Psych 202/Psych B Final Exam

The correct order of the stages of the sexual response cycle is:

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Be able to view an image and identify whether it is an example of explicit or implicit prejudice

explicit prejudice is a negative attitude against a specific social group that is consciously held and revealed while implicit prejudice is more discrete and is a negative attitude, of which one is not consciously aware, against a specific social group.

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

fetus

According to research, which type of aggression is more common among males than females?

harmful physical aggression

Surgical wounds heal more slowly

in stressed humans.

You smell coffee brewing in the morning and, really, it is the only reason you are willing to get out of bed. In this situation, the coffee is a(n):.

incentive

Stanley Milgram showed that when subjects were asked by a researcher to deliver electric "shocks" to participants in an experiment, two-thirds of the subjects went along with the request. Milgram was demonstrating

obedience to the power of authority

Attempts to control social behavior by using the punishing effects of isolation is an example of

ostracism.

As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. This is called

Habituation

What term refers to the ability of the body's physiological processes to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

Homeostasis

Brain scans and EEG recordings indicate that positive emotions are associated with high levels of activity in which brain section?

Left frontal lobe

Be able to read a scenario and identify it as Prejudice

Prejudice is a negative attitude toward another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group. Prejudgment or an emotion such as hatred or fear

Written Response worth 10 points. What has research taught us about sexual orientation? How do we express our direction of sexual orientation? What possible explanations for sexual orientation have researchers found? Explain at least 2 possible biological contributing factors towards sexual orientation. (This written response is asking you 3 questions. The last question needs 2 examples.)

POSSIBLE ANSWER FOR THE FIRST TWO PARTS OF THE QUESTION: 1. We express the direction of our sexual interest in our sexual orientation—our enduring sexual attraction toward members of our own sex (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual orientation), or both sexes (bisexual orientation). Dozens of national studies in Europe and America show that about 3 percent of men and 1 or 2 percent of women self-report as exclusively homosexual. 2. So far research has shown that no known environmental factors contribute to one's sexuality. The lack of evidence for environmental causes of homosexuality has motivated researchers to explore possible biological influences. POSSIBLE ANSWERS FOR THE THIRD PART OF THE QUESTION, WHICH SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST 2 OF THE FOLLOWING POSSIBILITIES EXPLAINED: 1. EVIDENCE OF HOMOSEXUALITY IN OTHER SPECIES - At least occasional same-sex relations have been observed in several hundred species (Bagemihl, 1999). Some degree of homosexual behavior seems a natural part of the animal world. 2. GAY-STRAIGHT BRAIN DIFFERENCES - Researcher Simon LeVay (1991) studied sections of the hypothalamus (a brain structure linked to emotion) taken from deceased heterosexual and homosexual people. The cell cluster was reliably larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men. Since LeVay's discovery, other researchers have reported additional gay-straight brain activity differences. One is an area of the hypothalamus that governs sexual arousal. When straight women were given a whiff of a scent derived from men's sweat (which contains traces of male hormones), this area became active. Gay men's brains responded similarly to the men's scent. Straight men's brains did not. They showed the arousal response only to a female hormone sample. 3. GENETIC INFLUENCES - Three lines of evidence suggest a genetic influence on sexual orientation. a. FAMILY STUDIES: Homosexual men tend to have more homosexual relatives on their mother's side than on their father's. b. TWIN STUDIES: Identical twins are somewhat more likely than fraternal twins to share a homosexual orientation. c. FRUIT FLY STUDIES: Lab experiments have altered a single gene and changed the flies' sexual orientation and behavior. 4. PRENATAL INFLUENCES - A critical period for brain development seems to fall between the middle of the second and fifth months after conception, and exposure to the hormone levels typically experienced by female fetuses during this period may dispose a male or female fetus to be attracted to males later in life. The mother's immune system may play a role: After each pregnancy with a male fetus, the maternal antibodies may become stronger and may prevent the fetal brain from developing in a typical male pattern

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave is

Role

Women

are born with all the immature eggs they will ever have

Be able to read a scenario and identify it as drive reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from where?

Adrenal glands

Written Response worth 4 points. How does automatic mimicry help us to empathize?

Automatic mimicry may help us to empathize—to feel what others are feeling because we tend to feel happier around those who are happy and yawn more when we see others yawn, for example.

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior to fit in with a group

Conformity

Solomon Asch showed that when in a group of participants giving an incorrect answer to a question, one-third of the subjects gave the incorrect answer as well. With these experiments, Asch was demonstrating the

Conformity Occurance

Be able to read a scenario and identify it as Fundamental Attribution Error

Definiion: the tendency for people to under-emphasize situational explanations for an individual's observed behavior while over-emphasizing dispositional and personality-based explanations for their behavior

Be able to read a scenario and identify it as Postconventional morality

Definition of postconventional morality is: in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the third and highest level of moral reasoning, characterized by an individual's commitment to moral principles sustained independently of any identification with family, group, or country.

Be able to read a scenario and identify it as Explicit Prejudice

Direct and open, blatant, easy to see Conscious & overt Voluntarily formed.

Which of the following terms assumes the superiority of one's ethnic group?

Ethnocentric

After an alarming event, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration are high, and you have an outpouring of hormones. Hans Selye would most likely guess that you are in which general adaptation syndrome phase?

Resistance

D.C. WRITTEN RESPONSE ONLY: (7 points) In the study, "The longitudinal relationship of school climate with adolescent social and emotional health." by authors Mitchell D. Wong, Kulwant K. Dosanjh, Nicholas J. Jackson, Dennis Rünger, and Rebecca N. Dudovitz published on Jan. 23, 2021, in BMC Public Health (Vol. 21, Issue 1) authors sought to examine the relationship between several aspects of the school climate with adolescent social-emotional health outcomes. What were their findings and recommendations based on the results of their study? (Answer should be two paragraphs in length)

School climate, and particularly an authoritative school environment, is strongly associated with better social-emotional health among adolescents. Relationship with teachers and their disciplinary style may be a focus for future interventions to improve the social-emotional health of children. Students who reported being in authoritative school environments in 10th grade, one that is highly supportive and highly structured, had subsequently higher levels of self-efficacy and grit. They also had fewer depressive symptoms, and less hopelessness, stress at school, and stress about the future reported in 11th grade. our findings extend our understanding about the relationship between students' perception of the school climate and adolescent social-emotional health and suggest a close connection exists. We found that teacher relationships and disciplinary style may be particularly important protective factors contributing to adolescent well-being. Perceiving an authoritative school environment, one that is highly supportive and highly structured, is associated with better outcomes. In addition, attending schools in which students have more respect for teachers and interact with teachers who provide strong support for college attendance is also linked to better social-emotional outcomes. These findings are important because they may indicate specific aspects of school climate that might be targeted by future interventions to support adolescent social-emotional health. Our findings support the idea that improving school climate might be a strategy to improve student grit, self-efficacy, and other aspects of student well-being. Some strategies that schools might take to shape their school climate and improve student well-being could include: creating more structure and having clear rules, promoting positive relationships with peers and teachers, and creating feedback loops that incorporate health outcomes into the design of school policy and function.

Which of the following terms refers to our cognitive processes and asks the question, "How do I categorize and label....?"

Stereotype

This demonstrated that we tend to assume the roles we are given and that the power of the situation has a strong influence on our roles.

The Stanford Prison Study

Be able to read a scenario and identify it as discrimination

The definition of discrimination is behavioral - how our stereotypes and prejudices affect our actions toward a person or group.

Gender

The socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman

Compared with rats raised in an enriched environment, which of the following is true of rats raised in isolation?

Their brain cortex is less developed.

Cognitive Dissonance

This is an explanation of what cognitive dissonance is, however, on the test you will read an example or scenario and must be able to identify the example as one of cognitive dissonance. Here is an explanation: The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes. People tend to seek consistency in their attitudes and perceptions, so this conflict causes feelings of unease or discomfort. This inconsistency between what people believe and how they behave motivates people to engage in actions that will help minimize feelings of discomfort. People attempt to relieve this tension in different ways, such as by rejecting, explaining away, or avoiding new information.

Facial signs of emotion are generally understood across world cultures.

This is true about Nonverbal Expression

They tend to be more democratic, more welcoming of subordinates' input in decision making in leadership, more likely to express support, be interdependent in social relationships, and prefer conversation especially face-to-face.

Women

Men

begin producing sperm cells at puberty and continue producing it 24 hours a day

Neural networks grow more complex by

branching outward to form multiple connections.

Be able to look at and advertisement and identify it as either central or peripheral route persuasion

defininitions: central route to persuasion occurs when a person is persuaded to act based on the arguments or the content of the message such as facts and logic; Peripheral route to persuasion occurs when a person is persuaded by something other than the message's content. Such as emotion, beauty or attraction

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

definition: the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. You must understand this term well enough to identify a scenario as an example of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Be able to read a scenario and identify it as drive-reduction theory

drive-reduction theory is a theory of learning in which the goal of motivated behavior is a reduction of a drive state. It is assumed that all motivated behavior arises from drives, stemming from a disruption in homeostasis, and that responses that lead to reduction of those drives tend to be reinforced or strengthened.

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

embryo

They tend to be more directive, even autocratic in leadership, are more likely to utter opinions during interactions, are more likely to talk assertively, interrupt, initiate touches, stare, and smile and apologize less.

men

As the infant's brain develops, some neural pathways will decay if not used. This use-it-or-lose-it process is known as

pruning.

Which of the following is the universal sequence for motor development?

roll over, sit unsupported, crawl, walk

Be able to read a scenario and identify it as Preconventional morality

the first stage of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 9. At the preconventional level children don't have a personal code of morality, and instead moral decisions are shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules. For example, if an action leads to punishment is must be bad, and if it leads to a reward is must be good.

Schachter-Singer Theory

the two-factor theory that Emotions are a mix of consciously experienced thoughts, expressive behaviors, and physiological arousal. Emphasizes the importance of consciously experienced thoughts