Quiz 1-8 ITN 276

A CPU cache is not volatile, whereas a CD-ROM is volatile.

False

An inode is a data structure in the Windows NTFS file system that stores all information about a file except its name and its actual data.

False

Essentially, the ROT13 cipher is a multialphabet cipher, consisting of 13 possible letters.

False

Life span refers to how long information is accurate.

False

Malware forensics is also known as internet forensics. t or f

False

What are attributes of a solid-state drive (SSD)?

Flash memory and microchips

__________ is a Linux Live CD that you use to boot a system and then use the tools. It is a free Linux distribution, making it attractive to schools teaching forensics or laboratories on a strict budget.

Kali Linux

What name is given to a method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers? This method can be used to deduce the length of the keyword used in a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.

Kasiski examination

is the method used by password crackers who work with pre-calculated hashes of all passwords possible within a certain character space.

Rainbow table

__________ sets standards for digital evidence processing, analysis, and diagnostics.

The DoD Cyber Crime Center (DC3)

China Eagle Union is a logic bomb malware a Chinese cyberterrorism group a spyware program

a Chinese cyberterrorism group

How you will gather evidence and which tools are most appropriate for a specific investigation are part of ___________.

a forensic analysis plan

Windows uses __________ on each system as a "scratch pad" to write data when additional random access memory (RAM) is needed.

a swap file

EIDE is _________.

a type of magnetic drive

A system that monitors network traffic looking for suspicious activity is __________.

an IDS

The __________ cipher is a Hebrew code that substitutes the first letter of the alphabet for the last letter and the second letter for the second-to-last letter, and so forth.

atbash

Use of __________ enables an investigator to reconstruct file fragments if files have been deleted or overwritten.

bit-level tools

a warrant is not needed when evidence is in plain sight T or F

True

demonstrate evidence means information that helps explain other evidence. An example of demonstrative evidence i a chart that explains a technical concept to the judge and jury T or F

True

_______ is the area of a hard drive that has never been allocated for file storage.

Unallocated space

One must be able to show the whereabouts and custody of the evidence, how it was handled and stored and by whom, from the time the evidence is first seized by a law enforcement officer or civilian investigator until the moment it is shown in court. This is referred to as consistent scientific manner demonstrative evidence real evidence chain of custody

chain of custody

the________________ is the continuity of control of evidence that makes it possible to account for all that has happened to evidence between its original collection and its appearance in court, preferably unaltered demonstrative evidence chain of custody documentary evidence consistent scientific manner

chain of custody

An environment that has a controlled level of contamination, such as from dust, microbes, and other particles is the definition of a __________.

clean room

Generally,________________ is considered to be the use of analytical and investigative techniques to identify and collect, examine, and preserve evidence or information that is magnetically stored or encoded. Testimonial evidence computer forensics anti-forensics digital evidence

computer forencsics

An active intrusion detection system (IDS) will log suspicious activity and perhaps notify a network administrator.

false

Computer forensics is the exclusive domain of law enforcement t or f

false

Consistency checking analysis is usually much slower than zero-knowledge analysis.

false

Damage to how data is stored on a disk, such as file system corruption, is the definition of physical damage.

false

Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a stream cipher.

false

Data Encryption Standard (DES) is often used to allow parties to exchange a symmetric key through some insecure medium, such as the Internet.

false

Denial of service (DoS) attack refers to the type of password crackers that work with pre-calculated hashes of all passwords available within a certain character space. t or f

false

Disk Investigator is a Linux Live CD that you use to boot a system and then use the tools.

false

During an attack, hackers break into computer systems and steal secret defense plans of the United States. This is an example of a Trojan horse.

false

From the perspective of digital forensics, changing the time or date stamp on a file does not alter the file.

false

In Windows, files that are moved to the Recycle Bin are permanently deleted.

false

Kasiski examination is a nontechnical means of obtaining information you would not normally have access to.

false

Logical damage control is a technique for file system repair that involves scanning a disk's logical structure and ensuring that it is consistent with its specification.

false

Offline analysis is another term for live analysis

false

Ophcrack uses cross-site scripting to crack passwords.

false

Residual information in file slack is always overwritten when a new file is created.

false

Spyware software is legal, if used correctly. t or f

false

Storage servers in a forensics lab should be backed up at least once a month.

false

The Feistel function encrypts data as a stream, one bit at a time.

false

The Tribal Flood Network (TFN) is one of the most widely deployed viruses.

false

The benefit of using automated forensic systems is that you do not have to know how to perform all forensic processes manually.

false

The electronic communication privacy act of 1986 protects children 13 years of age and younger from the collection and use of their personal information by websites t or f

false

The federal bureau of investigation (fbi) is the premier federal agency tasked with combating cybercrime t or f

false

The only way to clean random access memory (RAM) is with cleansing devices known as sweepers or scrubbers.

false

The process of acquiring and analyzing information stored on physical storage media, such as computer hard drives or smartphones is the definition of anti forensics t or f

false

The start-up time for solid-state drives (SSDs) is usually much slower than for magnetic storage drives.

false

The term distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack describes the process of connecting to a server that involves three packets being exchanged.

false

The term transposition refers to the art and science of writing hidden messages.

false

The underlying operating system of Mac OS X is based on Windows t or f

false

The word cryptography is derived from the word kryptós, which means hidden, and the verb gráfo, which means picture.

false

To achieve American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD) accreditation, a lab must meet about 40 criteria.

false

Viruses are difficult to locate but easy to trace back to the creator.

false

When seizing a suspect computer, you need to remove drives only if they are currently attached to cabling.

false

The unused space between the logical end of file and the physical end of file is known as __________.

file slack

Any attempt to gain financial reward through deception is called ______. social engineering cyberterrorism identity theft fraud

fraud

Hard drives eventually age and begin to encounter problems. It is also possible that a suspect hard drive may have some issues preventing a full forensic analysis. Use the Linux __________ command to help with that.

fsck

The Linux/UNIX command __________ can be used to search for files or contents of files.

grep

the__________ command is used to send a test network packet or echo packet, to a machine to determine if the machine is reachable and how long the packet takes to reach the machine traceroute ipconfig tracert ping

ping

__________ is perhaps the most widely used public key cryptography algorithm in existence today.

rsa

What is a type of targeted phishing attack in which the criminal targets a specific group; forexample, IT staff at a bank?

spear phishing

An example of volatile data is __________.

state of network connections

People try to thwart investigators by using encryption to scramble information or _________ to hide information, or both together.

steganography

A system forensics specialist has three basic tasks related to handling evidence: find evidence, preserve evidence, and __________ evidence

store?

If you type the __________ command at the Linux shell, you are asked for the root password. If you successfully supply it, you will then have root privileges.

su

In FAT and NTFS file systems, a __________ is used to map files to specific clusters where they are stored on the disk.

table

What term describes data that an operating system creates and overwrites without the computer user directly saving this data?

temporary data

What term describes information that forensic specialists use to support or interpret real or documentary evidence? For example, a specialist might demonstrate that the fingerprints found on a keyboard are those of a specific individual. The daubert standard documentary evidence digital evidence testimonial evidence

testimonial evidence

In World War II, the Germans made use of an electromechanical rotor-based cipher system known as __________.

the Enigma machine

The type of medium used to hide data in steganography is referred to as __________. This may be a photo, video, sound file, or Voice over IP, for example.

the channel

A DVD is a type of optical media.

true

A block cipher is a form of cryptography that encrypts data in blocks.

true

A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is possible with traditional telephone systems by using an automatic dialer to tie up target phone lines. t or f

true

A test system is a functional system compatible with the hard drive from which someone is trying to recover data.

true

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is also known as the Rijndael block cipher.

true

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with a 256-bit key is secure enough for commercial applications.

true

After imaging a drive, you must always create a hash of the original and the copy.

true

All modern block-cipher algorithms use both substitution and transposition.

true

An attacker may distribute a logic bomb via a Trojan horse. t or f

true

An expert witness who leaves information out of an expert report usually cannot testify about the information at trial.

true

Before imaging a drive, you must forensically wipe the target drive to ensure no residual data remains.

true

Clusters in a Windows NTFS system are more likely to be overwritten as more time elapses after deletion

true

File slack and slack space are the same thing

true

Forensically scrubbing a file or folder may involve overwriting data with random characters seven times.

true

GNOME and KDE are the two most popular Linux graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

true

GNOME is a cross-platform toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces for Linux.

true

Helix is a customized Linux Live CD used for computer forensics.

true

Identity theft refers to any software that monitors activity on a computer.

true

If a hard drive has been demagnetized, there is no way to recover the data.

true

In Linux, Autopsy is a web-based graphical user interface for the command-line tool Sleuth Kit.

true

In Linux, the /root directory is the home directory for the root user.

true

In a forensics lab, the machines being examined should not be connected to the Internet.

true

In steganography, the term payload describes data to be covertly communicated. In other words, it is the message you want to hide.

true

Incriminating evidence shows, or tends to show, a person's involvement in an act, or evidence that can establish guilt.

true

Infinitely recursing directories is a symptom of logical damage to a file system.

true

Investigator must authenticate documentary evidence t or f

true

Linux file systems use hard links and symbolic links.

true

Linux stores file content in blocks, which are similar to clusters in Windows NTFS.

true

Logical damage to a disk is damage to how data is stored, for example, file system corruption.

true

Logical damage to a file system is more common than physical damage.

true

Macro and polymorphic are types of viruses.

true

Making two copies of a suspect's drive, using two different imaging tools, can help to prove that evidence is accurate.

true

Malware that executes damage when a specific condition is met is the definition of a Trojan horse.

true

Many USB drives come with a switch to put them in read-only mode.

true

Modern cryptography is separated into two distinct groups: symmetric cryptography and asymmetric cryptography.

true

Multialphabet ciphers are more secure than single-alphabet substitution ciphers; however, they are still not acceptable for modern cryptographic usage.

true

Ophcrack is a tool that cracks local passwords on Windows systems.

true

RAID 1 mirrors the contents of disks.

true

SHA1 and SHA2 are currently the most widely used hashing algorithms.

true

Solid-state drives (SSDs) are often used in tablets and in some laptops.

true

The Caesar and Atbash ciphers are simple substitution ciphers.

true

The Caesar cipher shifts each letter of a message by a certain number and substitutes the new alphabetic letter for the letter you are encrypting.

true

The Linux dd command is commonly used to forensically wipe a drive.

true

The Linux netcat command reads and writes bits over a network connection.

true

The act of wrongfully obtaining another person's personal data is a crime, with or without stealing any money.

true

The known plaintext attack is one method used to crack modern encryption.

true

The life span of information may be as short as milliseconds to longer than one year. T or f

true

The term scrubber refers to software that cleans unallocated drive space.

true

USB, or universal serial bus, is actually a connectivity technology, not a storage technology.

true

When determining when evidence was created, a forensic specialist should not trust a computer's internal clock or activity logs.

true

When gathering evidence in a forensic investigation, working with a drive image is safer than working with the original drive.

true

You can make a bit-level copy of a computer hard drive using basic Linux commands.

true

on way to obscure information is to scramble it by encryption t or f

true

With respect to phishing, a good fictitious email gets a __________ response rate, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI

1 to 3 percent

Which of the following is NOT true of chain of custody forms?

A chain of custody form is a federal form and is therefore universal.

What is the definition of Feistel function

A cryptographic function that splits blocks of data into two parts; it forms the basis for many block ciphers

is designed to render a target unreachable by legitimate users, not to provide the attacker access to the site.

A denial of service (DoS) attack

is the cyber equivalent of vandalism

A denial of service (DoS) attack

What is the definition of stream cipher?

A form of cryptography that encrypts the data as a stream, one bit at a time

What is the definition of hash?

A function that is nonreversible, takes variable-length input, produces fixed-length output, and has few or no collisions

What is meant by symmetric cryptography?

A method in which the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt plaintext

__________ contains remnants of word processing documents, emails, Internet browsing activity, database entries, and almost any other work that has occurred during past Windows sessions

A swap file

What is meant by distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack?

An attack in which the attacker seeks to infect several machines, and use those machines to overwhelm the target system to achieve a denial of service

Susan is a hacker, after breaking into a computer system and running some hacking tools, she deleted several files she created to cover her tracks. What general term describes susans actions Disk forensics live system forensics anti-forensics disk transformation

Anti-Forensics

What is the definition of a virus, in relation to a computer?

Any software that self-replicates

__________ is cryptography wherein two keys are used: one to encrypt the message and another to decrypt it.

Asymmetric cryptography

__________ is information at the level of 1s and 0s stored in computer memory or on a storage device.

Bit-level information

Paige is attempting to recover data from a failed hard disk. She removed the failed drive from the system on which it was installed, and then connected it to a test system. She made the connection by simply connecting the data and power cables but did not actually install the failed drive. What step should she perform next?

Boot the test system from its own internal drive.

the_________ is federal wiretap law for traditional wired telephony that was expanded to include wireless, voice over internet protocol (VolP), and other forms of electronic communications communications assistance for law enforcement act of 1994 wireless communications and public safety act of 1999 federal privacy of 1974 telecommunications act of 1996

Communications assistance for law enforcement act of 1994

_______ is an industry certification that focuses on knowledge of PC hardware.

CompTIA A+

Ben was browsing reviews on a sporting goods website from which he purchased items in the past. He saw a comment that read "Great price on camping gear! Read my review." When he clicked the associated link, a new window appeared and prompted him to log in again. What type of attack is most likely underway? Spear phishing Denial of service (DoS) attack Cross-site scripting (XSS) SYN flood

Cross-site scripting (XSS)

What term describes a method of using techniques other than brute force to derive a cryptographic key?

Cryptanalysis

__________ obfuscates a message so that it cannot be read.

Cryptography

a suspect stores data where an investigator is unlikely to find it. what is this technique called Data transformation

Data Hiding

The distribution of illegally copied materials via the Internet is known as __________.

Data piracy

Ed is an expert witness providing testimony in court. He uses a high-tech computer animation to explain a technical concept to the judge and jury. What type of evidence is ED using?

Demonstrative

Identification, preservation, collection, examination, analysis, and presentation are six classes in the matrix of the __________.

Digital Forensic Research Workshop (DFRWS) framework

__________ is a free utility that comes as a graphical user interface for use with Windows operating systems. When you first launch the utility, it presents you with a cluster-by-cluster view of your hard drive in hexadecimal form

Disk Investigator

Jan is entering the digital forensics field and wants to pursue a general forensics certification. Which certification is BEST to start with?

EC-Council Certified Hacking Forensic Investigator (CHFI)

The __________ format is a proprietary file format defined by Guidance Software for use in its forensic tool to store hard drive images and individual files.

EnCase

What is a formal document prepared by a forensics specialist to document an investigation, including a list of all tests conducted?

Expert report

__________ is offline analysis conducted on an evidence disk or forensic duplicate after booting from a CD or another system.

Physical analysis

Jim is a forensic specialist. He seized a suspect computer from a crime scene, removed the hard drive and bagged it, documented and labeled the equipment, took photographs, completed a chain of custody form, and locked the computer in his car. On the way to the lab, he stopped to purchase supplies to use at the next crime scene. What did Jim do wrong?

He left the computer unattended while shopping for supplies.

Which of the following requires certification candidates to take an approved training course, pass a written test, and submit to a review of the candidate's work history?

High Tech Crime Network certifications

What was designed as an area where computer vendors could store data that is shielded from user activities and operating system utilities, such as delete and format?

Host protected area (HPA)

An active intrusion detection system (IDS) is also referred to as what?

Intrusion prevention system

One principal of evidence gathering is to avoid changing the evidence. Which of the following is NOT true of evidence gathering?

Photograph seized equipment after you set it up in the lab.

What version of RAID involves three or more striped disks with parity that protect data against the loss of any one disk?

RAID 3 or 4

The __________ cipher is a single-alphabet substitution cipher that is a permutation of the Caesar cipher. All characters are rotated 13 characters through the alphabet.

ROT13

__________ govern whether, when, how, and why proof of a legal case can be placed before a judge or jury.

Rules of evidence

Which of the following BEST defines rules of evidence

Rules that govern whether, when, how, and why proof of a legal case can be placed before a judge or jury

the________ contains many provisions about record keeping and destruction of electronic records relating to the management and operation of publicly held companies. Sarbanes-oxley act of 2002 privacy protection act of 1980 computer security act of 1987 federal act of 1974

Sarbanes-oxley act of 2002

When gathering systems evidence, what is NOT a common principle?

Search throughout a device.

What uses microchips that retain data in non-volatile memory chips and contains no moving parts?

Solid-state drive (SSD)

__________ is the process of analyzing a file or files for hidden content.

Steganalysis

________ is the art and science of writing hidden messages.

Steganography

__________ is a term that refers to hiding messages in sound files.

Steganophony

is the concept that any scientific evidence presented in a trial has to have been reviewed and tested by the relevant scientific community.

The daubert standard

In steganography, what is meant by carrier?

The signal, stream, or data file in which the payload is hidden

What is the definition of transposition in terms of cryptography?

The swapping of blocks of ciphertext

A forensic certification is meant to demonstrate a baseline of competence.

True

The process of connecting to a server and exchanging packets containing acknowledgment (ACK) and synchronize (SYN) flags is called:

Three-way handshake

The __________ cipher is a method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a series of different monoalphabetic ciphers selected based on the letters of a keyword.

Vigenère

What kind of data changes rapidly and may be lost when the machine that holds it is powered down?

Volatile data

According to the order of volatility in RFC 3227, what evidence should you collect first on a typical system?

Volatile data, then file slack

This is the space that remains on a hard drive if the partitions do not use all the available space.

Volume slack

A symbolic link in Linux is similar to a ____________.

Windows shortcut

A SYN flood is an example of a(n) _______. virus SQL injection denial of service (DoS) attack distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack

denial of service (DoS) attack

A brute-force attack on a polyalphabetic substitution cipher can deduce the length of the keyword used in the cipher.

false

A swap file is an example of persistent data.

false

A symbolic link is an inode that links directly to a specific file.

false

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) can have three different key sizes: 256, 512, or 1024 bits.

false

Most often, criminals commit __________ in order to perpetrate some kind of financial fraud.

identity theft

A(n) __________ is a data structure in the Linux file system that stores all the information about a file except its name and actual data.

inode

What is NOT true of cyberstalking?

is not a criminal offense

Malware that executes damage when a specific condition is met is the definition of __________.

logic bomb

What term describes analysis performed on an evidence disk or a forensic duplicate using the native operating system?

logical analysis

Two of the easiest things to extract during __________ are a list of all website uniform resource locators (URLs) and a list of all email addresses on the computer.

physical analysis

If you can change the extension of a file so it ;ooks like the some other type of file, you also change the file structure itself T or F

False

The term______ refers to testimony taken from a witness or party to a case before a trial documentary evidence real evidence deposition export report

expert testimony

If an attacker doesn't spoof a MAC address, each packet sent in a denial of service (DoS) attack contains evidence of the machine from which it was launched.

true

The Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) governs the admission of facts by which parties in the U.S. federal court system may prove their cases.

true

The first step in any computer forensic investigation is to make a copy of the suspected storage device.

true

The information in a routing table is more volatile than a network topology.

true

The objective in computer forensics is to recover, analyze, and present computer-based material way that it can be used as evidence in a legal proceeding t or f

true

The real evidence means physical objects that can be touched, held, or directly observed, such as a laptop with a suspect's fingerprints on it t or f

true

The windows registry is essentially a repository of all settings, software and parameters for windows t or f

true

to avoid changing a computer system while examining i make a forensics copy and work with that copy

true

volatile memory is a computer memory that requires power to maintain the data it hold t or f

true

refers to phishing with a specific, high-value target in mind. For example, the attacker may target the president or CEO of a company.

whaling

Disk forensics refers to the process of examining malicious computer code T or F

False

The number 22 for SSH (Secure Shell and 80 for hypertext transfer protocol(HTTP) are examples of ________ Physical ports MAC addresses Logical port numbers IP Addresses

Logical port numbers

What term describes data about information, such as disk partition structures and file tables? Store data meta data potential storage volatile memory

Metadata

the___ was passed to improve the security and privacy of sensitive information in federal computer system. the law requires the establishment of minimum acceptable security practices , creation of computer security plans and training system users or owners of facilities that house sensitive information. computer security act of 1987 federal privacy act of 1974 usa patriot act telecommunications act of 1996

computer security act of 1987

The use of electronic communications to harass or threaten another person is the definition of __________.

cyberstalking

is information that has been processed and assembled to be relevant to an investigation, and that supports a specific finding or determination.

digital evidence

__________ is data stored as written matter, on paper or in electronic files.

documentary evidence

A SYN flood is software that self-replicates. t or f

false

A Sector is the basic unit of data storage on a hard disk, which is usually 64 kb True or false

false

An MD5 hash taken when a computer drive is acquired is used to check for changes, alterations, or errors.

false

Internet forensics is the study of the source and content of email as evidence t or f

false

It is legal to monitor the computers of adult relatives as long as they are living in your home.

false

What is not true of random access memory (RAM)? it retains items in memory for as long as the computer has power supplied to it it is volatile memory it stores programs and data that is currently open it cannot be changed

it cannot be changed

Forensic investigators who collect data as evidence must understand the __________ of information, which refers to how long it is valid.

life span

What is the process of searching memory in real time, typically for working with compromised hosts or to identify system abuse? live system forensics disk forensics internet forensics network forensics

live system

the___________ protects journalist from being required to turn over to law enforcement any work product and documentary material, including sources before it is disseminated to the public privacy protection act of 1980 federal privacy act of 1974 electronic communication privacy act of 1986 communications assistance for law enforcement act 1994

privacy protection act of 1980

Aditya is a digital forensics specialist. He is investigating the computer of an identity theft victim. What should he look for first? Spyware Stolen files Evidence of an SQL injection attack A logic bomb

spyware

Email evidence would be useful for investigating cyberstalking but not a denial of service (DoS) attack.

true

Fraud refers to a broad category of crime that can encompass many different activities, but essentially, any attempt to gain financial reward through deception.

true