Psych 2000 Exam 3
lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
Absentmindedness
adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known
Accommodation
input of sounds, words, and music
Acoustic encoding
period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood
Adolescence
maturing of the adrenal glands
Adrenarche
a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants (see living will)
Advance directive
problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions
Algorithm
loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
Amnesia
loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
Anterograde amnesia
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
Arousal theory
adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known
Assimilation
memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
long-standing connection or bond with others
Attachment
parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child
Authoritarian parenting style
parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view
Authoritative parenting style
encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
Automatic processing
characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves
Avoidant attachment
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
Chunking
domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Cognitive development
ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others
Cognitive empathy
when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote
Conception
third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events
Concrete operational stage
idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed
Conservation
formulation of new memories
Construction
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
Continuous development
time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop
Critical (sensitive) development
recall of false autobiographical memories
False memory syndrome
use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions
Fine motor skills
exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Flashbulb memory
observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
Flynn effect
loss of information from long-term memory
Forgetting
final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
Formal operational stage
faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment
representative bias
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
representative sample
set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
role schema
(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
schema
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
semantics
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
standard deviation
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
standardization
manner by which words are organized into sentences
syntax
problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found
trial and error
Sternberg's theory of intelligence (three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical)
triarchic theory of intelligence
heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result
working backwards
maturing of the sex glands
Gonadarche
use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements
Gross motor skills
a legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if he or she is unable to speak for him/herself
Health care proxy
service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting
Hospice
memories that are not part of our consciousness
Implicit memory
information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory
Levels of processing
a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants; may include health care proxy
Living will
continuous storage of information
Long-term memory (LTM)
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
Memory
technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory
Memory-enhancing strategy
beginning of menstrual period; around 12-13 years old
Menarche
memory error in which you confuse the source of your information
Misattribution
after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event
Misinformation effect paradigm
process of cell division
Mitosis
ability to move our body and manipulate objects
Motor skills
Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
Multiple Intelligences Theory
genes and biology
Nature
inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with
Newborn reflexes
study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones
Normative approach
environment and culture
Nurture
idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
Object permanence
parents make few demands and rarely use punishment
Permissive parenting style
failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones
Persistence
domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
Physical development
structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby
Placenta
medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus
Prenatal care
second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically
Preoperational stage
organs specifically needed for reproduction
Primary sexual characteristics
old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
Proactive interference
type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim
Procedural memory
process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life
Psychosexual development
domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships
Psychosocial development
process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood
Psychosocial development
accessing information without cues
Recall
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
Recognition
process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information
Reconstruction
repetition of information to be remembered
Rehearsal
learning information that was previously learned
Relearning
characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child
Resistant attachment
concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information
Schema (plural = schemata)
physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs
Secondary sexual characteristics
characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore
Secure attachment
parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings
Secure base
tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
Self-reference effect
input of words and their meaning
Semantic encoding
type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
Semantic memory
first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior
Sensorimotor stage
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
Sensory memory
holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
Short-term memory (STM)
social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years
Socioemotional selectivity theory
first male ejaculation
Spermarche
process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development
Stage of moral reasoning
creation of a permanent record of information
Storage
effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
Suggestibility
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
Temperament
biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
Teratogen
memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time
Transience
parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands
Uninvolved parenting style
input of images
Visual encoding
structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta
Zygote
In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. a. intrapersonal; naturalist b. musical; linguistic c. interpersonal; intrapersonal d. logical-mathematical; interpersonal
c. interpersonal; intrapersonal
The concept conservation refers to ________. a. thinking logically about real (concrete) events b. understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original form c. knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added d. knowing that symbols represent words, images, and ideas
c. knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept. a. unification b. amalgamation c. prototype d. schema
c. prototype
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. a. non-declarative memory b. relearning c. rehearsal d. hyperthymesia
c. rehearsal
Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. a. confirmation bias b. stereotype bias c. representativeness bias d. availability heuristic
c. representativeness bias
What are the two components of declarative memory? a. implicit and explicit b. procedural and implicit c. semantic and episodic d. short-term and long-term
c. semantic and episodic
thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory
cognition
field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think
cognitive psychology
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time( also referred to as an event schema)
cognitive script
category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences
concept
faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs
confirmation bias
providing correct or established answers to problems
convergent thinking
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
creative intelligence
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
creativity
characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
crystallized intelligence
ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture
cultural intelligence
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? a. Abraham Maslow b. Jean Piaget c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. Erik Erikson
d. Erik Erikson
Which of the following is NOT true regarding Patient H.M.? a. He lost the ability to form new memories, yet he could still remember information and events that had occurred prior to the surgery. b. He experienced difficulty with explicit / declarative memory (i.e., forming new memories). c. His hippocampus was removed in attempt to treat severe epilepsy. d. He experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum.
d. He experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum.
ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others
emotional intelligence
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time (also referred to as a cognitive script)
event schema
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
fluid intelligence
inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended
functional fixedness
set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon
grammar
mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
heuristic
belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't
hindsight bias
(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence
intelligence quotient
communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another
language
the words of a given language
lexicon
continually using an old solution to a problem without results
mental set
memory aids that help organize information for encoding
mnemonic device
smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
morpheme
mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences
natural concept
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
norming
extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule
overgeneralization
basic sound unit of a given language
phoneme
aka "street smarts"
practical intelligence
method for solving problems
problem-solving strategy
best representation of a concept
prototype
each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up
range of reaction
how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
Bias
memory error in which you cannot access stored information
Blocking
memories we consciously try to remember and recall
Explicit memory
type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience
Declarative memory
approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events
Developmental milestone
view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages
Discontinuous development
characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused
Disorganized attachment
a legal document stating that if a person stops breathing or his or her heart stops, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient
Do not resuscitate (DNR)
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
Effortful processing
preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others
Egocentrism
thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Elaborative rehearsal
multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development
Embryo
newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family
Emerging adulthood
input of information into the memory system
Encoding
physical trace of memory
Engram
type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory
Episodic memory
some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories
Equipotentiality hypothesis
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Retrieval
information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
Retroactive interference
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma
Retrograde amnesia
principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition
Reversibility
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? a. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's food preferences. b. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. c. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. d. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions.
a. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's food preferences.
Which of the following does NOT enhance memory? a. Staying awake all night to learn information b. Mnemonics c. Distributed practice d. Chunking
a. Staying awake all night to learn information
One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. a. assimilation b. egocentrism c. accommodation d. conservation
a. assimilation
Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________. a. divided intelligence into two components: crystallized and fluid b. developed Multiple Intelligences Theory c. believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g d. developed triarchic theory of intelligence
a. divided intelligence into two components: crystallized and fluid
Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. a. fluid b. analytic c. common sense d. crystallized
a. fluid
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. a. retrograde; anterograde b. antero-retro; flashbulb c. flashbulb; retro-antero d. anterograde; retrograde
a. retrograde; anterograde
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. a. schemata b. cognitions c. conventions d. facsimiles
a. schemata
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? a. secure b. disorganized c. resistant d. avoidant
a. secure
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. trust vs. mistrust b. industry vs. inferiority c. autonomy vs. shame/doubt d. identity vs. confusion
a. trust vs. mistrust
What is procedural memory? a. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions b. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts c. information about events we have personally experienced d. storage of facts and events we personally experienced
a. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? a. younger average age for marriage b. changing cultural expectations c. taking longer to complete a college degree d. changes in the workforce
a. younger average age for marriage
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. a. your first day of school b. how to use the microwave c. what the word January means d. how a cheeseburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself
a. your first day of school
aligned with academic problem solving and computations
analytical intelligence
faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution
anchoring bias
concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics
artificial concept
faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you
availability heuristic
Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? a. Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy. b. Algorithms cannot be used in everyday life. c. Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula. d. Algorithms are frequently used by computer programmers.
b. Algorithms cannot be used in everyday life.
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? a. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. b. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. c. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. d. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable.
b. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. a. syntax b. I c. thump d. psychology
b. I
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. a. The phrase "the umbilical cord" should be changed to the word "mitosis." b. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta." c. The word "embryo" should be changed to the word "germinal." d. The word "uterus" should be changed to the word "fetus."
b. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. a. mnemonic device b. chunking c. persistence d. elaborative rehearsal
b. chunking
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. a. enigmatic processing b. encoding failure c. effortless processing d. effortful processing
b. encoding failure
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. identity vs. guilt b. integrity vs. despair c. generativity vs. stagnation d. initiative vs. guilt
b. integrity vs. despair
What is semantic memory? a. storage of facts and events we personally experienced b. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts c. information about events we have personally experienced d. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions
b. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. a. sensory memory capacity is about 30 seconds b. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information c. happy memories are processed better than sad memories d. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color
b. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. a. phoneme b. morpheme c. phonic d. letter
b. morpheme
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? a. effortful b. sensory c. recall d. procedural
b. sensory
What is the Flynn effect? a. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. b. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups. c. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. d. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.
c. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it." a. The word "acquired" should be changed to the word "practiced." b. The word "retrieve" should be changed to the word "practice." c. The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized." d. The word "intelligence" should be changed to the word "intellect."
c. The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."
I have a deep fear of snakes and when I come across a place where I have seen a snake before, I have a strong memory of my fear from the last time I saw the snake. What part of my brain is most associated with the activation of this memory? a. prefrontal cortex b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. cerebellum
c. amygdala
The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. a. produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem b. think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem c. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast d. sizing up a situation and acting accordingly
c. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. a. hindsight bias b. algorithm c. availability heuristic d. functional fixedness
c. availability heuristic
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this? a. disorganized b. resistant c. avoidant d. secure
c. avoidant
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. a. change "short-term" to "episodic" b. change "memory" to "neurotransmitter" c. change "transitional" to "sensory" d. change "storage" to "engram"
c. change "transitional" to "sensory"
________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. a. personality b. targeting c. cognition d. schema
c. cognition
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a. progressive b. continuous c. discontinuous d. regressive
c. discontinuous
common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain
dyslexia
Which of the following illustrates conservation? a. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. b. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. c. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices. d. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries.
d. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries.
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. a. assimilation b. seriation c. reversibility d. accommodation
d. accommodation
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? a. amygdala b. primary cortex c. hippocampus d. cerebellum
d. cerebellum
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a. psychosocial b. artistic c. emotional d. cognitive
d. cognitive
Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. a. anchoring b. representational c. hindsight d. confirmation
d. confirmation
What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? a. sensory memories b. non-declarative memories c. implicit memories d. explicit memories
d. explicit memories
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational
d. formal operational
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? a. anchoring bias b. hindsight bias c. representative bias d. functional fixedness
d. functional fixedness
Someone with an IQ above 130 would be described as________. a. average b. having an intellectual disability c. below average d. gifted
d. gifted
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. isolation vs. intimacy b. generativity vs. stagnation c. trust vs. mistrust d. identity vs. confusion
d. identity vs. confusion
Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? a. concept b. prototype c. schemata d. language
d. language
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? a. sensory encoding b. effortful processing c. automatic processing d. memory
d. memory
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? a. stranger anxiety b. egocentrism c. reversibility d. object permanence
d. object permanence
A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. a. audio b. morpheme c. syntax d. phoneme
d. phoneme
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are using ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. a. relearning b. encoding c. recall d. recognition
d. recognition
Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? a. language b. interpretation c. syntax d. semantics
d. semantics
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies. a. preoperational b. concrete operational c. formal operational d. sensorimotor
d. sensorimotor
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage. a. zygote b. mutagen c. contaminant d. teratogen
d. teratogen
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. a. immediately applying new information using the primacy and recency effects b. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks c. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it d. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
d. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. a. chemicals b. actions c. subconscious d. thoughts
d. thoughts
ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem
divergent thinking
learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics
dyscalculia
learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly
dysgraphia