Psych 230 chapters 1 and 2
Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first _____ months of prenatal development
2
how many chromosomes does a sex cell have
23
One recent study revealed that the rate of stillbirth was elevated for adolescent girls and for women ____ years of age and older
35
A recent meta-analysis confirmed that a baby's sex can be detected as early as _____ weeks into pregnancy
7
What can the "nature" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy be described as?
A biological perspective
Dr. Booker is reaserching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4 year olds, 6 year olds, 8 year olds, and 10 year olds. This is an example of:
A cross sectional study
____ is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV
AIDS
The ______ period of development is the period of transition from childhood to early adulthood. It begins at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age.
Adolescence
Correlational
Aims to provide information that helps to predict how people will behave,
Experimental
Aims to understand causality
What are criticisms of psychoanalytic theory?
An image of people that is too negative, A lack of scientific support, Overemphasis on sexual underpinnings
Which of the following prescription drugs can function as a teratogen? Antibiotics Synthetic estrogen Prenatal vitamins Acne medications Low doses of aspirin
Antibiotics, synthetic estrogen, acne medications
John ______ was an attachment theorist who stressed that the attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span
Bowlby
Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy Cardiovascular problems Low birth weight Facial deformities Learning problems Respiratory problems
Cardiovascular problems, low birth weight, respiratory problems
Which of the following are potential problems with a case study? Case studies may lack reliable judgment since there is often little input from other professionals The findings may not be generalizable A case study allows the researcher to understand that subject's mind, behavior, or other attributes
Case studies may lack reliable judgment since there is often little input from other professionals, the findings may not be generalizable
Which of the following are physiological measures used to collect data? Checking blood levels of hormones Functional magnetic-resonance imaging Observing small group interactions in a laboratory Having a group of adolescents answer questions about their mood
Checking blood levels of hormones, functional magnetic resonance imaging
Phalic stage (Freud)
Child pleasure focuses on genitals
Anal Stage (Freud)
Child's pleasure focus on the anus.
Age is not just measured by _____ age, but also by biological age, psychological age, and social age
Chronological
_____encompasses the behavior patters, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation
Culture
Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory? Culture Social Interaction Formal operations Internalized mental actions
Culture, social interaction
____ is a complex molecule that has a double helix shape and contains genetic information
DNA
Which of the following are variables that are part of an experimental research design?
Dependent, independent
Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior? Experimental Correlational Descriptive Physiological
Descriptive
_____ psychology is the newest approach to psychology. It emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors
Evolutionary
What are the components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?
Exosystem, mesosystem, microsystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
Which kind of research is the only type in which a researcher can establish cause and effect?
Experimental
Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes called mitosis, meiosis, and?
Fertilization
Deception
For study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data. This is allowed as long as the participants are not harmed
Which of the following statements about gender are true? Gender is one of the most important influences on our identity and relationships Gender refers to the characteristics of being male or female Gender and sex are synonymous
Gender is one of the most important influences on our identity and relationships, Gender refers to the characteristics of being male or female
American baby boomers shared the experience of Cuban missile crisis in their youth. This is an example of a normative _________ graded influence.
History
what are examples of biological processes that affect development?
Hormonal changes of puberty, weight gain, genes inherited from parents, cardiovascular decline, brain development
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following
Impaired language development, impaired motor development, cognitive deficits
Normal aging is characterized by which of the following? Individuals who show greater than average declines as they age through the adult years Individuals whose psychological functioning remains relatively stable up until the their early sixties and then begins to show a modest decline Individuals whose positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development declines later in old age than is the case for most people
Individuals whose psychological functioning remains relatively stable up until the their early sixties and then begins to show a modest decline
Oral Stage (Freud)
Infant's pleasure centers on the mouth.
Confidentiality
Information about the patient not be published or revealed, ideally, participants information will remain anonymous
As preschoolers encounter a wider social world with new challenges that require responsible, active, purposeful behavior, which of Erikson's stags occurs?
Initiative versus guilt
What have behavioral and social cognitive theories been criticized for?
Insufficient attention to developmental changes
What are the advantages to a cross-sectional approach to life-span research?
It is not necessary to wait for people to grow older, efficient and can be completed in a period of several months
Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development? It occurs throughout life It involves growth and change It begins at birth It ends once one enters late adulthood
It occurs throughout life It involves growth and change
Konrad ______, a European zoologist, helped bring ethology to prominence
Lorenz
Which two processes allow humans to make sense of the world, according to Piaget's theory?
Organization and adaption
Which of the following are criticisms of research performed in the laboratory? Participants know they are being studied It is an unethical setting for most research Lack of participants from diverse culture backgrounds It is difficult to control for alternative variables
Participants know they are being studied, Lack of participants from diverse culture backgrounds
informed consent
Participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw
Debriefing
Participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has ended
______ aging characterizes individuals who show greater than average declines as they age through the adult years while_______ aging characterizes those whose positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development is maintained longer
Pathological, Successful
Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? Piaget's developmental theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Information-processing theory Erickson's psychosocial theory
Piagets, Vygotsky's, Information processing
Venita is extremely active and in great health; she likes to swim, and go out with her friends, and attend concerts, among other things. She adapts easily to new situations and can generally find something positive in any situation. Her grandchildren joke that she doesn't act like a grandmother and is more daring then they are. She embodies "young at heart" She is 70, but much younger in terms of her
Psychological age, social age
Genital Stage (Freud)
Sexual interest is reawakened
Latency Stage (Freud)
Sexual interest is repressed
Some developmentalists believe that biological inheritance and early childhood experiences are crucial to development and that early traits and characteristics persist through life. These developmentalists have a ____ perspective on development
Stability
In Erikson's seventh developmental stage, what term does he use for the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation?
Stagnation
Which of the following are some of the methods of data collection used by developmental researchers? Standardized testing Private diaries Interviews Social media postings Observations
Standardized testing Interviews Observations
Which statement describes a part of the second stage of childbirth?
The baby's head moves through the cervix
Meiosis
This is a specialized form of cell division involving eggs and sperm
When deciding whether to do a cross-sectional research study or a longitudinal study, what is one of the most important factors the researcher must take into account?
Time available
Which of the following studies involves random assignment? From the names in a phone book, a computer randomly selects Jim as a participant in a survey Trisha agrees to participate in a study on gender differences in communication styles Tom, a graduate assistant, tosses a coin to determine whether a participant will be in the control group or the experimental group Dr. Tannen is researching play patterns. From all the parks in her city, she randomly selects five in which to observe children at play
Tom, a graduate assistant, tosses a coin determine whether a participant will be in the control
Mitosis
a cells nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides
Individuals of a species that survive and reproduce pass on their characteristics to the next generation, Darwin argued that these survivors are better _____ to their world than are the non survivors
adapted
chronological age
age of a person in terms of years
Descriptive
aims to observe and record behavior
Which procedure involves withdrawing amniotic fluid between the 15th and 18th weeks of pregnancy
ammniocentesis
Fertilization
an egg cell and a sperm cell join together
psychological age
an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age
Drugs called _____, such as tranquilizers and narcotics, are used to relieve pain during labor
analgesia
The basic types of drugs that are used for labor are
anesthesia, oxytocin/pitocin, analgesia
If the delivery takes too long, the baby can develop ______, a condition in which the fetus or newborn has an insufficient supply of oxygen, which can cause brain damage
anoxia
The ______ _______ is widely used to evaluate infants heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth
apgar scale
Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins ______ and continues______
at conception; through the human life span
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the
blastocyst
In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as
bonding
A long delivery can cause a lack of sufficient oxygen or anoxia which can cause ______ ______.
brain damage
When a baby is a ____ position a cesarean delivery is usually performed.
breech
____ are threadlike structures made up of DNA
chromosomes
high maternal stress during pregnancy has been linked with a higher risk of having a child with
cognitive issues, ADHD, language delay, emotional problems
When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum in the female's Fallopian tube, what occurs?
conception
The prenatal period is the time from ______ to _________
conception to birth
Rank, in order from first to last, the steps in the scientific method
conceptualize a problem, collect research data, analyze data, draw conclusions
In the adolescent years, children discover who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in their lives. This occurs during the stage of development that Erik Erikson described as identity versus identity______
confusion
social age
connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt
A ______ is a setting where development occurs, such as in the family, peer group, or place of employment
context
Observations, surveys, interviews, standardized testing, physiological measures, and case studies are all methods of _______ collection
data
What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?
development does the occur in stage-life fashion
What statement best reflect the position of most developmentalists?
development is influenced by nature, nurture, stability, change, continuity, and discontinuity
____ which begins the week after conception, is the specialization of cells
differentiation
In terms of development, which of the following is an example of discontinuity? Distinct stages Cumulative change A seedling becoming an oak tree A gradual process
distinct stages
what is another name for a chromosomal abnormality where the individual has a round face, short limbs, and extra skin over the eyelids?
down syndrome
FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy
drank alcohol
The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best feature from each is known as ______ theoretical orientation
eclectic
The natural childbirth method attempts to reduce the mother's pain
education, relaxation techniques, breathing methods
What developmental issues are related to parenting and education?
effects of divorce, child care, malnutrition, early childhood education
two weeks to eight weeks
embryo
The term _______ comes from the Greek word for "nation"
ethnicity
The symptoms of postpartum depression include all of the following EXCEPT: anxiety euphoria despair sadness
euphoria
Life _____ is the average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live
expectancy
Turner Syndrome
females are born with either a missing or a partially deleted X chromosome, making the person XO instead of XX
During_____, and egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell
fertilization
two months to birth
fetus
In the most common twin study, the study of the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared to the behavior similarity of
fraternal twins
A researcher draws conclusions about females attitudes and behaviors from research conducted with males as the only participants. This is an example of ________ bias
gender
What unit of hereditary information is composed of short segments of DNA?
genes
A sexual reawakening characterizes Freud's _____ psychosexual stage of development
genital
All of a persons actual genetic material makes up his or her ______.
genotype
Baltes believed that what three goals of human development often conflict and compete with each other?
growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
In general, research on happiness has found that older people in the US are:
happier then younger people
Behavioral genetics seeks to discover the influence of _____, as well as the environment, on human development.
heredity
what is it called when individuals genes may systematically relate to the types of environments to which they are expose
heredity-environment correlations
A specific assertion and prediction that can be tested is refereed to as
hypothesis
The term ______ was coined by Lorenz to describe the rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen when a young goose hatches
imprinting
In an experiment a ______ variable is manipulated by the experimenter, whereas _______ variable is measured for change in response to the manipulation
independent, dependent
In conducting research on historical variations of adolescents, what does the term cohort effects refers to?
influences attributed to a person's year of birth, influences attributed to a person's generation, influences attributed to a person's era
Which theoretical approach states that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering data that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?
information processing
biological age
involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs
What are benefits of the Apgar Scale?
it identifies high risk infants who need resuscitation, assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment
____ care is a NICU procedure that involves skin to skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest
kangaroo
A strategy in which one group of the same individuals are studied over time, usually over several years or more is known as the ______ approach to development research
longitudinal
During emerging adulthood, instability may be seen in which of the following areas, according to jeffrey arnett?
love, work, education
Klinefelter syndrome
males have an extra X chromosome
XYY syndrome
males have an extra Y chromosome
_____ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm
meiosis
The prenatal testing which should be performed depends on which of the following?
mother's age, genetic risk factors, medical history
According to Freud, infant's pleasure centers on the _____ during the oral stage of psychosexual development
mouth
environmental agents such as radiation, errors in the cellular machinery, and chance can all lead to a ____ gene
mutated
_______ is the evolutionary process by which those individuals that are best adapted to the environment are the ones that survive and reproduce
natural selection
Melinda is at a museum, watching how parents interact with their children. She counts the number of times scientific explanations are five to girls versus boys. This is an example of:
naturalistic observations
Anencephaly is when the head end of the ______ tube fails to close
neural
Nerve cells, which handle information processing at the cellular level, are known as
neurons
A ______ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life
nonnormative
A siblings unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, are defined as ______ environmental influences
nonshared
Most children in the United States start school when they are five or six years of age. This occurrence would best be described as a
normative age-graded influence
The female egg is known as the
ovum
sickle cell anemia, in which the red blood cells cannot carry ______ properly and die quickly, occurs most often in African Americans
oxygen
what is TRUE about culture
people from the same culture often share similar beliefs, culture is passed on from one generation to the next, the behavior of people is often strongly influenced by their culture
According to Freud's psychosexual development theory, the ______ stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 and 6, when a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals
phallic
Observable and measurable characteristics such as height, hair color, and intelligence are aspects of a person's
phenotype
The ____ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join
placenta
The _____ period lasts form the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly pregnant state (in about 6 weeks)
postpartum
The weeks after childbirth are referred to as the ___ period, which lasts about six weeks
postpartum
The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as
prepared childbirth
Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached full-term are referred to as
preterm
What does the placenta do?
protects embryo from some diseases, readies the mother's breasts for lactation, stimulates contractions during labor
what kind of drugs act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods
psychoactive
In a gene pair the ____ gene does not always exert its influence
recessive
What are the abilities of a child in the preoperational stage, according to Piaget?
representing the world with speech, engaging in symbolic thought, making a drawing to represent a car
Fragile X Syndrome
results from an abnormality in the X chromosome
___ is an arrangement by which the newborn stays with its mother most of the time during the hospital stay
rooming-in
Emerging adults are ______-________ in the sense that they have few social obligations, and duties or commitments to others
self focused
_____ period relates to concept during infancy when attachment should occur
sensitive
A ____ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions
theory
The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the
trophoblast
True or False: the exposure of fathers to certain environmental agents can affect their offspring
true
True or false: an adoption study seeks to discover whether the behavior and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like those of their adoptive parents or their biological parents
true
True or false: infants who weigh less than 90 percent of all babies of the same gestational age are called small for date infants
true
Setting the stage for a lifelong expectation about the world. Erikson's psychosocial stage of _____ versus______ is the first in his theory and is experienced in the first year of life
trust, mistrust
Nutrition and oxygen flow from the placenta to the fetus through the _____ cord
umbilical
conception to two weeks
zygote