Psych 230 chapters 1 and 2

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first _____ months of prenatal development

2

how many chromosomes does a sex cell have

23

One recent study revealed that the rate of stillbirth was elevated for adolescent girls and for women ____ years of age and older

35

A recent meta-analysis confirmed that a baby's sex can be detected as early as _____ weeks into pregnancy

7

What can the "nature" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy be described as?

A biological perspective

Dr. Booker is reaserching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4 year olds, 6 year olds, 8 year olds, and 10 year olds. This is an example of:

A cross sectional study

____ is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV

AIDS

The ______ period of development is the period of transition from childhood to early adulthood. It begins at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age.

Adolescence

Correlational

Aims to provide information that helps to predict how people will behave,

Experimental

Aims to understand causality

What are criticisms of psychoanalytic theory?

An image of people that is too negative, A lack of scientific support, Overemphasis on sexual underpinnings

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as a teratogen? Antibiotics Synthetic estrogen Prenatal vitamins Acne medications Low doses of aspirin

Antibiotics, synthetic estrogen, acne medications

John ______ was an attachment theorist who stressed that the attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span

Bowlby

Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy Cardiovascular problems Low birth weight Facial deformities Learning problems Respiratory problems

Cardiovascular problems, low birth weight, respiratory problems

Which of the following are potential problems with a case study? Case studies may lack reliable judgment since there is often little input from other professionals The findings may not be generalizable A case study allows the researcher to understand that subject's mind, behavior, or other attributes

Case studies may lack reliable judgment since there is often little input from other professionals, the findings may not be generalizable

Which of the following are physiological measures used to collect data? Checking blood levels of hormones Functional magnetic-resonance imaging Observing small group interactions in a laboratory Having a group of adolescents answer questions about their mood

Checking blood levels of hormones, functional magnetic resonance imaging

Phalic stage (Freud)

Child pleasure focuses on genitals

Anal Stage (Freud)

Child's pleasure focus on the anus.

Age is not just measured by _____ age, but also by biological age, psychological age, and social age

Chronological

_____encompasses the behavior patters, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation

Culture

Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory? Culture Social Interaction Formal operations Internalized mental actions

Culture, social interaction

____ is a complex molecule that has a double helix shape and contains genetic information

DNA

Which of the following are variables that are part of an experimental research design?

Dependent, independent

Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior? Experimental Correlational Descriptive Physiological

Descriptive

_____ psychology is the newest approach to psychology. It emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors

Evolutionary

What are the components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

Exosystem, mesosystem, microsystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

Which kind of research is the only type in which a researcher can establish cause and effect?

Experimental

Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes called mitosis, meiosis, and?

Fertilization

Deception

For study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data. This is allowed as long as the participants are not harmed

Which of the following statements about gender are true? Gender is one of the most important influences on our identity and relationships Gender refers to the characteristics of being male or female Gender and sex are synonymous

Gender is one of the most important influences on our identity and relationships, Gender refers to the characteristics of being male or female

American baby boomers shared the experience of Cuban missile crisis in their youth. This is an example of a normative _________ graded influence.

History

what are examples of biological processes that affect development?

Hormonal changes of puberty, weight gain, genes inherited from parents, cardiovascular decline, brain development

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following

Impaired language development, impaired motor development, cognitive deficits

Normal aging is characterized by which of the following? Individuals who show greater than average declines as they age through the adult years Individuals whose psychological functioning remains relatively stable up until the their early sixties and then begins to show a modest decline Individuals whose positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development declines later in old age than is the case for most people

Individuals whose psychological functioning remains relatively stable up until the their early sixties and then begins to show a modest decline

Oral Stage (Freud)

Infant's pleasure centers on the mouth.

Confidentiality

Information about the patient not be published or revealed, ideally, participants information will remain anonymous

As preschoolers encounter a wider social world with new challenges that require responsible, active, purposeful behavior, which of Erikson's stags occurs?

Initiative versus guilt

What have behavioral and social cognitive theories been criticized for?

Insufficient attention to developmental changes

What are the advantages to a cross-sectional approach to life-span research?

It is not necessary to wait for people to grow older, efficient and can be completed in a period of several months

Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development? It occurs throughout life It involves growth and change It begins at birth It ends once one enters late adulthood

It occurs throughout life It involves growth and change

Konrad ______, a European zoologist, helped bring ethology to prominence

Lorenz

Which two processes allow humans to make sense of the world, according to Piaget's theory?

Organization and adaption

Which of the following are criticisms of research performed in the laboratory? Participants know they are being studied It is an unethical setting for most research Lack of participants from diverse culture backgrounds It is difficult to control for alternative variables

Participants know they are being studied, Lack of participants from diverse culture backgrounds

informed consent

Participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw

Debriefing

Participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has ended

______ aging characterizes individuals who show greater than average declines as they age through the adult years while_______ aging characterizes those whose positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development is maintained longer

Pathological, Successful

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? Piaget's developmental theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Information-processing theory Erickson's psychosocial theory

Piagets, Vygotsky's, Information processing

Venita is extremely active and in great health; she likes to swim, and go out with her friends, and attend concerts, among other things. She adapts easily to new situations and can generally find something positive in any situation. Her grandchildren joke that she doesn't act like a grandmother and is more daring then they are. She embodies "young at heart" She is 70, but much younger in terms of her

Psychological age, social age

Genital Stage (Freud)

Sexual interest is reawakened

Latency Stage (Freud)

Sexual interest is repressed

Some developmentalists believe that biological inheritance and early childhood experiences are crucial to development and that early traits and characteristics persist through life. These developmentalists have a ____ perspective on development

Stability

In Erikson's seventh developmental stage, what term does he use for the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation?

Stagnation

Which of the following are some of the methods of data collection used by developmental researchers? Standardized testing Private diaries Interviews Social media postings Observations

Standardized testing Interviews Observations

Which statement describes a part of the second stage of childbirth?

The baby's head moves through the cervix

Meiosis

This is a specialized form of cell division involving eggs and sperm

When deciding whether to do a cross-sectional research study or a longitudinal study, what is one of the most important factors the researcher must take into account?

Time available

Which of the following studies involves random assignment? From the names in a phone book, a computer randomly selects Jim as a participant in a survey Trisha agrees to participate in a study on gender differences in communication styles Tom, a graduate assistant, tosses a coin to determine whether a participant will be in the control group or the experimental group Dr. Tannen is researching play patterns. From all the parks in her city, she randomly selects five in which to observe children at play

Tom, a graduate assistant, tosses a coin determine whether a participant will be in the control

Mitosis

a cells nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides

Individuals of a species that survive and reproduce pass on their characteristics to the next generation, Darwin argued that these survivors are better _____ to their world than are the non survivors

adapted

chronological age

age of a person in terms of years

Descriptive

aims to observe and record behavior

Which procedure involves withdrawing amniotic fluid between the 15th and 18th weeks of pregnancy

ammniocentesis

Fertilization

an egg cell and a sperm cell join together

psychological age

an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

Drugs called _____, such as tranquilizers and narcotics, are used to relieve pain during labor

analgesia

The basic types of drugs that are used for labor are

anesthesia, oxytocin/pitocin, analgesia

If the delivery takes too long, the baby can develop ______, a condition in which the fetus or newborn has an insufficient supply of oxygen, which can cause brain damage

anoxia

The ______ _______ is widely used to evaluate infants heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth

apgar scale

Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins ______ and continues______

at conception; through the human life span

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the

blastocyst

In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as

bonding

A long delivery can cause a lack of sufficient oxygen or anoxia which can cause ______ ______.

brain damage

When a baby is a ____ position a cesarean delivery is usually performed.

breech

____ are threadlike structures made up of DNA

chromosomes

high maternal stress during pregnancy has been linked with a higher risk of having a child with

cognitive issues, ADHD, language delay, emotional problems

When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum in the female's Fallopian tube, what occurs?

conception

The prenatal period is the time from ______ to _________

conception to birth

Rank, in order from first to last, the steps in the scientific method

conceptualize a problem, collect research data, analyze data, draw conclusions

In the adolescent years, children discover who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in their lives. This occurs during the stage of development that Erik Erikson described as identity versus identity______

confusion

social age

connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt

A ______ is a setting where development occurs, such as in the family, peer group, or place of employment

context

Observations, surveys, interviews, standardized testing, physiological measures, and case studies are all methods of _______ collection

data

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?

development does the occur in stage-life fashion

What statement best reflect the position of most developmentalists?

development is influenced by nature, nurture, stability, change, continuity, and discontinuity

____ which begins the week after conception, is the specialization of cells

differentiation

In terms of development, which of the following is an example of discontinuity? Distinct stages Cumulative change A seedling becoming an oak tree A gradual process

distinct stages

what is another name for a chromosomal abnormality where the individual has a round face, short limbs, and extra skin over the eyelids?

down syndrome

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy

drank alcohol

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best feature from each is known as ______ theoretical orientation

eclectic

The natural childbirth method attempts to reduce the mother's pain

education, relaxation techniques, breathing methods

What developmental issues are related to parenting and education?

effects of divorce, child care, malnutrition, early childhood education

two weeks to eight weeks

embryo

The term _______ comes from the Greek word for "nation"

ethnicity

The symptoms of postpartum depression include all of the following EXCEPT: anxiety euphoria despair sadness

euphoria

Life _____ is the average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live

expectancy

Turner Syndrome

females are born with either a missing or a partially deleted X chromosome, making the person XO instead of XX

During_____, and egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell

fertilization

two months to birth

fetus

In the most common twin study, the study of the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared to the behavior similarity of

fraternal twins

A researcher draws conclusions about females attitudes and behaviors from research conducted with males as the only participants. This is an example of ________ bias

gender

What unit of hereditary information is composed of short segments of DNA?

genes

A sexual reawakening characterizes Freud's _____ psychosexual stage of development

genital

All of a persons actual genetic material makes up his or her ______.

genotype

Baltes believed that what three goals of human development often conflict and compete with each other?

growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

In general, research on happiness has found that older people in the US are:

happier then younger people

Behavioral genetics seeks to discover the influence of _____, as well as the environment, on human development.

heredity

what is it called when individuals genes may systematically relate to the types of environments to which they are expose

heredity-environment correlations

A specific assertion and prediction that can be tested is refereed to as

hypothesis

The term ______ was coined by Lorenz to describe the rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen when a young goose hatches

imprinting

In an experiment a ______ variable is manipulated by the experimenter, whereas _______ variable is measured for change in response to the manipulation

independent, dependent

In conducting research on historical variations of adolescents, what does the term cohort effects refers to?

influences attributed to a person's year of birth, influences attributed to a person's generation, influences attributed to a person's era

Which theoretical approach states that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering data that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?

information processing

biological age

involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs

What are benefits of the Apgar Scale?

it identifies high risk infants who need resuscitation, assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment

____ care is a NICU procedure that involves skin to skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest

kangaroo

A strategy in which one group of the same individuals are studied over time, usually over several years or more is known as the ______ approach to development research

longitudinal

During emerging adulthood, instability may be seen in which of the following areas, according to jeffrey arnett?

love, work, education

Klinefelter syndrome

males have an extra X chromosome

XYY syndrome

males have an extra Y chromosome

_____ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm

meiosis

The prenatal testing which should be performed depends on which of the following?

mother's age, genetic risk factors, medical history

According to Freud, infant's pleasure centers on the _____ during the oral stage of psychosexual development

mouth

environmental agents such as radiation, errors in the cellular machinery, and chance can all lead to a ____ gene

mutated

_______ is the evolutionary process by which those individuals that are best adapted to the environment are the ones that survive and reproduce

natural selection

Melinda is at a museum, watching how parents interact with their children. She counts the number of times scientific explanations are five to girls versus boys. This is an example of:

naturalistic observations

Anencephaly is when the head end of the ______ tube fails to close

neural

Nerve cells, which handle information processing at the cellular level, are known as

neurons

A ______ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life

nonnormative

A siblings unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, are defined as ______ environmental influences

nonshared

Most children in the United States start school when they are five or six years of age. This occurrence would best be described as a

normative age-graded influence

The female egg is known as the

ovum

sickle cell anemia, in which the red blood cells cannot carry ______ properly and die quickly, occurs most often in African Americans

oxygen

what is TRUE about culture

people from the same culture often share similar beliefs, culture is passed on from one generation to the next, the behavior of people is often strongly influenced by their culture

According to Freud's psychosexual development theory, the ______ stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 and 6, when a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals

phallic

Observable and measurable characteristics such as height, hair color, and intelligence are aspects of a person's

phenotype

The ____ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join

placenta

The _____ period lasts form the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly pregnant state (in about 6 weeks)

postpartum

The weeks after childbirth are referred to as the ___ period, which lasts about six weeks

postpartum

The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as

prepared childbirth

Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached full-term are referred to as

preterm

What does the placenta do?

protects embryo from some diseases, readies the mother's breasts for lactation, stimulates contractions during labor

what kind of drugs act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods

psychoactive

In a gene pair the ____ gene does not always exert its influence

recessive

What are the abilities of a child in the preoperational stage, according to Piaget?

representing the world with speech, engaging in symbolic thought, making a drawing to represent a car

Fragile X Syndrome

results from an abnormality in the X chromosome

___ is an arrangement by which the newborn stays with its mother most of the time during the hospital stay

rooming-in

Emerging adults are ______-________ in the sense that they have few social obligations, and duties or commitments to others

self focused

_____ period relates to concept during infancy when attachment should occur

sensitive

A ____ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions

theory

The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the

trophoblast

True or False: the exposure of fathers to certain environmental agents can affect their offspring

true

True or false: an adoption study seeks to discover whether the behavior and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like those of their adoptive parents or their biological parents

true

True or false: infants who weigh less than 90 percent of all babies of the same gestational age are called small for date infants

true

Setting the stage for a lifelong expectation about the world. Erikson's psychosocial stage of _____ versus______ is the first in his theory and is experienced in the first year of life

trust, mistrust

Nutrition and oxygen flow from the placenta to the fetus through the _____ cord

umbilical

conception to two weeks

zygote