Psych 2000 Exam 3

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

Absentmindedness

adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known

Accommodation

input of sounds, words, and music

Acoustic encoding

period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood

Adolescence

maturing of the adrenal glands

Adrenarche

a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants (see living will)

Advance directive

problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions

Algorithm

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Amnesia

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

Anterograde amnesia

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

Arousal theory

adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known

Assimilation

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

long-standing connection or bond with others

Attachment

parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

Authoritarian parenting style

parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view

Authoritative parenting style

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

Automatic processing

characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

Avoidant attachment

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Chunking

domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Cognitive development

ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others

Cognitive empathy

when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

Conception

third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events

Concrete operational stage

idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed

Conservation

formulation of new memories

Construction

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

Continuous development

time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop

Critical (sensitive) development

recall of false autobiographical memories

False memory syndrome

use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions

Fine motor skills

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Flashbulb memory

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

Flynn effect

loss of information from long-term memory

Forgetting

final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

Formal operational stage

faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment

representative bias

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

representative sample

set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role

role schema

(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

schema

process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

semantics

measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean

standard deviation

method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent

standardization

manner by which words are organized into sentences

syntax

problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found

trial and error

Sternberg's theory of intelligence (three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical)

triarchic theory of intelligence

heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result

working backwards

maturing of the sex glands

Gonadarche

use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements

Gross motor skills

a legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if he or she is unable to speak for him/herself

Health care proxy

service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting

Hospice

memories that are not part of our consciousness

Implicit memory

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

Levels of processing

a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants; may include health care proxy

Living will

continuous storage of information

Long-term memory (LTM)

set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

Memory

technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

Memory-enhancing strategy

beginning of menstrual period; around 12-13 years old

Menarche

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

Misattribution

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event

Misinformation effect paradigm

process of cell division

Mitosis

ability to move our body and manipulate objects

Motor skills

Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

Multiple Intelligences Theory

genes and biology

Nature

inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with

Newborn reflexes

study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

Normative approach

environment and culture

Nurture

idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

Object permanence

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment

Permissive parenting style

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

Persistence

domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

Physical development

structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby

Placenta

medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus

Prenatal care

second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically

Preoperational stage

organs specifically needed for reproduction

Primary sexual characteristics

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

Proactive interference

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

Procedural memory

process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life

Psychosexual development

domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships

Psychosocial development

process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood

Psychosocial development

accessing information without cues

Recall

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

Recognition

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

Reconstruction

repetition of information to be remembered

Rehearsal

learning information that was previously learned

Relearning

characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child

Resistant attachment

concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information

Schema (plural = schemata)

physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs

Secondary sexual characteristics

characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore

Secure attachment

parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

Secure base

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

Self-reference effect

input of words and their meaning

Semantic encoding

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Semantic memory

first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior

Sensorimotor stage

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

Sensory memory

holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

Short-term memory (STM)

social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years

Socioemotional selectivity theory

first male ejaculation

Spermarche

process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development

Stage of moral reasoning

creation of a permanent record of information

Storage

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

Suggestibility

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

Temperament

biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

Teratogen

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

Transience

parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands

Uninvolved parenting style

input of images

Visual encoding

structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta

Zygote

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. a. intrapersonal; naturalist b. musical; linguistic c. interpersonal; intrapersonal d. logical-mathematical; interpersonal

c. interpersonal; intrapersonal

The concept conservation refers to ________. a. thinking logically about real (concrete) events b. understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original form c. knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added d. knowing that symbols represent words, images, and ideas

c. knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept. a. unification b. amalgamation c. prototype d. schema

c. prototype

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. a. non-declarative memory b. relearning c. rehearsal d. hyperthymesia

c. rehearsal

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. a. confirmation bias b. stereotype bias c. representativeness bias d. availability heuristic

c. representativeness bias

What are the two components of declarative memory? a. implicit and explicit b. procedural and implicit c. semantic and episodic d. short-term and long-term

c. semantic and episodic

thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory

cognition

field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think

cognitive psychology

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time( also referred to as an event schema)

cognitive script

category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences

concept

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

confirmation bias

providing correct or established answers to problems

convergent thinking

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

creative intelligence

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

creativity

characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

crystallized intelligence

ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture

cultural intelligence

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? a. Abraham Maslow b. Jean Piaget c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. Erik Erikson

d. Erik Erikson

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Patient H.M.? a. He lost the ability to form new memories, yet he could still remember information and events that had occurred prior to the surgery. b. He experienced difficulty with explicit / declarative memory (i.e., forming new memories). c. His hippocampus was removed in attempt to treat severe epilepsy. d. He experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum.

d. He experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum.

ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

emotional intelligence

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time (also referred to as a cognitive script)

event schema

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

fluid intelligence

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended

functional fixedness

set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon

grammar

mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

heuristic

belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't

hindsight bias

(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence

intelligence quotient

communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another

language

the words of a given language

lexicon

continually using an old solution to a problem without results

mental set

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

mnemonic device

smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

morpheme

mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences

natural concept

administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups

norming

extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule

overgeneralization

basic sound unit of a given language

phoneme

aka "street smarts"

practical intelligence

method for solving problems

problem-solving strategy

best representation of a concept

prototype

each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up

range of reaction

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

Bias

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

Blocking

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

Explicit memory

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

Declarative memory

approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events

Developmental milestone

view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages

Discontinuous development

characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused

Disorganized attachment

a legal document stating that if a person stops breathing or his or her heart stops, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient

Do not resuscitate (DNR)

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

Effortful processing

preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others

Egocentrism

thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Elaborative rehearsal

multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development

Embryo

newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family

Emerging adulthood

input of information into the memory system

Encoding

physical trace of memory

Engram

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

Episodic memory

some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

Equipotentiality hypothesis

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Retrieval

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

Retroactive interference

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

Retrograde amnesia

principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition

Reversibility

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? a. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's food preferences. b. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. c. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. d. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions.

a. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's food preferences.

Which of the following does NOT enhance memory? a. Staying awake all night to learn information b. Mnemonics c. Distributed practice d. Chunking

a. Staying awake all night to learn information

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. a. assimilation b. egocentrism c. accommodation d. conservation

a. assimilation

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________. a. divided intelligence into two components: crystallized and fluid b. developed Multiple Intelligences Theory c. believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g d. developed triarchic theory of intelligence

a. divided intelligence into two components: crystallized and fluid

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. a. fluid b. analytic c. common sense d. crystallized

a. fluid

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. a. retrograde; anterograde b. antero-retro; flashbulb c. flashbulb; retro-antero d. anterograde; retrograde

a. retrograde; anterograde

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. a. schemata b. cognitions c. conventions d. facsimiles

a. schemata

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? a. secure b. disorganized c. resistant d. avoidant

a. secure

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. trust vs. mistrust b. industry vs. inferiority c. autonomy vs. shame/doubt d. identity vs. confusion

a. trust vs. mistrust

What is procedural memory? a. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions b. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts c. information about events we have personally experienced d. storage of facts and events we personally experienced

a. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? a. younger average age for marriage b. changing cultural expectations c. taking longer to complete a college degree d. changes in the workforce

a. younger average age for marriage

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. a. your first day of school b. how to use the microwave c. what the word January means d. how a cheeseburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself

a. your first day of school

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

analytical intelligence

faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution

anchoring bias

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

artificial concept

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you

availability heuristic

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? a. Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy. b. Algorithms cannot be used in everyday life. c. Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula. d. Algorithms are frequently used by computer programmers.

b. Algorithms cannot be used in everyday life.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? a. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. b. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. c. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. d. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable.

b. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. a. syntax b. I c. thump d. psychology

b. I

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. a. The phrase "the umbilical cord" should be changed to the word "mitosis." b. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta." c. The word "embryo" should be changed to the word "germinal." d. The word "uterus" should be changed to the word "fetus."

b. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. a. mnemonic device b. chunking c. persistence d. elaborative rehearsal

b. chunking

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. a. enigmatic processing b. encoding failure c. effortless processing d. effortful processing

b. encoding failure

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. identity vs. guilt b. integrity vs. despair c. generativity vs. stagnation d. initiative vs. guilt

b. integrity vs. despair

What is semantic memory? a. storage of facts and events we personally experienced b. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts c. information about events we have personally experienced d. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

b. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. a. sensory memory capacity is about 30 seconds b. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information c. happy memories are processed better than sad memories d. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color

b. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. a. phoneme b. morpheme c. phonic d. letter

b. morpheme

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? a. effortful b. sensory c. recall d. procedural

b. sensory

What is the Flynn effect? a. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. b. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups. c. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. d. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.

c. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it." a. The word "acquired" should be changed to the word "practiced." b. The word "retrieve" should be changed to the word "practice." c. The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized." d. The word "intelligence" should be changed to the word "intellect."

c. The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

I have a deep fear of snakes and when I come across a place where I have seen a snake before, I have a strong memory of my fear from the last time I saw the snake. What part of my brain is most associated with the activation of this memory? a. prefrontal cortex b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. cerebellum

c. amygdala

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. a. produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem b. think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem c. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast d. sizing up a situation and acting accordingly

c. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. a. hindsight bias b. algorithm c. availability heuristic d. functional fixedness

c. availability heuristic

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this? a. disorganized b. resistant c. avoidant d. secure

c. avoidant

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. a. change "short-term" to "episodic" b. change "memory" to "neurotransmitter" c. change "transitional" to "sensory" d. change "storage" to "engram"

c. change "transitional" to "sensory"

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. a. personality b. targeting c. cognition d. schema

c. cognition

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a. progressive b. continuous c. discontinuous d. regressive

c. discontinuous

common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain

dyslexia

Which of the following illustrates conservation? a. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. b. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. c. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices. d. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries.

d. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries.

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. a. assimilation b. seriation c. reversibility d. accommodation

d. accommodation

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? a. amygdala b. primary cortex c. hippocampus d. cerebellum

d. cerebellum

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a. psychosocial b. artistic c. emotional d. cognitive

d. cognitive

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. a. anchoring b. representational c. hindsight d. confirmation

d. confirmation

What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? a. sensory memories b. non-declarative memories c. implicit memories d. explicit memories

d. explicit memories

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational

d. formal operational

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? a. anchoring bias b. hindsight bias c. representative bias d. functional fixedness

d. functional fixedness

Someone with an IQ above 130 would be described as________. a. average b. having an intellectual disability c. below average d. gifted

d. gifted

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. isolation vs. intimacy b. generativity vs. stagnation c. trust vs. mistrust d. identity vs. confusion

d. identity vs. confusion

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? a. concept b. prototype c. schemata d. language

d. language

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? a. sensory encoding b. effortful processing c. automatic processing d. memory

d. memory

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? a. stranger anxiety b. egocentrism c. reversibility d. object permanence

d. object permanence

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. a. audio b. morpheme c. syntax d. phoneme

d. phoneme

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are using ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. a. relearning b. encoding c. recall d. recognition

d. recognition

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? a. language b. interpretation c. syntax d. semantics

d. semantics

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies. a. preoperational b. concrete operational c. formal operational d. sensorimotor

d. sensorimotor

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage. a. zygote b. mutagen c. contaminant d. teratogen

d. teratogen

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. a. immediately applying new information using the primacy and recency effects b. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks c. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it d. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

d. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. a. chemicals b. actions c. subconscious d. thoughts

d. thoughts

ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

divergent thinking

learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics

dyscalculia

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

dysgraphia