority to spend as much positive time as she can with her kids. She knows that children thrive on structure, so she has specific rules in place and demands a lot out of her kids. But she also takes time to explain the rules and responds very warmly to her kids to help them follow the rules and be successful. Even though Esther is now a single-parent herself, and is often very tired after working long hours to support her young children, she is working hard to give her children the best opportunities possible and they are doing very well overall.

authoritative

Carrie says she doesn't have anything against her Jewish coworkers, but she always feels somewhat uncomfortable when she's talking to them. She has begun to avoid them because she feels like the conversations are uncomfortable for them. This is an example of:

aversive racism

Rodney's car is being repaired. The mechanic calls him to say it is ready to pick up, but he doesn't have a way to get to the auto shop. He calls his old roommate Caleb and asks if Caleb would be willing to drive Rodney to the Salt Lake Airport this afternoon! Caleb pauses. He is really busy with a class project that is due the next day and doesn't have 2-3 hours to drive Rodney to the airport, so he starts to panic and wonder how to respond. Quickly, Rodney says, "I'm just kidding. Actually, I really just need a ride to Orem to pick up my car this afternoon. It shouldn't take more than about 15-20 minutes." Caleb is very relieved and agrees to take Rodney to the auto shop, thinking that 20 minutes sounds much more manageable than 2-3 hours!

door in the face

Arnold decides that he will train his sales team to be effect in the arts of persuasion. He tells them that the keys to being successful are to demonstrate honesty and authority. He sends them out and realizes that he forgot the other key component of the triad of trustworthiness! Oh no! He forgot to tell them that they also need to demonstrate what other feature?

likeability

Sierra is conducting a study to test academic performance over time. She designs her study to follow college students through their first two years of college to see if their grades change over time as they take more upper-level classes in their majors, compared to general education courses. This type of study that occurs over time is called:

longitudinal study

Rodney really wants to take Nellie to the upcoming dance. He is nervous to ask her, so he decides that he needs to build up courage and get to know her better before he asks her. Rodney sits next to her in class and asks her if she wants a piece of gum. She accepts! This gives him more confidence. Next, he asks if she wants to study for the upcoming exam with him and she agrees. He even gets Nellie to go on a lunch 'study date' the next day too. He asks if he can buy her a brownie and chocolate milk to celebrate their successful studying and she gratefully accepts (those are her favorite treats!). Finally, he asks her to the dance and she happily decides to go with him! He is so excited! Rodney used which method of persuasion to get his date to the dance?

many little "yeses" lead to big yes

After seeing 'Rex Kwon Do' as being a "rip-off" Kip decides that he needs to find another way to cope with his stress. Kip chooses a form of meditation that purposefully pays attention to the present moment, without judgment or evaluation. This reduces his stress, and is called:

mindfulness meditation

Sam is at a party and is tempted to keep eating from the bag of potato chips until there are none left. However, he is worried about doing so because he thinks that other people might be upset at him if he doesn't share. Sam is experiencing _________ social influence:

normative

16-year-old Daniel was trying to show off to his friends at the pool. After completing an impressive dive, he jumped out of the pool and ran around to do a cannon ball. As he was running, he slipped on the cement and hit is head. Now he is having a really difficult time seeing clearly and he has a big lump on his head. Which part of Daniel's brain was most likely injured based on his challenges with his vision?

occipital lobe

You are giving a seminar about what current research tells us about marriage and divorce. You are trying to be positive and focus on factors that benefit marriage and decrease risk for divorce? Which of the following would MOST likely be included in your list of factors that protect against divorce?

older age at the time of marriage

You are studying whether or not a hug will improve the reaction to stress of a spouse. In this study, which would be the independent variable?

the hug

Kelly Kapoor knows that some sources of knowledge are more trustworthy than others. She trusts science because it emphasizes which of the following?

the use of reasoning and empiricism (you can measure it)

Raymond paid attention in class, so he knows that the ultimate goal of psychology is:

to improve the human condition