Psych 128 Exam 2 Review

According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain. a) neuronal limitation b) sensory-functional c) semantic category d) multiple-factor

c) semantic category

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a) Family resemblance b) Spreading activation c) Cognitive economy d) Hierarchical organization

a) Family resemblance

Which of the following represents a basic level item? a) Guitar b) Musical instrument c) Rock guitar d) Paul McCartney's bass guitar

a) Guitar

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that a) a carrot would be named before eggplant. b) a carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first. c) an eggplant would be named before carrot. d) the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant.

a) a carrot would be named before eggplant.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of a) a sequence of actions. b) information stored in both semantic and episodic memory. c) items appropriate to a particular setting. d) what is involved in a particular experience.

a) a sequence of actions.

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of a) constructive memory processes. b) the effect of scripts. c) verbatim recall. d) cryptomnesia

a) constructive memory processes.

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence a) creates more connections. b) is more interesting. c) causes more rehearsal. d) takes longer to process.

a) creates more connections.

According to the typicality effect, a) items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. b) we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects. c) objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. d) objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered.

a) items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is a) manipulated b) forgotten c) permanently stored d) perceived

a) manipulated

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a) sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. b) receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. c) receptor, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. d) sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal

a) sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

The word-length effect reveals that a) the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity. b) STM digit span remain constant across native speakers of different languages c) longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words

a) the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____. a) auditorially; auditorially b) semantically; auditorally c) auditorially; semantically d) semantically; visually

a)auditorially; auditorially

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a) Typicality b) Prototype c) Exemplar d) Network

b) Prototype

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting a) accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent decreased the likelihood of false memories. b) a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories. c) accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parents increased the likelihood of false memories. d) a photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories

b) a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a) childhood and adolescence. b) adolescence and young adulthood. c) childhood and middle age. d) young adulthood and middle age.

b) adolescence and young adulthood.

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ________ memory. a) sensory b) autobiographical c) short-term d) long-term

c) short- term

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that a) experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. b) chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts. c) knowledge in an area of expertise increase a person's digit span. d) expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material.

b) chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a) using it in a sentence. b) repeating it over and over. c) thinking of its synonyms and antonyms d) linking the new word to a previously learned concept.

b) repeating it over and over.

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances. a) moderate b) strong c) no d) weak

b) strong

Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by a) levels of processing. b) the encoding specificity principle. c) the distribution practiced effect d) the spacing effect.

b) the encoding specificity principle.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a) imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM b) the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. c) the remembered generates his own retrieval cues d) there is deep processing during acquisitions of the new materials

b) the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos a) of familiar places b) they took themselves c) the person has seen before d) the person has never seen before

b) they took themselves

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that a) despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup. b)when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong. c) it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. d)highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate.

b)when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a) 149 29111 776 b) 14 92 91 117 76 c) 1492 911 1776 d) 14 929 111 776

c) 1492 911 1776

The "magic number," according to Miller, is a) 5 plus 2 b) lucky 13 c) 7 +/- 2 d) 7 and 11

c) 7+/- 2

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups? a) A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other. b) A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw. c) A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event. d) A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator.

c) A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful? a) Categories serve as a valuable tool for making inferences about things that belong to other categories. b)Categories have been called "pointers to knowledge" because once you know an object's category, you know a lot of general things about it. c) Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects. d) Categories help us understand behaviors that we might otherwise find baffling.

c) Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a) Marrying at age 60 b) Having a child at age 45 c) Graduating from college at age 22 d) Retiring from work at age 40

c) Graduating from college at age 22

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a) before the event. b) all of the above c) after the event. d) during the event.

c) after the event.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories. a) imagery. b) implicit memory during learning. c) an organizational context during learning. d) deep processing during retrieval.

c) an organizational context during learning

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a) response b) encoding c) delay d) stimulus presentation

c) delay

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization. a) definitional b) family resemblance c) exemplar d) prototype

c) exemplar

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if... a) both are handled by the phonological loop. b) both are handled by the sketch pad. c) one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. d) the central executive is deactivated.

c) one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM. a) mass practice b) long-term potentiation c) retrieval cues d) elaborative rehearsal

c) retrieval cues

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a) a mass practice effect. b) semantic memory. c) the self-reference effect. d) the integrative experience effect.

c) the self-reference effect.

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? a) Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable. b) police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in recollections. c) Police offer positive reinforcement to witness (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. d) Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

d) Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a) a stimulus is presented. b) a statement is true. c) two stimuli are associated. d) a presented stimulus is a word.

d) a presented stimulus is a word.

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as a) rehearsal interference b) an LTM recency effect c)an overload of sensory memory d) articulatory

d) articulatory suppression

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the a) spacing effect b) cued recall effect c) multiple trace hypothesis d) generation effect.

d) generation effect

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a) "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum chair, coat, lamp, pants" b) "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" c) "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa" d) "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"

d)"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"