Psych 2035 First Midterm

46. According to Baumrind's parental classification system, authoritative parents display a. high acceptance and high control. b. high acceptance and low control. c. low acceptance and low control. d. low acceptance and high control.

a

A useful study technique that helps to organize information is a. outlining reading assignments. b. studying with a group of students. c. underlining important points in textbooks. d. memorizing the order of chapter headings.

a

Attempting to weaken a response by presenting a noxious or aversive stimulus after that response is called a. punishment. b. classical conditioning. c. extinction. d. negative reinforcement.

a

Comorbidity is a. the coexistence of two or more disorders. b. two related people dying from the same cause. c. someone who is sometimes seriously depressed and other times inappropriately happy. d. when someone has a discontinuous disorder.

a

Making choices that align oneself with supportive others can a. decrease anxiety. b. make disobeying authority easy. c. works best when there is no risk. d. all of these.

a

One criticism of the behavioral approach in the past is that a. cognition is not directly observable behavior. b. it focused too much on the unconscious. c. there was no scientific basis. d. there was too much research on people instead of other animals.

a

People who look to others to know which fork to use at a seven-course dinner are conforming through a. informational influence. b. normative influence. c. social norms. d. compliance.

a

Rogers emphasized a person's subjective point of view he called a. person-centered. b. incongruence. c. self-concept. d. self-actualization.

a

Social psychologist Stanley Schachter hypothesized that increases in anxiety would cause increases in desire to be with others. In this study, the independent variable was a. level of anxiety. b. desire to be with others. c. anxious subjects. d. affiliation.

a

The rapid growth of clinical psychology was stimulated mainly by a. the demands of World War II. b. the growing interest in self-help approaches. c. the inability of physicians to cure most psychological disorders. d. psychological problems resulting from the Great Depression of the 1930s.

a

When course material is especially difficult, it is a good idea to prepare for lectures by a. reading ahead on the subject of the lecture. b. asking fellow classmates to explain the material to you. c. writing down questions that you can ask the instructor later. d. writing down exact words the instructor says.

a

Which of the following best characterizes the correlation between attractiveness and subjective feelings of happiness? a. Negligible b. Negative, but weak c. Positive, but weak d. Positive and strong

a

Which of the following is generally NOT considered as a contributor to racial prejudice? a. Egocentrism b. Stereotyping c. Defensive attribution d. The fundamental attribution error

a

Which of the following is the best description of the relationship between health and happiness? a. Good health may not, by itself, produce happiness, because people tend to take good health for granted. b. Good health is one of the best predictors of happiness. c. Individuals who develop serious health problems have difficulty adjusting and therefore are less happy than those who are healthy. d. People born with serious health problems are happier than others because they do not take their health for granted.

a

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the polygraph machine? a. Emotion detector b. Facial expression detector c. Lie detector d. Criminal behavior detector

a

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between stress and anxiety disorders? a. High stress may help precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders. b. People with anxiety disorders tend to be unaffected by stress. c. The relationship between stress and anxiety disorders is largely a myth. d. Stress appears to exert its influence on the severity, rather than the onset, of anxiety disorders.

a

______ occurs when someone's number of choices has been restricted and he or she pursues the choices that have been denied. a. Reactance b. Compliance c. Reciprocity d. Ethical resistance

a

Albert Bandura differed from other behaviorists in that he gave an important role to _________ in influencing human behavior. a. reflexes b. cognition c. consequences d. punishments

b

As an indicator of lying, lack of eye contact is a. a fairly reliable index of deceptive intent. b. not a reliable index of deceptive intent. c. the best indicator of deceptive intent. d. more reliable in persons of lower status.

b

Some theorists speculate that people with _____ are more susceptible to dissociative disorders. a. certain personality traits b. fantasy proneness c. a tendency to be absorbed in personal experiences d. all of the above

d

Compulsion is to "action" as obsession is to a. fear. b. thought. c. emotion. d. behavior.

b

Evolutionary psychologists like David Buss have argued that the Big Five personality traits exist across a variety of cultures because these traits a. tend to be reinforced as societal norms. b. have had significant adaptive implications. c. are the ones most likely to be classically conditioned. d. help each individual evolve to his/her greatest potential.

b

In contrast to Americans, Japanese are likely to exhibit a _____________ in explaining successes. a. self-serving bias b. self-effacing bias c. self-efficacious bias d. self-enhancing bias

b

It is possible for prejudice to occur without discrimination, but it is NOT possible for discrimination to occur without prejudice. a. True b. False

b

John molds his interpretation of his past dating to fit how the relationship turned out. This is a common tendency called a. hindsight bias. b. hereditary influence. c. an inadequate theory. d. wishful thinking.

b

Lisa thinks that the reason she didn't get the job was that the interviewer was prejudiced against people from the Midwest. This is an example of a. pessimistic explanatory style. b. optimistic explanatory style. c. lack of explanatory style. d. the fundamental attribution error.

b

One of the chief goals of terror management theory is to explain why people need a. death anxiety. b. self-esteem. c. contact comfort. d. defense mechanisms.

b

Research findings indicate that the ______ larger in schizophrenic patients than in normal control subjects. a. thalamus is b. ventricles are c. adrenal gland is d. frontal lobes are

b

Research suggests that increases in a culture's affluence and social mobility tend to be accompanied by increases in a. collectivism. b. individualism. c. stereotyping. d. obedience.

b

Self-efficacy is related to your beliefs about your general self-worth. a. True b. False

b

The "third variable" problem is associated with the a. experimental method. b. correlational method. c. multivariate model. d. placebo effect.

b

The consistency principle is based on the idea that people react according to what will benefit them, when it is consistent with their need for acceptance. a. True b. False

b

The notion of "basking in reflected glory" was proposed by a. Albert Bandura. b. Robert Cialdini. c. Roy Baumeister. d. Martin Seligman.

b

The tendency to use similar causal explanations for a wide variety of events in one's life is known as a. self-attribution. b. explanatory style. c. self-categorization. d. homogeneity of attribution.

b

Transvestic fetishism is considered to be a psychological disorder primarily because it a. is maladaptive. b. is socially deviant. c. is a medical problem. d. causes great personal distress.

b

Until the 1950s, psychologists were found almost exclusively in a. private industry. b. academic institutions. c. mental health facilities. d. the psychiatric wards of hospitals.

b

Using "Roy G Biv" to remember the order of colors in the light spectrum is an example of how ______ can help us remember information. a. acrostics b. acronyms c. overlearning d. visual imagery

b

Which of the following individuals based his theory on the importance of the self-concept? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers c. Sigmund Freud d. Hans Eysenck

b

Which of the following is the best definition of psychology? a. The study of consciousness b. The study of behavior and the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to solving practical problems c. The study of abnormal behavior and the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to diagnosing and treating people with mental illness d. The study of motivation, emotion, and memory

b

Which of the following is very important to overall happiness? a. Culture b. Marriage c. Income d. Physical attractiveness

b

Which of the following must be kept in mind when one interprets the results of research on self-esteem? a. Self-esteem is only a fair predictor of happiness. b. One cannot draw causal conclusions regarding self-esteem based on the research. c. It is a fascinating topic related to psychological adjustment. d. Self-esteem is a popular concept in psychology.

b

Which of the following researchers conducted the classic study of group competition at Robbers' Cave State Park in Oklahoma? a. Albert Bandura b. Muzafer Sherif c. Robert Cialdini d. Mark Snyder

b

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of depressive disorders is NOT accurate? a. Differences in gender prevalence are due to genetic makeup. b. The prevalence of depression is about twice as high in women as it is in men. c. Evidence indicates that the lifetime prevalence of depression may be as high as 14%. d. Estimates of prevalence vary because it is difficult to determine normal dejection compared to abnormal depression.

b

With early intervention, children with autism spectrum disorder can live independently in adulthood at a rate of a. 5%-10%. b. 15%-20%. c. 50%-65%. d. nearly 90%.

b

A possible consequence of a self-discrepancy between actual and ideal self is an anxiety disorder. a. True b. False

b (false)

The DSM-5 a. has multiple axes to make a distinction between disorders. b. uses axes to make notations about physical illnesses, stressors, and global functioning. c. uses a dimensional approach. d. uses a categorical approach.

d

An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the ______variable and observes whether any changes occur in a(n) ______ variable as a result. a. control; experimental b. experimental; control c. independent; dependent d. dependent; independent

c

Attributing your own thoughts, feelings, or motives to others to ward off anxiety or guilt is called a. regression. b. displacement. c. projection. d. reaction formation.

c

Blaming racial minorities for their plight by saying they should be able to "pull themselves up by their own bootstraps" discounts the importance of situational factors. This illustrates a. the primacy effect. b. the recency effect. c. the ultimate attribution error. d. defensive attribution.

c

In terms of postural cues, a forward lean is most likely to indicate which of the following? a. Low status b. High status c. Positive attitude d. Anxiety

c

Lila believes that worrying will help her avoid negative events. She will usually find a reason to worry about something — her schoolwork, her boss, her parents, and whether the bus will come on time. Lila may be suffering from a. panic disorder. b. phobic disorder. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

c

Rachel believes children should be allowed to express themselves at all times. Her children are likely to have lower self-esteem than children raised in a(n) _____ parenting style. a. neglectful b. permissive c. authoritative d. authoritarian

c

Social comparison theory proposes that we compare ourselves to others in order to a. feel superior. b. improve our ideal self. c. assess our abilities and opinions. d. set higher standards for ourselves.

c

Susie scored a 105 on an online test claiming to measure intelligence. One week later, she took the same online test and earned a score of 107. Three weeks later she took it again and earned 103. These scores indicate that the online test is a. valid. b. standardized. c. reliable. d. projective.

c

The authors suggest that we should be careful about drawing conclusions about causes of happiness because they a. would not be based on empirical evidence. b. would be based on experimental data. c. would be based on correlational data. d. have been found to be invalid by some researchers.

c

The medical models of abnormal behavior a. developed prior to the 18th century. b. has eliminated the social stigma of having a mental illness. c. became the dominant way of thinking during the 19th and 20th centuries. d. All of the above are true.

c

Twin studies discussed in your text suggest that genes account for about ______ of peoples' variation in personality. a. 15% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%

c

When someone tries to explain another's attribution based on actual behavior, a. the inferences are accurate. b. it is stereotyping. c. it may be termed correspondence bias. d. it is a self-fulfilling prophecy.

c

Which of the following does NOT typically underlie most self-defeating trade-offs? a. Poor judgment b. Emotional distress c. Intentional self-harm d. High self-awareness

c

Which of the following is NOT considered a self-presentation strategy? a. Ingratiation b. Intimidation c. Identification d. Exemplification

c

Which of the following is consistent with the information presented in the textbook regarding class attendance? a. Among successful students (grade average B or better), class attendance did not seem to matter. b. Among unsuccessful students (grade average C- or below), class attendance did not seem to matter. c. Even when an instructor delivers hard-to-follow lectures, it is important for all students to go to class. d. It is only important for all students to go to class when instructors provide well-organized lectures.

c

Which of the following is the best description of the way that men and women tend to get their social needs met? a. Both men and women display relational interdependence. b. Both men and women display collective interdependence. c. Men are more likely to display collective interdependence, and women are more likely to display relational interdependence. d. Women are more likely to display collective interdependence, and men are more likely to display relational interdependence.

c

Which of the following researchers proposed social comparison theory? a. Albert Bandura b. E. Tory Higgins c. Leon Festinger d. Martin Seligman

c

Which of the following statements is NOT true about binge-eating disorder? a. Binge-eating disorder resembles bulimia. b. People with this disorder are frequently overweight. c. This disorder is less severe than anorexia or bulimia. d. This disorder causes great distress in the person.

c

Which of the following statements regarding the influence of culture on responses to social pressure is true? a. Of the cultures studied, Americans are less likely than Germans to obey an authority figure. b. People from Western Europe are more likely to conform than Americans are. c. The kind of situation is more important than the kind of person, regardless of culture. d. Researchers have found cultural differences in attitudes toward social pressure but not in behaviors.

c

Research has demonstrated that self-efficacy is related to all but which of the following? a. Career choice b. Academic success c. Job performance d. Marital satisfaction

d

Epidemiology is the study of a. treatments for psychological disorders. b. how cultural values affect judgments of abnormality. c. epidemics involving specific mental or physical disorders. d. the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population.

d

In cases where self-esteem is _____, it is inadvisable to try to build self-esteem. a. low b. high and global c. realistically low d. unrealistically high

d

Interpreting touch does NOT depend on a. age. b. gender. c. setting. d. attitude.

d

Nonverbal communication is most informative when it is a. multichanneled. b. typical of the majority culture. c. occurring in a single channel only. d. accompanied by verbal messages.

d

One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes is called a. self-concept. b. self-actualization. c. self-confidence. d. self-efficacy.

d

Recent studies have found psychological disorders in roughly ______% of the population over their lifetime. a. 5 to 15 b. 15 to 25 c. 25 to 35 d. 35 to 45

d

The important conclusion from Milgram's study of obedience is that a. people apparently like to shock other people. b. people will yield to imagined pressure. c. people who appear to be good may be inherently bad. d. the situation is a stronger indicator of behavior than the kind of person.

d

The loci method is a mnemonic device that involves a. making up a logical story. b. inventing a useful acronym. c. memorizing a simple poem. d. taking a make-believe walk where you associate images of items you want to remember.

d

Which of the following is NOT among the most prevalent stereotypes in America? a. Age b. Attractiveness c. Religious affiliation d. Intelligence

d

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential element of reducing intergroup hostility through cooperative interdependence? a. Working together for a common goal b. Successful outcomes to cooperative efforts c. Ensuring that everyone has equal status d. Assigning specific titles or names to each group

d

Which of the following is NOT consistent with empirical data? a. Self-esteem is strongly related to happiness. b. High self-esteem is a reliable cause of good academic performance. c. Self-esteem is unrelated to how quickly love relationships end. d. Objective data gathered from peers indicates that people with high self-esteem are more likeable and make better impressions than those with low self-esteem.

d

Which of the following is poor advice for avoiding "road rage"? a. Don't use obscene gestures. b. Signal before switching lanes. c. Don't drive when you're angry or upset. d. Try making eye contact with hostile motorists.

d

Which of the following statements is NOT true about prejudice and discrimination? a. Prejudice can occur without discrimination. b. Discrimination can occur without prejudice. c. Over the past 40 years, prejudice and discrimination against minority groups have diminished. d. Most white people have no problem with the possibility that they might hold racist views.

d

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of bipolar disorders is accurate? a. Bipolar disorders are seen more frequently in women than in men. b. Bipolar disorders are much more common than major depressive disorder. c. Research indicates that bipolar disorders affect about 10% of the population. d. The peak of vulnerability for bipolar disorders is between the ages of 20 and 29.

d

_____ can lead to success by working to avoid worst-case scenarios. a. Self-handicapping b. Optimism c. CORFing d. Defensive pessimism

d