Psych 17 Final Exam
ECT: The Beginning
induced artificially patients started to convulse immediately unconscious, fractured limbs, bruises
1. Set commitments with 3 levels
(Optimal, Acceptable, & Passable) level of performance to avoid an all/none pass fail
somatic treatments
- Medical treatments for psychological disorders, including drug treatments (psychopharmacology), psychosurgery, and electroconvulsive shock therapy. - Based on the biomedical model of psychological disorders.
Behaviorism 101: The Keys to the Kingdom of Change
1. reward the behavior to increase it (positive reinforcement) 2. Punish the behavior to decrease it (Positive punishment) 3. reduce discomfort to increase behavior (negative reinforcement) 4. Take away rewards to decrease behavior (negative Punishment)
Moral Treatment: Respectful of the Mentally Ill
1700s-1800s High success rate, not a lot of people returning gave patients things to do & meals
Hospital Movement
18th century protected insane from harm, cure them, improve lives, and fulfill caring needs
Insulin Coma Therapy: Rewiring the Brain
1930s-1960s thought brain wires were crosses dropped insulin levels -> patient in coma -> raised levels
DSM5 criteria for schizophrenia Part A
2 or more for at least 1 month: hallucinations, disorganized speech, catonic behavior, negative symptoms
Awareness and Commitments as Antidote to Auto-Pilot behavior
3 Steps 1. Set commitments with 3 levels of performance 2. Devise reinforces for success 3. Target barriers to success
imbalances
4 fluids, blood, phlegm, bile, & black bile
Trephination: Holes in Your Head
5,000-7,000 years ago done if someone is possessed by demons made sense to drill holes to get them out cured but killed them
How many people have psychotic experiences?
6%
What does it mean to experience psychosis?
A continuum from normality to psychosis DSM says either have it or not
Parkinson's disease
A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.
Provide a clear example from DSM of circular reasoning
ADHD, mother seeking evidence. Going around in circle, backward claim
Westernization
An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.
History of treatment
Asylums, EST, Skull Drills help those suffering from M.I.s View has changed throughout history (societal view) Trephined skulls Several ancient cultures used some religious & recreational activities to help Hippocrates's Imbalances Social stigma Humanitarian movement Hospital movement Sigmund Freud Somatic treatment Chlorpromazine
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
Asylums: Isolating the Patient
Basically warehoused -sent here if family couldn't take care of them
Bleeding, Vomiting, and Purging: Fixing 'Humors' Ancient Greece Through 1600s
Belief that if one was acting crazy, they were out of balance -causing one to vomit, bleed out or purge, would re balance them
History of the making of the DSM
Consensus document Heavily influenced by pharm. industry Little emphasis on context
seasonal affective disorder
Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions.
Conflicts of Interest
DSM has drugs ADs on UOP library website
What flew off shelves?
DSM-3 & the DSM-3R (revised) flew off shelves
Clarifying Boundary Between Normality & Disorder
DSM5 introduced with preface of disorder section 2 of the manual (excluding [v&z codes]) must meet the definition of mental disorder
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusions of reference, delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur, thought broadcasting, though insertion, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behaviour, catatonia
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
History of Mental Health Treatments in the Western World
Disturbing, should be looking for causes Belief is crucial since we know how treatments should go
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
Popular Psychology, Fads, Pseudoscience: Historical Example
Phrenology Frances J. Gall -followed by Thomas Edison & Ralph Waldo Emerson
Naming something doesn't make it real
Reification - renamed it Name of mental illness was supposed to be a short, quick way for professionals to talk amongst one another to discuss their patients
Hickey (1998); Sorboro (2010)
Reliability & Validity of DSM labels ADHD & MDD criteria of 2 overlap a lot why people get diagnosed w/2,3,4 illnesses
DSM-5 Criteria for Schizophrenia Part C
Signs must last atleast 6 months must include 1 month of symptoms that meet criteria A during residual periods, only negative symptoms may be present
Beck (2016) The disease you only get if you believe in them
Talked about diseases you get if you believe in them in other countries
Dangerous of Reification
The underlying cause is not found or defined
Would never use the criteria used to diagnose mental illnesses for medical illnesses
They don't have the mental illness, they are suffering from something we have yet to be able to identify
The Disease You Only Get if You Believe in Them
Westernization bigorexia seasonal affective disorder
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
a depressive disorder in children characterized by persistent irritability and frequent episodes of out-of-control behavior
Bigorexia
a disorder in which an individual falsely believes he or she is underweight or undersized
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a disorder marked by repeated episodes of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation
Chlorpromazine
a drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors
psychosis
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Asylums treatment
abuse, abandoned, & chained
psychological approach
aims to understand experiences in the same way that we understand
punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
3 Steps to tackling autopilot
be aware of how laws of behaviorism come into play in life & plan to enact own reinforces for behaviors for behavior you want changed
Soma
body
Private Madhouses treatments
church attendance, confessing/repenting
Sorboro (2010)
construct v. identifiable disease
DSM Library
contains glossary of cultural distress lists like other countries have it but we don't
What is "normal" & who gets define it?
crazy & abnormal -> cultural impact (norms)
result of supernatural phenomena
demonic possession treated with chipping at skull and helped evil spirits release
Thought Disorder
difficulties with thinking, concentrating, remembering schizophrenia having extreme case of this (word salad)
Psychosis (schizophrenia)
distortion of reality and disturbances of thought
Physical Therapies: Restraints
everyone needed restraints
context
excludes the "why" of feelings
Popular Psychology, Fads, Pseudoscience: Current Example
fMRI = 21st phrenology
Delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
grandiose
falsely exaggerating one's worth
DSM used to list homosexuality, what about gender identity?
gay/lesbian was a mental illness society will come to understanding that gender is more fluid
What is normal?
if majority thinks it's okay, it might not be always a "swing shift"
DSM-5 Criteria for Schizophrenia Part B
impairment in a major areas of functioning for long period of time since start of disturbance
Mental Health America & U.S. Community MH Centers Act (1963)
improve lives of mentally illed in the US
The Hammer Against Witches
in 1486 written to assist in detection & persecution
Lobotomy: Disrupting Brain Circuits
inventor received Noble Prize scrambled prefrontal lobe
3. Target barriers to success
limit obstacles in environment and remove/assert your needs from support from others
Prodromal disorders
may qualify for diagnosis of mental disorder of a mental disorder based hunch of psychiatrist
Getting Change You Want
mechanisms are the "keys to the kingdom" of change because they can also help to see how this influence occurs between people
DSM-5
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
Hickey (1998)
mental diagnoses as expectations -reification of what we mean
Pendulum Swing
movement to release patients from Mental hospitals
Terms of DSM
often, clinically significant impairment, clinically significant distress. -used in diagnostic criteria are nowhere operationally defined
Paranoid
overly suspicious
What does it mean to reify something?
take an idea and turning it into a real thing
4 types of contingencies
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment
Ancient Persians, Egyptians, Greece
practiced personal hygiene and puring mind+body to protect from diseases -prescribed recreational activities to relieve symptoms of mental illness -changed view due to Hippocrates's view (illness coming from natural occurrence in body)
somatic symptom disorder
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
Understanding Psychosis and Schizophrenia
psychosis schizophrenia psychological approach
St. Mary of Bethlehem treatment
purging, bloodletting, and blistering
2020 ECT
recommended by Mayo Clinic no one knows how ECT helps depression
2. Devise reinforces for success
rewards you gift yourself for success & things you won't allow yourself if you don't meet goals
Mystic Rituals: Exorcism and Prayer
same idea as trephination demon would have to be exorcised out of person
Provide a clear example from DSM of reification
schizophrenia, know diagnoseable symptoms, but does encompass real thing
Trephined Skulls
show 1st look at mental illness (5,000 BCE)
Cultural M.H. and Health Problems
somatic symptom disease soma premenstrual dysphoric disorder
humanitarian movement
someone devoted to the promotion of human welfare and to social reforms
Women in the 20th century
sterilized, lobotomized, & etc. 5 stockton hospitals, women were given clitordectomy because mental illness was unladylike
Dangers of Reification
stops people from understanding the "why" -just using label as explanation
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies) disturbance of effect, blunting (severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression), flat affect, inappropriate affect (might laugh hysterically while describing someone's death)
Phrenology
the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities. -science of the day
social stigma
the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society ex. mental illness has been stigmatized in american society
Psychpathology
the study of abnormal behavior
Example of hearing voices in terms of continuum
times of stress, whereas for others they're intense, enduring and distressing
Hippocrates' main treatment
to change job and or environment
Reification
trying to define something that is abstract & treating it as a real thing
What the DSM is not?
used to diagnosed
No objectively validity
way to saying a person has a diagnosis of a "major pain"
After Moral Treatment...Hydro-therapies: Ice and Restraints
wrapped tightly like a mummy wouldn't fix cause only pause it for short time