psych 12
32. Which perspective on personality development is most concerned with how one's learning history influences one's future permanent, adult personality? A) Behaviorist B) Humanistic C) Psychodynamic D) Social-Cognitive
A) Behaviorist
30. Gina's therapist suspects that Gina is suffering from a psychological disorder of some kind. To test this, she has Gina complete a personality inventory composed of many true/false questions. The assessment tool that the therapist is using is most likely the __________. A) MMPI B) Rorschach test C) TAT D) NEO
A) MMPI
11. Which two researchers are associated with the Five Factor Model, also known as the Big Five? A) McCrae and Costa B) Cattell and Allport C) Jung and Horney D) Erikson and Rogers
A) McCrae and Costa
1. _______________is a characteristic pattern of thinking, interacting, and reacting that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations. A) Personality B) Idiography C) A state D) A trait
A) Personality
40. A potential issue with the majority of the research on personality is that the results may only generalize to __________. A) WEIRD people B) non-WEIRD people C) women D) men
A) WEIRD people
21. Research discussed in your textbook suggests that people on Facebook tend to present themselves: A) accurately. B) as they wished they were, not as they really are. C) in extreme or exaggerated ways. D) as being more extraverted than they really are.
A) accurately.
33. Allana is generally an outgoing person. A ____________ psychologist would be most likely to suggest that Allana's personality is the result of being reinforced for outgoing behavior by her parents, teachers, or other people she interacted with in the past. A) behaviorist B) humanistic C) psychodynamic D) social-cognitive
A) behaviorist
64. Research suggests that the middle frontal gyrus is more associated with ________________, while the medial orbitofrontal cortext is more associated with ________________. A) conscientiousness; extraversion B) extraversion; conscientiousness C) introversion; conscientiousness D) conscientiousness; introversion
A) conscientiousness; extraversion
46. Which of these research methods would a psychologist be likely to employ to study the influence of genetics on personality? A) examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins B) interviewing people who have known others who were particularly odd or unique C) administering paper and pencil or computerized questionnaires to hundreds of people D) documenting the patterns of development and difficulties of psychiatric patients
A) examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins
13. Walter prefers to stay home on a Friday night and read a good book to hanging out with other people. In fact, he tends to be fairly reclusive in general. If Walter took the NEO PI-R, he would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension. A) extraversion B) conscientiousness C) neuroticism D) openness
A) extraversion
37. Criminologists have used profiling and use personality theories to describe perpetrators. The goal of using personality profiles of perpetrators is often focused on ________. A) helping narrow a search or interrogation process B) helping to prove guilt C) identifying criminal personality types D) demonstrating that there are some personality types that are prone to crime
A) helping narrow a search or interrogation process
14. Amir is constantly worrying about things, even though he really doesn't have anything to worry about. He is also very insecure and can become very upset when he thinks his friends are making a joke about him. If Walter took the NEO PI-R, he would likely have a ____________ score on the ____________ dimension. A) high; neuroticism B) high; conscientiousness C) low; neuroticism D) low; conscientiousness
A) high; neuroticism
4. Dr. Mano is a personality researcher who is NOT interested in the particular idiosyncrasies that make individuals unique. Instead, her research involves studying large groups of people in order to make generalizations about the structure of personality. Dr. Mano's research is an example of: A) the nomothetic approach. B) the MMPI approach. C) factor analysis. D) the idiographic approach.
A) the nomothetic approach.
44. Cross-cultural findings indicated that cultures where people score high on conscientiousness have _____ economies. A) weak B) strong C) volatile D) stable
A) weak
27. One criticism of the trait theories of personality is that they: A) place too much emphasis of states and situational factors. B) do not describe how states and situational factors can influence our behavior. C) are not supported by any empirical data. D) do not allow for comparisons between individuals.
B) do not describe how states and situational factors can influence our behavior.
12. The _______________ dimension of the NEO PI-R describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy. A) agreeableness B) extraversion C) neuroticism D) openness
B) extraversion
68. __________ is the personality theorist whose work is now reflected in the psychodynamic schools of thought. A) Gordon Allport B) Sigmund Freud C) Abraham Maslow D) B. F. Skinner
B) Sigmund Freud
39. In the context of social psychology, the acronym WEIRD stands for A) Willful, Egocentric, Immature, Rigid, and Depressed B) Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic C) Witness, Engage, Interact, React, and Depart D) Willpower, Ego, Id, Repression, and Denial
B) Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic
71. Which of the following is NOT a key assumption shared by psychodynamic theories? A) Mental representations of the self and others shape how the individual acts. B) When basic needs for love are met, human beings seek to achieve their fullest potential. C) Unconscious thoughts, memories, and emotions operate simultaneously and are major influences on our behavior. D) Personality takes shape in early childhood and children learn to regulate their emotions during this period of development.
B) When basic needs for love are met, human beings seek to achieve their fullest potential.
38. Based on your understanding of criminal profiling from your text, would you recommend that your local crime enforcement office A) use criminal profiling. B) be cautious about drawing many conclusions from a criminal profile. C) use demographic information, but not personality profiles. D) use personality profiles, but not demographic information.
B) be cautious about drawing many conclusions from a criminal profile.
29. The MMPI-2 is a personality test that is designed to: A) measure the Big Five personality traits. B) discriminate between normal and abnormal characteristics. C) detect relationships between body types and personality patterns. D) detect differences in interpretation of ambiguous stimuli.
B) discriminate between normal and abnormal characteristics.
20. Research indicates that ___________ college students are likely to achieve high status in student groups such as fraternities and sororities, but are also more prone to risk taking and substance abuse problems. A) conscientious B) extraverted C) neurotic D) introverted
B) extraverted
7. A technique called _____________ reveals statistical similarities among a wide variety of items. A) idiography B) factor analysis C) MMPI-2 D) reciprocal determinism
B) factor analysis
8. What technique do trait theorists use to identify groups or clusters of related personality traits? A) idiography B) factor analysis C) MMPI-2 D) reciprocal determinism
B) factor analysis
54. Sandra is a fairly quiet and conscientious person who enjoys foreign films. The people she chooses to associate with and interact with on a daily basis would most likely: A) be much more outgoing than she is. B) have similar interests and personalities. C) ridicule her and make her feel uncomfortable. D) have similar interests, but dissimilar personalities.
B) have similar interests and personalities.
34. The behavioral theories of personality development tend to focus on ____________. A) unconscious desires B) learning C) genetics D) self-actualization
B) learning
43. Which of the following is a potential issue associated with using standard tests for the Big Five in cross-cultural personality research? A) The Big Five are only found in Western cultures. B) Researchers in other countries would not understand what the "Big Five" refer to. C) The research may miss other personality factors, not found in Western cultures. D) Answering questions about personality violates social norms in most non-Western cultures.
C) The research may miss other personality factors, not found in Western cultures.
2. A psychologist who studies the unique personality characteristics of individuals is using __________________ approach to studying personality. A) a trait B) a factor analysis C) an idiographic D) a nomothetic
C) an idiographic
25. Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality? A) Temperament and personality are the exact same thing. B) Personality, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's temperament is built. C) Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's personality is built. D) Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics, while personality refers to positive personal characteristics.
C) Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's personality is built.
26. Which of the following best describes the personality of individuals as they age? A) Personality does not change; it is completely stable throughout the lifespan. B) Personalities are very stable in childhood and adolescence, but become less stable in later adulthood. C) The personalities of children and adolescents tend to change somewhat, but are very stable by middle age. D) Personality remains fluid and changes throughout the lifespan.
C) The personalities of children and adolescents tend to change somewhat, but are very stable by middle age.
17. Marques loves to go to parties, and while there he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information? A) neuroticism B) conscientiousness C) extraversion D) openness
C) extraversion
41. Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are: A) only found in WEIRD societies. B) only found in non-WEIRD societies. C) fairly consistent across many cultures. D) different in every culture.
C) fairly consistent across many cultures.
22. Rob suffers from occasional bouts of depression, but is otherwise a typical teenager. One of his favorite pastimes is browsing Facebook and demonstrating what he likes through "liking." If he is like most people, his likes will have a _______ correlation to other's assessments and a self-assessment of his personality. A) low negative B) high negative C) high positive D) low positive
C) high positive
6. A central principle of the trait perspective to personality is that: A) an individual's personality traits change from day to day. B) no two individuals share the same traits. C) individuals can be understood based on how well specific traits describe them. D) the idiographic approach is the only correct way to study personality.
C) individuals can be understood based on how well specific traits describe them.
3. Which of the following best illustrates the idiographic approach to personality research? A) identifying personality characteristics which are shared by large groups of people B) designing tests which characterize abnormal personality types C) performing a detailed study of the world's most successful business person D) using factor analysis to identify personality traits
C) performing a detailed study of the world's most successful business person
5. Creative, fair-minded, and impulsive are examples of ____________. A) states B) the Big Five C) personality traits D) idiographs
C) personality traits
36. What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality? A) feedback loops B) learned responses C) reciprocal determinism D) external expectancies
C) reciprocal determinism
28. Research indicates that locations, associations, activities, and subjective states are four: A) categories of personality traits. B) factors that influence the development of our personality traits. C) situational influences that interact with personality to determine our behavior. D) changes in personality that occur over our lifespan.
C) situational influences that interact with personality to determine our behavior.
67. In a research study discussed in your textbook, researchers found that ratings of the Big Five personality factors corresponded to the _____________ specific brain regions. A) electrical activity in B) neurotransmitters in C) size of D) location of
C) size of
35. The role of reciprocal determinism in personality development was highlighted by the _____________. A) behaviorists B) humanists C) social-cognitive theorists D) trait theorists
C) social-cognitive theorists
18. Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits? A) START B) BEGIN C) DUNES D) OCEAN
D) OCEAN
72. Which of the following is one of the three components of the Freudian personality structure? A) Alter ego B) Archetype C) Collective unconscious D) Superego
D) Superego
80. As you are preparing for your biology exam, you notice two of your classmates in the library. After going to talk with them, you discover they are planning to cheat during tomorrow's exam. What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you also cheated on the exam? A) The actual self B) The ego C) The id D) The superego
D) The superego
42. Which of the following is true about cross-cultural differences in personality? A) There is no relationship between culture and personality. B) Most cultures do not have the same Big Five personality factors. C) Only individuals from Western cultures share the same Big Five personality factors. D) While most cultures share the same Big Five personality factors, the prevalence of each trait often differs.
D) While most cultures share the same Big Five personality factors, the prevalence of each trait often differs.
15. Most of Candice's relationships with other people are hostile. She frequently gets in fights with strangers and even close friends. If Candice took the NEO Personality Inventory, she would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension. A) openness B) conscientiousness C) neuroticism D) agreeableness
D) agreeableness
31. One method for measuring personalities is to observe an individual in a situation and to use his or her behavior to create a personality profile. This technique is known as _________________. A) projective testing B) the MMPI C) thematic apperception testing D) behavioral assessment
D) behavioral assessment
10. Cattell used the statistical technique called ____________. A) factor features B) t test C) pf analysis D) factor analysis
D) factor analysis
16. The _______________ dimension of the NEO PI-R describes the extent to which people are imaginative and curious, or conventional and "down-to-earth." A) agreeableness B) extraversion C) conscientiousness D) openness
D) openness
19. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five? A) conscientiousness B) extraversion C) openness D) sociableness
D) sociableness
24. Nancy is a three month old infant. Compared to other infants her age, she is fussy and cries easily. Nancy's behaviors would most accurately be described as the result of her _____________. A) state B) neuroticism C) personality D) temperament
D) temperament
23. While psychologists do not typically refer to infants as having "personalities," infants do display personality-like attributes called _____________. A) states B) moods C) quasi-personalities D) temperaments
D) temperaments
9. Raymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by: A) developing case-study analysis. B) disproving Early Greek theories of personality. C) devising the Myers-Briggs inventory. D) using factor analysis.
D) using factor analysis.
2. An infant's temperament is a useful predictor of his or her adult personality.
True
105. A psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on is one example of a/the A) projective test B) intelligence test C) California Psychological Inventory (CPI) D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
a
108. Who is not a psychodynamic personality theorist? A) Carl Rogers B) Alfred Adler C) Sigmund Freud D) Carl Jung
a
110. Which psychodynamic theorist introduced the concept of the inferiority complex into discussions of psychological adjustment? A) Adler B) Fromm C) Horney D) Jung
a
111. Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the __________. A) collective B) analytical C) heroic D) preconscious
a
118. Despite the critiques of the psychodynamic perspective, research indicates that the psychodynamic approach: A) can be an effective treatment for certain psychological problems. B) does correctly describe the relationship between psychosexual development and adult personality. C) is more accurate than trait theories. D) correctly describes that interaction between the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality.
a
120. For several decades the U.S. Army used the slogan "Be all you can be" for recruiting. Using the language of humanistic psychology, the army could have rephrased their slogan as: A) Practice self-actualization. B) Develop a reaction formation. C) Be an archetype. D) Develop your id.
a
122. According to Carl Rogers' ________________ perspective, people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally. A) person-centered B) psychodynamic C) analytical D) reciprocal
a
48. Which research approach is probably the best for exploring the genetic contribution to personality? A) comparing identical twins who were reared apart B) comparing children adopted into another family with their siblings who remained with their birth parents C) comparing fraternal twins D) comparing identical twins who were raised in the same household
a
52. The presence of two personality types in a particular species of bird has found that ____ birds have greater success when _______. A) bold; resources are limited B) timid; resources are limited C) bold; resources are plentiful D) both types of; they are social
a
55. A commonly held belief when it comes to romance is that "opposites attract." Which of the following is true about this folk wisdom? A) It is generally incorrect; humans pair up with those who are most like us. B) It is generally incorrect; there is no relationship between personality and romantic pairing. C) It is generally correct; humans pair up with those who dissimilar, but complimentary personalities. D) It is generally correct; humans pair up with those who have conflicting personalities.
a
62. According to Eysenck, people who have decreased reactivity the limbic system (the emotional circuits), reticular activating system, and cortex are more likely to be ______________. A) extraverts B) neurotic C) intorverts D) conscientious
a
63. According to Eysenck, the reason why some people seek out exciting new social and emotional experiences is that they: A) require relatively high levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions. B) have low baseline adrenaline levels. C) require relatively low levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions. D) have high baseline adrenaline levels.
a
76. Some authors relate Freud's personality structure to an iceberg, saying that the __________ is completely submerged in our unconscious. A) id B) ego C) superego D) defense mechanisms
a
91. According to Freud, habits such as fingernail biting or gum chewing could result from a fixation in the __________ stage. A) oral B) anal C) genital D) phallic
a
3. What do twin studies indicate about the role of genes in personality? a. Heredity plays an important role in personality. b. Dizygotic twins are more likely than monozygotic twins to share personality traits. c. Personality is almost entirely determined by parenting and other environmental factors. d. Personality appears to be related to two different copies of a serotonin transporter gene.
a. Heredity plays an important role in personality.
13. According to Freud, which of the following is the order in which the stages of psychosexual development occur? a. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital b. Oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency c. Anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital d. Latency, oral, anal, genital, phallic
a. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
9. Alternative approaches to personality such as the behaviorist and cognitive approaches complement trait theories of personality because: a. behavior and personal experience, which influence personality, are major parts of the alternative approaches. b. trait theories focus on the negatives of personality. c. it is easier to observe behavior than to ask someone to fill out a personality inventory. d. trait theories focus only on the positive aspects of personality.
a. behavior and personal experience, which influence personality, are major parts of the alternative approaches.
5. Daniel's psychiatrist shows him a series of cards with abstract inkblots on them and asks Daniel to describe what he sees. When Daniel asks about the test, his psychologists explains that it is called the _____. a. projective test b. trait inventory c. Big Five questionnaire d. psychoanalytic personality report
a. projective test
100. When Anna looks at some modern artwork at the museum, she often thinks she sees human figures or faces and likes to make up stories about them. When she tells the stories to her friend, her friend says that the stories reflect Anna's unconscious thoughts. In psychological terms, what Anna does is most similar to _____________. A) classical conditioning B) a projective test C) a personality inventory D) the MMPI
b
101. Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see. What type of test would psychologists call this? A) dynamic B) projective C) objective D) predictive
b
109. Freud placed much more emphasis on __________ than either Adler or Horney. A) the unconscious B) sexuality C) anxiety D) childhood
b
112. Jung's theory suggests that the __________ is a collection of archetypes that represent concepts or figures common to all cultures. A) conscious B) collective unconscious C) personal unconscious D) locus of control
b
113. Carl Jung suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called ________. A) schemas B) archetypes C) prototypes D) instincts
b
115. What theorist disagreed with Freud and though that interpersonal conflict between children and their parents was important for personality development? A) Adler B) Horney C) Jung D) Rorschach
b
117. Which of the following is a limitation of the psychodynamic perspective that stems from the fact that Freud based much of his original theory a handful of patients? A) His theories cannot be falsified. B) His observations may not apply to the wider population of healthy, ordinary people from a variety of backgrounds. C) His theories are confusing to psychologists. D) His theories cannot be used to treat mental illness.
b
121. One of the most well-known humanistic theorists was ____________. A) Sigmund Freud B) Carl Rogers C) Carl Jung D) Alfred Adler
b
124. Ryan tends to spend much more of his time focusing on what he wishes he was good at than he spends thinking about his actual abilities. For example, Ryan is very good at math, but he spends much more time thinking about how he wishes he could write like his favorite author. Carl Rogers would have likely described Ryan as having: A) an inferiority complex B) a negative self-concept. C) a superiority complex. D) a positive self-concept.
b
45. Joe works hard to avoid embarrassing himself or his family. Given what researchers have found about people from different cultures, he is most likely from _____________. A) Canada B) China C) The United States D) Great Britain
b
47. The genetic correlation between identical twins raised in the same household is typically around ______ for all of the big five personality factors. A) .10 B) .50 C) .80 D) .99
b
53. Which of the following is true about personality and nonhuman animals? A) Personality has only been observed in one species of bird, the Parus major. B) The Big Five personality traits have been found in many different species. C) Only primates have true personalities. D) Humans are the only animal with personalities.
b
57. An Ancient Roman physician would be most likely to diagnosis a patient with a melancholy (depressed) personality as: A) having experienced some psychological trauma as a child. B) an imbalance in the bodily fluids known as humors. C) caused by physical trauma to the head. D) having inherited the trait from his or her parents.
b
58. Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile were collectively known as the four ____________. A) mood fluids B) humors C) secretions D) life forces
b
65. Several students who joined a book club are discussing how similar their personalities are to one another. They find that they share traits of conscientiousness and introversion. What would a psychologist say about these similarities? A) They are all reporting personalities that make them seem similar, but are probably really quite different. B) People with certain personalities may choose particular environments, resulting in people who share an environment might also share some personality characteristics. C) These students may actually be related to one another. D) Going to book clubs often leads to conformity with other members of the club.
b
66. Research shows that personality differences in the United States differ. Which states are seen as most friendly and conventional? A) Western states: Oregon, California, Arizona, Nevada, etc B) Midwestern states: Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois, etc. C) Eastern states: New York, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Delaware, etc. D) Southwestern states: New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Colorado, etc.
b
73. The id is motivated by the desire for ____________. A) free will B) instant gratification C) moral perfection D) social acceptability
b
74. Jamal has a very bad temper. He is notorious for lashing out at his friends when he doesn't get his way. According to Freud, what is dominating Jamal's actions? A) ego B) id C) superego D) conscious processes
b
77. According to Freud, the ego is the __________ of personality A) moral component. B) realistic component. C) primitive instinct. D) collective impulse.
b
82. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of ___________. A) denial B) anxiety C) repression D) isolation
b
84. Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer. Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests. Which defense mechanism is at work here? A) reaction formation B) denial C) repression D) undoing
b
94. The main conflict of the anal stage comes from: A) the Oedipal complex. B) toilet training. C) sexual repression. D) weaning off the breast or bottle.
b
97. The libido is dormant during the __________ stage. A) genital B) latent C) phallic D) anal
b
98. According to Freud, appropriate sexual and romantic relationships are only possible when an individual has attained the ________ stage of psychosexual development. A) anal B) genital C) oral D) phallic
b
11. Hans Eysenck proposed that arousal states of the brain are the basis of extraversion citing the importance of all but which of the following systems? a. Limbic system b. Parasympathetic nervous system c. Reticular activating system d. Cortex
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
2. Unlike the strict behaviorists' view, Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism: a. emphasizes the importance of learning. b. acknowledges that people shape and determine their environments. c. emphasizes the importance of traits. d. assumes that traits are not stable over time.
b. acknowledges that people shape and determine their environments.
6. As a response to both behaviorism and psychodynamic theory, Abraham Maslow (among others) initiated a movement called _____, which emphasized the unique and positive qualities of human experience and potential. a. phrenology b. humanistic psychology c. analytical psychology d. self-actualization
b. humanistic psychology
8. Your friend, who is normally introverted, curses in outrage at the taxi driver who is trying to overcharge you. This event is most likely due to his _____. a. temperament b. subjective state c. idealized self d. Big Five personality traits
b. subjective state
104. What is one criticism of projective tests? A) They are inappropriate for use with children. B) They are too simple in their administration and scoring. C) They have low validity and reliability. D) They fail to take into account differences in the testing environments.
c
116. A key critique of Freud's theory of personality is that: A) Freud was a medical doctor, not a psychologist. B) it presents human beings in an unrealistically positive light. C) much of it cannot be falsified. D) Freud did not base his theories on actual cases.
c
119. The key difference between Maslow's and Rogers's work was the former's focus on ________ and the latter's focus on ________. A) determinism; free will B) free will; reciprocal determinism C) self-actualized individuals; the self-concept D) self-actualized individuals; unconscious mental processing
c
126. Luisa believes that people are generally good at heart, and that they usually do the right thing if you give them a chance. Which psychological perspective is most likely to appeal to her? A) psychodynamic B) evolutionary C) humanistic D) social cognitive
c
49. Identical twins reared apart will often have: A) no more in common than same sex fraternal twins reared apart. B) dissimilar personalities. C) similar personalities. D) no more in common than non-twins.
c
50. According to your textbook, one possible way genes might influence personality is by affecting ______________. A) cellular division B) life expectancy C) brain chemicals D) the probability of having twins
c
69. Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations? A) Behavioral B) Humanistic C) Psychodynamic D) Trait
c
75. Which motto would best fit the id? A) "I can't do that because it is against the rules." B) "I would like to do that, but I can wait for later." C) "If it feels good, then do it." D) "If she did it, I can too."
c
83. Eila is a 16-year-old girl. Her mom just got remarried to Brick, a strikingly handsome and very kind man. Recently, Eila has begun to taunt Brick about his physique and even tells her mom that she can't stand him. Which defense mechanism is she exhibiting? A) denial B) repression C) reaction formation D) isolation
c
85. When anxiety provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not remembering lying to a parent, it is called ____________. A) denial B) isolation C) repression D) reaction-formation
c
86. During a grade school field trip, Ryan and his friends were running down a hill when he stepped on a snake. He was unharmed but shaken by the experience. When one of his friends mentioned the incident months later, Ryan could not remember running down the hill that day. Freud would say that this is an example of __________. A) sublimation B) displacement C) repression D) reaction formation
c
87. Anna is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin until she is married. Anna cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters. Which defense mechanism would likely account for this memory lapse? A) rationalization B) denial C) repression D) projection
c
89. You notice your classmate Hannah chewing on her pencil as she takes her psychology final. Which psychosexual stage may not have been resolved? A) genital B) phallic C) oral D) anal
c
90. A newborn baby is in what stage of psychosexual development? A) anal stage B) latency stage C) oral stage D) phallic stage
c
96. The Oedipal complex is most likely experienced in the __________ stage. A) genital B) oral C) phallic D) anal
c
60. Which test or technique would a phrenologist use to access an individual's personality? A) the MMPI B) the Rorschach test C) examining the skull D) MRI brainscan
c) examining the skull
15. Alexandra's older sister is praised for being good at math, but Alexandra struggles with the subject. What would the resulting feelings of being "not good enough" be called? a. Negative reinforcement b. Negative archetype c. Inferiority complex d. Oedipal complex
c. Inferiority complex
1. Some psychologists use a(n) _____ approach to studying personality, which is a person-centered method in which researchers focus on individual people and their unique personalities. a. nomothetic b. factor-analysis c. idiographic d. reciprocal
c. idiographic
10. An outdated approach claiming that behavior and personality were based on the sizes of various regions of the skull surface was called: a. magnetic resonance imaging. b. alchemy. c. phrenology. d. humorism.
c. phrenology.
102. Which of the following is a projective test? A) MMPI-2 B) Stanford-Binet Intelegence Scale C) NEO Personality Inventory D) Rorschach
d
103. Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality? A) MMPI B) 16PF C) TAT D) projective tests
d
106. According to the authors, the key criteria for evaluating personality assessments are: A) significance and reliability. B) significance and validity. C) reliability and significance. D) reliability and validity.
d
107. Many projective assessment tools are often lacking in ____________. A) popularity B) representativeness C) subjectivity D) validity
d
114. Which theorist emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious in personality development? A) Adler B) Fromm C) Horney D) Jung
d
123. In Carl Rogers's theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as A) personality B) self-regard C) self-esteem D) self-concept
d
125. As with the psychodynamic perspective, a critique of the humanistic perspective is that A) it assumes humans are driven by unconscious desires. B) young children have sexual urges. C) it focuses too much on the negative aspects on humanity. D) it is not based on scientific evidence.
d
51. According to research discussed in your textbook, inheriting short copies of the ______________ transporter gene predisposes people to anxiety, shyness, and negative emotional reactions in interpersonal situations. A) acetylcholine B) NMDA C) dopamine D) serotonin
d
56. Assortative mating is a phenomenon in which humans and animals: A) mate with more than one partner to mask the paternity of the offspring. B) mate randomly with others to increase genetic variation. C) choose sexual partners based on their social status. D) choose sexual partners who are similar to the individual doing the searching.
d
59. Of the following, which is the oldest theory of personality? A) phrenology B) behaviorism C) the psychodynamic approach D) humorism
d
70. Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud? A) the preconscious mind B) the conscious area C) suppressions D) the unconscious
d
78. Justin passes a parked car that he likes. According to Freud's view of the psyche, which part of Justin's personality convinces him to save his money for a few months so he can buy the car? A) conscious B) archetype C) id D) ego
d
79. What structure serves as the moral component of one's personality? A) the actual self B) ego C) id D) superego
d
81. What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense? A) false cognitions B) coping techniques C) disordered thinking D) defense mechanisms
d
92. A Freudian psychotherapist would assert that an alcoholic or a chain-smoker is stuck in what stage of development? A) Anal B) Genital C) Latency D) Oral
d
93. Which order is correct for Freud's psychosexual stages of development? A) oral, phallic, genital, latent, anal B) anal, oral, genital, latent, phallic C) genital, anal, oral, phallic, latent D) oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
d
95. Stewie has developed strong feelings for his mother and views his father as a rival for her attention. However, he is afraid that his father will find out and interfere with these plans. Stewie is clearly immersed in the __________ stage. A) anal B) genital C) oral D) phallic
d
99. A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect A) current events. B) daydreaming themes. C) maladaptive patterns of behavior. D) unconscious thoughts and feelings.
d
61. According to Eysenck, who would have the LEAST reactive reticular activating system? A) Grace, who likes to read B) Tucker, who likes to fish C) Lily, who likes to talk D) Ben, who likes to surf
d) Ben
12. Which of the following is not a point of emphasis for psychodynamic theories of personality? a. The role of unconscious motives b. The importance of early social relationships c. Learning how to cope with and regulate emotion d. Using trait descriptions to describe personality
d. Using trait descriptions to describe personality
14. The aspect of consciousness proposed by Carl Jung that is a store of archetypes representing symbols and experiences common to all cultures is called the _____. a. preconscious b. subconscious c. analytical conscious d. collective unconscious
d. collective unconscious
4. Research into animal personalities suggests that: a. unlike human personality traits, animal personality traits have no genetic basis. b. humans are the only animals who have true emotions. c. the Big Five personality traits can be observed only in primates. d. the Big Five personality traits occur in many different types of animals.
d. the Big Five personality traits occur in many different types of animals.
7. A major difference between the Big Five and the MMPI-2 is: a. the Big Five is ideally suited for measuring abnormal personality traits. b. the Big Five is an idiographic approach, whereas the MMPI-2 takes a nomothetic approach to measuring personality. c. the MMPI-2 accounts for states and situational factors, whereas the Big Five does not. d. the MMPI-2 can be used to measure abnormal personality traits.
d. the MMPI-2 can be used to measure abnormal personality traits.
