Psych 162
What proportion of heroin users report first misusing prescription opioids? A) 80% B) 60% C) 20%
A) 80%
What is the 6-month abstention rate after receiving the best available treatment for nicotine use disorder? A) About 30% B) About 50% C) About 10% D) About 70%
A) About 30%
Alcohol is a teratogen, which means... A) Alcohol damages developing fetuses B) The effects of alcohol can be both acute and chronic C) Alcohol does not target a specific receptor in the brain D) The harms associated with consuming alcohol are dependent upon how much is consumed
A) Alcohol damages developing fetuses
The psychostimulant theory of addiction posits which of the following? A) All drugs of abuse increase the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway B) All drugs of abuse increase the release of GABA in the amygdala C) All drugs of abuse increase positive feelings that people enjoy D) All drugs of abuse increase the release of glutamate in the central nervous system
A) All drugs of abuse increase the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Which pharmacotherapy may be especially efficacious for individuals that have a dual diagnosis of depression and nicotine dependence? A) Bupropion B) Naltrexone C) Nicotine patch D) Varenicline
A) Bupropion
What psychosocial interventions does the matrix model integrate? A) CBT, 12-step facilitation, and family education B) 12-step facilitation, family education, and motivational interviewing C) CBT, contingency management, and 12-step facilitation D) Contingency management, 12-step facilitation, and family education
A) CBT, 12-step facilitation, and family education
Along with the best available research, which of the following make up evidence-based practice in psychology? A) Clinical expertise and patient characteristics B) Medical model and patient characteristics C) Contextual model and clinical expertise D) Theoretical perspectives and patient characteristics
A) Clinical expertise and patient characteristics
Betsy is attending a psychosocial therapy where she is asked to identify what happened before she used opiates and what happened after she used opiates. Betsy is most likely participating in what type of therapy? A) Cognitive behavioral therapy B) Motivational interviewing C) Contingency management D) Mutual help group
A) Cognitive behavioral therapy
Which are the top two evidence based interventions for psychostimulant use disorder? A) Contingency management and cognitive behavioral therapy B) Motivational interviewing and contingency management C) Twelve-step facilitation and cognitive behavioral therapy D) Family therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy
A) Contingency management and cognitive behavioral therapy
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of cannabis withdrawal? A) Euphoria B) Dysphoria C) Lack of energy D) Loss of appetite
A) Euphoria
Which of the following is NOT a teratogenic consequence of smoking during pregnancy? A) Exposed babies have a lower IQ B) Exposed babies are lighter C) Exposed babies are smaller D) Exposed babies have reduced lung capacity
A) Exposed babies have a lower IQ
According to the allostatic model, drug addiction has characteristics of which two disorders? A) Impulse-control disorders and compulsive disorders B) Mood disorders and personality disorders C) Compulsive disorders and mood disorders D) Anxiety disorders and impulse-control disorders
A) Impulse-control disorders and compulsive disorders
Which of the following is FALSE about neurotransmitter dysregulation? A) It does not occur in every type of addiction B) It may be induced by a traumatic life event C) It may be caused by acute drug use D) It may occur prior to the onset of drug use
A) It does not occur in every type of addiction
Genetic linkage studies have been successful in which type of disorders? A) Mendelian B) Association C) High D) Complex
A) Mendelian
Which psychological intervention has the most evidence-based support as a treatment for tobacco use disorder? A) Motivational Interviewing B) Minimal Contact Intervention C) Twelve-step program D) Contingency Management
A) Motivational Interviewing
Which of the following treatment methods works in part by providing a sober social outlet for the patients? A) Mutual help group B) Harm reduction C) Brief intervention D) Motivational interviewing
A) Mutual help group
Which of the following medications for alcohol use disorder works by dampening the rewarding effects of alcohol? A) Naltrexone B) Suboxone C) Disulfiram D) Acamprosate E) Bupropion
A) Naltrexone
What is nicotine's target receptor in the brain? A) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor B) Nicotinic glutamate receptor C) Nicotinic gaba receptor D) Nicotinic dopamine receptor
A) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Which of the following DSM-V criteria are required to diagnose a patient with a substance use disorder? A) None of the other answers B) Experiencing craving C) Developing tolerance D) Recurrent use of the drug in hazardous situations E) Experiencing withdrawal
A) None of the other answers
What is the gold standard of pharmacological treatment for opioid addiction? A) Opioid substitution therapy B) Naltrexone C) Naloxone D) Contingency management
A) Opioid substitution therapy
Dr. Shepherd is developing a new behavioral treatment for alcohol use disorder. He has a small group of patients, all of whom know they they are receiving an experimental treatment. Which stage of development is his treatment currently in? A) Stage I B) Stage II C) Stage III
A) Stage I
Which compound is responsible for the psychoactive effects of marijuana? A) THC B) Sativa C) Anandamide D) Both THC and CBD E) CBD
A) THC
Two clinicians are discussing a patient, and one clinician says that the patient suffers from a moderate cannabis use disorder. The other clinician is able to understand the meaning of this statement thanks to what? A) The diagnostic definition of addiction B) The epidemiological definition of addiction C) The conceptual definition of addiction
A) The diagnostic definition of addiction
What is the underlying reasoning behind opioid substitution therapy? A) The neuroadaptation due to opiates is so significant that individuals may never be able to function normally without opiates in their system B) The danger of overdose is so significant that individuals need a substitute so that they do not overdose and risk death C) The withdrawal from opiate use is so dangerous that individuals need substitutes to get relief D) The acute effects of opiates are so powerful that individuals need a substitute to function normally
A) The neuroadaptation due to opiates is so significant that individuals may never be able to function normally without opiates in their system
How did the APA task force on empirically-validated treatments improve treatments for mental health disorders? A) The task force decided on a list of criteria by which consumers can judge the scientific support for different treatments. B) The task force generated ideas for novel theory-driven treatments C) The task force put together a list of FDA-approved medications for mental health disorders
A) The task force decided on a list of criteria by which consumers can judge the scientific support for different treatments
Which of the following most accurately describes the current state of evidence-based psychosocial treatments in the US? A) There are few evidence-based treatment programs available B) Most available treatment programs are evidence-based C) Evidence-based treatment programs have been adopted in most inpatient programs, which are common in the US today D) While there used to be few evidence-based programs available, now most treatment programs are evidence-based
A) There are few evidence-based treatment programs available
When Carmen smokes marijuana, she feels relaxed, calm, and in high spirits. When Lena smokes marijuana, by contrast, she feels anxious and paranoid. Which of the following models attempts to explain why Carmen is more likely to develop a cannabis use disorder? A) Variability in drug effects B) Social network perspective C) Personality factors D) Cognitive processes E) Reinforcement-based approach
A) Variability in drug effects
The high from using __________ lasts 2-4 hours and the high from using __________ lasts up to 8-10 hours. A) cocaine / methamphetamine B) methylphenidate / methamphetamine C) methamphetamine / methylphenidate D) methamphetamine / cocaine
A) cocaine / methamphetamine
Addiction is a _______ disorder attributed to the interaction between _____ and _____ factors. A) complex; genetic; environmental B) complex; environmental; endophenotypic C) single gene; phenotypic; environmental D) mendelian; genetic; phenotypic
A) complex; genetic; environmental
According to attribution theory and the familiarity hypothesis, what would be the most effective vignette to reduce UCLA students' negative stigma surrounding individuals with substance use disorders? A) A story about Louis, a middle aged man who suffers from an alcohol use disorder and is struggling to hold down a job and support his two children B) A story about Miguel, a young adult college student who suffers from an alcohol use disorder and is struggling to keep up with his classwork C) A story about Stacy, a middle aged woman who suffers from an alcohol use disorder and is going through a tough divorce as a result D) A story about Viola, a young adult who suffers from an alcohol use disorder and is struggling to find work as a screenwriter
B) A story about Miguel, a young adult college student who suffers from an alcohol use disorder and is struggling to keep up with his classwork
What is the abuse liability of nicotine? A) About 1 in 4 B) About 1 in 3 C) About 1 in 5
B) About 1 in 3
Carina is recovering from an alcohol use disorder. She does not drink alcohol any more, but still suffers from difficulty sleeping and anxiety. What medication would you prescribe to address these problems? A) Naltrexone B) Acamprosate C) Bupropion D) Suboxone E) Disulfiram
B) Acamprosate
What main conclusion regarding alcohol use in the US can we draw from comparing the results of NESARC-II and NESARC-III? A) Alcohol use in the US has not changed B) Alcohol use in the US has increased C) Nothing, you cannot compare the results of these studies D) Alcohol use in the US has decreased
B) Alcohol use in the US has increased
Based on current evidence, which psychosocial treatment, or combination of psychosocial treatments is most effective for cannabis use disorder? A) Combination of family therapy and contingency management B) Combination of motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and contingency management C) Combination of twelve-step facilitation and cognitive behavioral therapy D) Contingency management alone
B) Combination of motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and contingency management
Noah receives a voucher for showing up to treatment visits with a negative urine toxicology screen. What type of psychosocial treatment is Noah participating in? A) Cognitive behavioral therapy B) Contingency management C) Harm reduction D) Motivational interviewing
B) Contingency management
Mark smokes e-cigarettes instead of traditional cigarettes. What biomarker should researchers use to evaluate if he has been smoking? A) Carbon monoxide level in breath B) Cotinine level in urine C) Cotinine level in breath D) Carbon monoxide level in urine
B) Cotinine level in urine
John has a variant in his ALDHD2 gene which alters his ability to metabolize alcohol and causes a flushing response. How does this genetic polymorphism impact his likelihood to have an alcohol use disorder? A) Does not affect the likelihood B) Decreases the likelihood C) Increases the likelihood
B) Decreases the likelihood
Pharmacotherapies address which two broad objectives? A) Establishing initial abstinence and addressing sensitization in the brain B) Establishing initial abstinence and preventing relapse C) Reducing use and preventing relapse D) Reducing use and establishing abstinence
B) Establishing initial abstinence and preventing relapse
Ulysses used to drink a lot at the bar down the street from his apartment. He is now recovering, but he can no longer go to the bar because it makes him crave a drink. Which model of addiction explains why this might happen? A) Pathology of motivation and choice theory B) Incentive sensitization theory C) Psychostimulant theory D) Allostasis theory
B) Incentive sensitization theory
Why is alcohol called a "dirty drug"? A) It increases breath alcohol content B) It has no specific receptor that it activates in the brain C) It can cause overdose and death D) It causes disinhibition and poor decision-making
B) It has no specific receptor that it activates in the brain
Which of the following is a weakness of clinical observation as evidence for addiction treatments? A) All of the other answers are weaknesses of clinical observation as evidence for addiction treatments B) It is vulnerable to bias The strength of association from clinical observations is typically weak C) It is time consuming D) It can only falsify treatments, not support them
B) It is vulnerable to bias
Which of the following describes personalized medicine in the context of addiction? A) Cultivating a highly empathetic interpersonal relationship between clinician and patient B) Matching a patient with the treatment they are most likely to benefit from C) Prescribing the best therapeutic practices as recommended by research D) Combining medication with individualized cognitive behavioral therapy
B) Matching a patient with the treatment they are most likely to benefit from
What is one of the common gender differences seen in gambling disorder? A) Women are more likely to report strategic types of gambling, while men tend to report non-strategic types of gambling B) Men are more likely to report strategic types of gambling, while women tend to report non-strategic types of gambling C) Men and women report equal rates of strategic and non-strategic types of gambling
B) Men are more likely to report strategic types of gambling, while women tend to report non-strategic types of gambling
According to pathology of motivation and choice theory, end-stage addiction is associated with changes in neurobiology to which brain region? A) Prefrontal cortex B) Nucleus accumbens C) Ventricle tegmantal area D) Dopamine reward system
B) Nucleus accumbens
What is the biggest weakness of Contingency Management? A) Contingency management is too expensive to deliver widely B) Outcomes are not sustained beyond the end of treatment delivery C) Contingency management requires experienced, trained therapists D) Patients are not interested in receiving contingency management
B) Outcomes are not sustained beyond the end of treatment delivery
Which of the following is not a major goal of cannabis use disorder medication development? A) Reducing cravings for cannabis B) Reducing tolerance to cannabis C) Reducing cannabis withdrawal symptoms D) Reducing the rewarding effects of cannabis
B) Reducing tolerance to cannabis
__________ is the biological process that occurs when drug use results in an increase in the number of receptors and/or an increase in the sensitivity of remaining receptors A) Tolerance B) Sensitization C) Withdrawal D) Craving
B) Sensitization
Ralph has chronic pain and is seeking treatment for his opioid use disorder? What is a recommendation for his treatment? A) Weekly dosing of suboxone B) Split dosing of methadone C) Weekly dosing of methadone D) Naltrexone injection
B) Split dosing of methadone
Which element(s) of cigarettes is/are carcinogenic? A) Both tar and nicotine B) Tar C) Nicotine
B) Tar
Which is not true about theories of addiction? A) Theories of addiction can inform clinical practice B) Theories of addiction are a list of symptoms C) Theories of addiction articulate the important processes and mechanisms of addiction D) Theories of addiction are grounded in empirical observations
B) Theories of addiction are a list of symptoms
What is one strength of brief interventions? A) They are based on the principles of operant conditioning B) They are flexible with respect to patients' goals regarding substance use C) They pair well with medications to support abstinence D) They are particularly effective for non-alcohol drugs of abuse
B) They are flexible with respect to patients' goals regarding substance use
How has the prevalence of tobacco use changed in the past 40 years in the US? A) Tobacco use decreased for 40 years B) Tobacco use decreased for 30 years then plateaued C) Tobacco used decreased for 30 years then began to rise slowly D) Tobacco use has not changed substantially in the past 40 years
B) Tobacco use decreased for 30 years then plateaued
In developmental psychopathology models, which developmental window is the most important period for the development of addiction? A) young adulthood to adulthood B) adolescence to young adulthood C) prenatal to childhood D) childhood to adolescence
B) adolescence to young adulthood
Naloxone, an opioid _________, can _______ an accidental opioid overdose. A) agonist; block B) antagonist; block C) antagonist; induce D) agonist; induce
B) antagonist; block
Joan struggles with excessive anxiety. In the 1950s, she would have likely been prescribed __________, but now she is more likely to be prescribed __________. A) benzodiazepines / barbiturates B) barbiturates / benzodiazepines C) barbiturates / opiates D) opiates / benzodiazepines E) opiates / barbiturates
B) barbiturates / benzodiazepines
Allostasis theory suggests that when someone begins using drugs, they begin using because of ________ reinforcement. Over time, once they have become addicted, they continue use drugs because of _________ reinforcement. A) positive / positive B) positive / negative C) negative / negative D) negative / positive
B) positive / negative
In cognitive processes models, _______ expectancies ______ the risk of subsequent drug use. A) positive; decrease B) positive; predict C) negative; increase D) negative; predict
B) positive; predict
What is the final product of the metabolism of alcohol? A) Acetaldehyde B) Alcohol dehydrogenase C) Acetate and water D) Ethanol
C) Acetate and water
Which of the following individuals would benefit most from family therapy during recovery from a cannabis use disorder? A) Beverly, a 24 year old woman B) Devin, a 32 year old woman C) Aiden, a 16 year old boy D) Cory, a 24 year old man
C) Aiden, a 16 year old boy
The primary target of THC in the brain is the _____ receptor. A) Anandamide B) CB2 C) CB1 D) Dopamine
C) CB1
What should be the first line of treatment for an individual with gambling disorder? A) Gamblers anonymous B) Family therapy C) CBT D) Motivational interviewing
C) CBT
Which of the following is NOT a CNS depressant A) Barbiturates B) Benzodiazepines C) Cocaine D) Opioids
C) Cocaine
Which of the following criteria to evaluate substance use disorder is novel to the DSM-V and not present in the DSM-IV? A) Recurrent use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems caused by the drug B) Significant time spent obtaining, using, and recovering from effects of the drug C) Craving to use the drug D) Recurrent use of the drug in hazardous situations
C) Craving to use the drug
Marie is going to a work conference where she knows alcohol will be freely available. She asks her doctor to prescribe which medication to help her remain abstinent? A) Naltrexone B) Acamprosate C) Disulfiram
C) Disulfiram
_____ studies provide the initial evidence of heritability of a disorder, while ______ studies provide heritability estimates. A) Association; family B) Twin; family C) Family; twin D) Family; adoption
C) Family; twin
Currently, which opioid drug is associated with the majority of opioid overdoses? A) Oxycodone B) Suboxone C) Fentanyl D) Methadone
C) Fentanyl
Paolo goes to a clinic to receive a dose of methadone each day. What kind of treatment is Paolo receiving? A) Exposure treatment B) Abstinence training C) Harm reduction D) Contingency management
C) Harm reduction
Cannabis use is higher in _________ and highest among the ___________ age group A) Women vs. men, 12-17 year old B) Women vs. men, 18-29 year old C) Men vs. women; 18-29 year old D) Men vs. women, 12-17 year old
C) Men vs. women; 18-29 year old
Which substance use disorder has the highest heritability estimate? A) Cannabis Use Disorder B) Cocaine Use Disorder C) Nicotine Dependence D) Alcohol Use Disorder
C) Nicotine Dependence
Which of the following models gives a detailed account of neurological adaptations in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens? A) Incentive sensitization theory B) Allostasis theory C) Pathology of motivation and choice theory D) Psychostimulant theory
C) Pathology of motivation and choice theory
Behavioral economics is an example of what type of psychosocial addiction model? A) Variability in acute drug effects model B) Cognitive Processes model C) Reinforcement-based model D) Personality factors model
C) Reinforcement-based model
Which of the following does NOT influence how alcohol is metabolized by the body? A) Rate of drinking B) Amount of food in the stomach C) Tolerance to alcohol D) Type of alcohol consumed
C) Tolerance to alcohol
Treatment of stimulant use disorder would be incomplete without which of the following components? A) Talk therapy B) Contingency management C) Urine toxicology screening D) Pharmacological intervention
C) Urine toxicology screening
Which of the following is NOT an endogenous opioid peptide? A) Endorphin B) Enkaphalin C) Zyklophin D) Dynorphin
C) Zyklophin
What is true of a treatment that is shown to be efficacious only? A) The treatment works in both controlled and real-world settings B) The treatment only works in real-world settings C) he treatment only works in controlled settings D) The treatment is not supported by carefully controlled experimentation
C) he treatment only works in controlled settings
An individual with a severe substance use disorder has met at least how many DSM-V criteria? A) 2 B) 11 C) 4 D) 6
D) 6
What percentage of cannabis users develop cannabis use disorder (CUD)? A) 2-3% B) 20-30% C) 15-16% D) 8-9%
D) 8-9%
What percentage of individuals with an alcohol use disorder seek treatment for their disorder? A) About 80% B) About 60% C) About 40% D) About 20%
D) About 20%
Which of the following is/are problems with implementing evidence-based treatments in real-world settings? A) Learning to deliver new treatments is time-consuming for clinicians B) Clinicians may be reluctant to change their current habits C) Many clinicians feel that research into new treatments is too abstract and does not apply to their specific patients D) All of the other answers are problems with implementing evidence-based treatments in real-world settings
D) All of the other answers are problems with implementing evidence-based treatments in real-world settings
Which of the following is not a criterion that is used to determine if there is a causal impact of a treatment on an outcome? A) Consistency B) Plausability C) Temporality D) Clinical observation
D) Clinical observation
What is cocaine's method of action within the brain? A) Cocaine blocks dopamine release causing a decrease of dopamine in the synapse B) Cocaine releases dopamine directly into the synapse C) Cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake causing an increase of dopamine in the synapse D) Cocaine blocks the dopamine transporter causing an increase of dopamine in the synapse
D) Cocaine blocks the dopamine transporter causing an increase of dopamine in the synapse
Which psychosocial intervention is the most effective for reducing depressive symptoms in individuals with OUD? A) Behavioral couples therapy B) Motivational enhancement therapy C) Dialectical behavioral therapy D) Cognitive behavioral therapy E) Contingency management
D) Cognitive behavioral therapy
Compared to other drugs of abuse, methamphetamine use is associated with higher rates of ________? A) Fine motor deficits B) Relapse C) Gross motor deficits D) Cognitive deficits
D) Cognitive deficits
The incentive sensitization theory places a particular focus on: A) Desensitization of the reward system B) Prefrontal cortex C) Negative reinforcement D) Drug cues
D) Drug cues
Which of of the following contributes to the difficulty of studterm-88ying cannabis in a research setting? A) It is difficult to finding willing research participants B) Researchers have not yet developed a relaible way to measure the concentration of THC in a person's system C) The effects of cannabis are highly variable between individuals D) Lack of standardization of dosage in different cannabis products
D) Lack of standardization of dosage in different cannabis products
What is the main cause of death directly due to chronic alcohol use? A) Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome B) Suffocating on vomit C) Cardiomyopathy D) Automobile accident D) Liver cirrhosis
D) Liver cirrhosis
Dr. Smith shows his patient Joe a graph of his weekly reductions in drinking. This is an example of: A) Medical Model B) Identifying a gap in evidence-based practice C) Contextual Model D) Measurement-based practice
D) Measurement-based practice
Rachel's goes to her doctor who asks her about her smoking behavior and advises her on the risks and consequences of smoking. What type of intervention is this? A) Cognitive behavioral therapy B) Contingency management C) Motivational interviewing intervention D) Minimal contact intervention
D) Minimal contact intervention
Which of the following substance use disorders has the highest 12-month prevalence? A) Alcohol B) Nonmedical prescription opioids C) Cannabis D) Nicotine
D) Nicotine
What is the most effective FDA-approved medication for stimulant use disorder? A) Antipsychotics B) Methylphenidate C) Naltrexone D) None of the other answers are FDA-approved medications for stimulant use disorder E) Bupropion
D) None of the other answers are FDA-approved medications for stimulant use disorder
Quiana has been diagnosed with both a moderate opiate use disorder and a mild alcohol use disorder. Ultimately, what kind of diagnosis does Quiana have? A) Major depressive disorder B) Dual substance disorder C) Dual diagnosis D) Poly substance disorder
D) Poly substance disorder
Mona, a young adult college student, has an alcohol use disorder. Most of her friends drink heavily. This example is supported by which model of addiction? A) Social influences and mechanisms B) Developmental psychopathology C) Sociocultural influences D) Social networks E) Personality factors
D) Social networks
What is the primary outcome of the COMBINE trial? A) Supported prescribing acamprosate combined with CBT B) Supported prescribing naltrexone combined with CBT C) Supported prescribing acamprosate in the context of primary care D) Supported prescribing naltrexone in the context of primary care
D) Supported prescribing naltrexone in the context of primary care
Which of the following summarizes the empirical support for Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)? A) Recovery rates are not dependent upon whether or not an individual becomes affiliated with AA, just that the individual attends meetings B) There is little empirical support for AA C) Most drinkers that have quit drinking used AA when quitting D) There is a positive relationship between AA attendance and recovery
D) There is a positive relationship between AA attendance and recovery
Which of the following is/are true of tolerance? A) In order for a person to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder, the person must have built up some tolerance for the substance B) Tolerance as a criterion to evaluate addiction severity was not present in the DSM-IV C) All of the other answers are true D) Tolerance changes with use of the drug
D) Tolerance changes with use of the drug
Which pharmacological treatment is the most effective for smoking cessation? A) Naltrexone B) Bupropion C) Nicotine replacement therapy D) Varenicline
D) Varenicline
Brief motivational interventions are best for individuals with ________ use problems and a goal of _______? A) substance; complete abstinence B) substance; reducing use C) It is flexible in accommodating non-abstinence goals D) alcohol; reducing use E) alcohol; complete abstinence
D) alcohol; reducing use
What is one challenge present in behavioral therapy research that is not an issue in pharmacological research? A) Therapeutic model B) The standardization of drinking outcomes C) The standardization of participant recruitment D) The standardization of sample sizes E) The standardization of a placebo condition
E) The standardization of a placebo condition
Which of the following is an FDA-approved pharmacotherapy for cannabis use disorder? A) Gabapentin B) Dronabinol C) Oxytocin D) Nabilone E) There are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for CUD
E) There are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for CUD
Which medication was developed to improve patient adherence to medication regimens? A) disulfiram B) extended-release naltrexone C) oral naltrexone D) acamprosate
extended-release naltrexone