Psych 300 quiz 1-10 & Midterm

What does "The Strange Situation" refer to?

A procedure used to evaluate attachment styles that exist between an infant and caregiver.

Which of the following is the best example of a habit?

chewing on your hair to relieve stress

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily function

Gandhi starving himself fits best with which unofficial 6th stage of Maslow's hierarchy?

self-transcendence

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?

semantic encoding

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

A neurotransmitter that involves mood and sleep is

serotonin

________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person.

somatosensation

While interpreting sensory information, we make educated guesses that tie into our interpretation of the world. These guesses are known as

perceptual hypotheses

Which specific anatomical part of the eye is responsible for the color aspect of vision?

pupil

Which color has the shortest frequency and the longest wavelength?

red

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?

refractory period

What does the Thyroid help with?

regulates growth, metabolism, and appetite

A simple task is performed best when arousal levels are....

relatively high

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

Which of the following suggests that emotions are a consequence of physiological arousal?

the James-Lange theory

Carl Jung was known for coming up with the concept of

the collective unconscious

Because data collected using survey is self-reported, it is not possible to be sure that

the data received will be accurate

The heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function during...

the embryonic stage

what stage involves the zygote traveling down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in the lining of the uterus?

the germinal stage

What does the word amplitude mean?

the height of a wave

Which part of the brain is involved in regulating hunger?

the hypothalamus

The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to an action potential is called...

transduction

When an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment, this can be called...

associative learning

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

The main psychosocial milestone of infancy is:

attachment

The most common learning disability in children is...

dyslexia

Which of the following does the triarchic theory of intelligence not view as a part comprising intelligence?

emotional intelligence

We get information into our brains through the input of information into the memory system. This process is called...

encoding

Which type of reinforcement schedule allows a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded?

fixed ratio

The ability to tackle complex and abstract challenges in your daily life is best known as which of the following intelligences?

fluid intelligence

Hertz is a measure of ________.

frequency

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal

Containing Broca's area and involved in coordination and emotions, this part of the brain is known as the...

frontal lobe

________ dysphoria is a diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify with the cultural expectations associated with their biological sex.

gender

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

What is amplitude?

the height of a wave

Which part is responsible for carrying visual information from the retina to the brain?

the optic nerve

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Raven was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness.

congenital

Having a Body Mass Index of 27 would indicate...

overweight

where is the nucleus of the neuron located?

the soma

A correlation coefficient is a number from _____ that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.

-1 to +1

A correlation coefficient is a number from _________ that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.

-1 to +1

How many chromosomes does an egg and sperm each contain?

23

Masters and Johnson divided the sexual response cycle into how many phases?

4

How many stages in sleep are there?

5

Which ages are associated with the concrete operational stage?

7-11

A skinner Box is best described as _______

A chamber that isolates a subject from the external environment

What is a natural concept?

A concept that is created through your experiences

In a test for a new medication the control group is given...

A form of the medication containing no active ingredients

In a test for a new medication the control group is given.....

A form of the medication containing no active ingredients

A schemata (also called schema) is...

A mental construct that consists of a cluster of related concepts

What is a hypothesis?

A predication about the relationship between two or more variables

What is a hypothesis?

A prediction about the relationship between two or more variables

Which type of research relies on past records and data sets to look for interesting relationships or patterns?

Archival

What is the largest organization of psychologists in the world?

American Psychological Association

What is the largest organization of psychologists in the world?

American Psychologists Association

What is the purpose of the institutional review board (IRB)?

Analyze proposals for research that involves human participants

Which type of research relies on past records and data sets to look for interesting relationship or patterns?

Archival

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

Breathing

The characteristics of mathematical intelligence are...

Capable of seeing numerical patterns, strong ability to use reason and logic

The field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think is called...

Cognitive

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

Conscientiousness

In this type of research, scientist compares multiple segments of a population at a single time:

Cross-sectional

In this type of research, scientists compares multiple segments of a population at a single time:

Cross-sectional

What is the initial period of learning called?

acquisition

The maturing of the adrenal glands is known as

adrenarche

What are chromosomes made of?

DNA

Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false?

Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.

The _____ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

Dependent Variable

The scientific study which focuses on changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, social behavior, and other psychological attributes across a lifespan is called:

Developmental Psychology

In a ______ study, both the researcher and the participants are unware of the group assignments.

Doubled-Blinded

Which of the following occurs in REM sleep?

Dreaming and rapid movement of the eyes

Although F. Skinner and John Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward Tolman

Information about events we have personally experienced is

Episodic memory

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

Which psychologist proposed that personality development takes place throughout one's entire life?

Erikson

Who proposed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erikson

What is biopsychology?

Exploration of our biology influencing our behavior

The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus is called...

Extinction

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

William James was the ________.

First American psychologist

Who developed Multiple Intelligence Theory?

Gardner

Which is an example of Natural Selection?

Giraffes with a shorter neck starve while the ones with a longer neck eat from tall trees.

A person with 2 copies of the sickle cell gene will....

Have sickle cell anemia

Which statement about Edward Tolman is incorrect?

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

I

The ______ variable is controlled by the experimenter.

Independent

Identify the major ethical flaw with John Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

It will probably lead to substance abuse.

Who believed that dreams allow us to tap into the collective unconsciousness?

Jung

What research method tests the same group repeatedly over a certain extended period of time?

Longitudinal

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?

Male bias exists in science

Noah is perpetually tired at work, and often falls asleep at his desk during inopportune times. If Noah were to go to a doctor, what would condition is he most likely to have, assuming his blood tests all come back normally?

Narcolepsy

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?

Object Permanence

The empirical method of study is based on _____________

Observation

Name the physiologist who studied a form of learning behavior called conditioned reflex.

Pavlo

Name the physiologist who studied a form of learning behavior called conditioned reflex.

Pavlov

Anyone wishing to continue a career in psychology at a 4 year institution of higher education will have to earn a ___________

PhD

Anyone wishing to continue a career in psychology at a 4-year institution of higher education will have to earn a ____

PhD

Which of the following is not one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Post-operational

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Sleep is divided into two phases:

REM sleep and non-REM sleep

Which of the following is NOT an example of a biological rhythm?

Saponification

Scientists interested in physiological aspects of sensory systems and also in the psychological experience of sensory information work within the area of___?

Sensation and perception

Which of the following is false about sensation?

Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Which theorist published research to the psychology of personality?

Sigmund Freud

What is a limitation that affects the generalization of research results?

Small sample size

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs associated self- worth, accomplished, and confidence with the concept of....

Social

Which subdivision of the peripheral nervous system is thought of as conscious?

Somatic nervous system

______ is/ are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail

Surveys

Which is not one of the Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Technique

A person who is suffering from memory problems due to dementia is most likely to experience degeneration of which part of the brain?

The Hippocampus

What is reliability?

The consistency of a research study or measuring test

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.'

The word 'Fluid' should be changed to the word 'Crystallized.'

According to the reinforcement schedule. What category would gambling fall under?

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

A _______ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted.

Veterinarian

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologists?

Wilhelm Wundt

_____________ was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist.

Wilhem Wundt

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

acoustic

An exceptionally clear and detailed recollection of a significant event is called...

a flashbulb memory

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

Amir bites his fingernails. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

a habit

Standard deviations describe how data is dispersed in ...

a lab experiment

Jackie immediately dropped a hot meal from the microwave. What is this an example of?

a reflex

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, 'Look mommy, apples!' His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

Which part of the brain has to do with regulating emotions, such as fear and aggression?

amygdala

A problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve an outcome is called...

an algorithm

Define Self-efficacy:

an individual's belief in their capability to complete a task

Salmon swimming upstream to spawn is the result of an unlearned behavior regarding which of the following?

an instinct

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Critical thinking is ______

applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

What is the first step in copying modeled behavior?

attention

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

The vestibular sense contributes to our ability to maintain...

balance and body posture

The school of thought that focused on making psychology an objective science by studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of observable mental process is

behaviorism

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

The possible range for a correlation coefficients is _____

between -1 and +1

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

________ individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals.

bisexual

Which color is not part of the trichromatic theory of color vision, meaning any color can be produced from the combination?

black

Nancy sees a famous rockstar that she is obsessed with, but she is unable to recall his name despite being certain of knowing it. This is known as...

blocking

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

The fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system is called the...

cochlea

What was Piaget's main focus?

cognitive changes in infancy and childhood

Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. In the following sentence, what is the motivation? Sheila wants to complete a marathon so she buys new running shoes and spends every day timing how long it takes her to run the high school track.

completing a marathon

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

The tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs is called

confirmation bias

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

The neural fibers connecting the two hemispheres are called the ...

corpus callosum

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

What is used to measure loudness for hearing?

decibels

In ______, ideas are tested against the empirical world; in _____, empirical observations lead to new ideas.

deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning Idk for sure but good guess

Stage 3 and 4 of sleep, or deep sleep, are characterized by low frequency high amplitude:

delta waves

Our ability to perceive spacial relationships, specifically within three-dimensional space, is known as

depth perception

Body dysmorphia involves a ________.

distorted body image

Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

distortion

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components

Thalia suffers from insomnia. She tries everything, and she finally develops the habit of counting backward when she wants to sleep but cannot. Thalia finds that she falls asleep much easier once she starts counting backward, so she continues to do so. ________ theory suggests that she continues this habit because it results in homeostasis.

drive

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.

experiences

As a nurse, Linda didn't care much about helping others. She simply looked forward to getting a paycheck to buy a new purse. This is an example of?

extrinsic motivation

A pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage is a...

habit

What occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is not present and repeated?

habituation

What drugs results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences?

hallucinogens

Even though Jaden feels sad, he smiles anyway. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what will happen?

he will feel happier, because he is smiling

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into ________.

homeostasis

______ occurs when people assert that human behavior is affected by the phrase of the moon, and specifically, that people act strangely when the moon is full.

illusory correlation

According to Erikson's psychological stages of development, what task do toddlers (age 1-3) have to face?

initiative vs guilt

Complex innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events can be called...

instincts

A sudden burst of higher frequency brain waves that is important for learning and memory is called...

k-complex

Cataplexy is characterized by:

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

Damage to the Broca's area, an individual can lose the ability of producing

language

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

latent

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

Behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. This idea is called the...

law of effect

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

longer wavelengths

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a ________ design.

longitudinal

Timbre refers to a sound's purity, and it is affected by the complex interplay of 3 things. Which is not a component of timbre?

loudness

The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

midbrain

After being given false about an event, if the person's memory of the event has been restructured, what was the person experiencing?

misinformation effect paradigm

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

musical

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Billy loves his toy robot and he plays with it every day. But when Billy is being naughty, his parents take away his beloved robot. If the naughty behavior decreases, this is an example of ...

negative punishment

The perception of pain corresponds with which sense?

nocioception

An empirical method for acquiring knowledge is one based on ____________ .

observation

The three basic learning processes include classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and...

observational learning

Which lobe of the brain is associated with vision?

occipital

Using tongs to reach an item on a high shelf is an example of...

overcoming functional fixedness

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to different frequencies, according to which theory?

place theory

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

postformal

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

If I took my son out for ice cream each time he scored a touchdown during his football games, I would be using the ice cream as a ...

primary reinforcer

A type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things is known as...

procedural

Which one of the following types of memories are for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim?

procedural

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome.

restless

Which part of the eye is the lining that is light-sensitive?

retina

Getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as...

retrieval

What is it called when a neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it?

reuptake

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Susie is unable to move her left body after a stroke; which hemisphere of the brain is affected?

right

If you met someone that introduced himself as a basketball player, the fact that you begin to make assumptions of this person in your "basketball schema" such as being tall, athletic, coordinated, etc., then these judgments would be an example of

role schema

Which of the following is not a part of the fight or flight response?

running away

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

sample size

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

sleep

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, What is the next motivating behavior after security needs are met?

social

___________ are drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulants

A message below an absolute threshold is said to be __________.

subliminal

Which is not a part of human memory?

submission

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.

teratogens

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

A very small space between two neurons where communication between neurons occurs is called ...

synapse

Which is not one of the Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

technique

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.

temperature, touch, and pain

Which lobe of the brain is associated with hearing?

temporal

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on________ and early childhood experiences.

the role of a person's unconscious

The first stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development, which lasts until the age of two, is called...

the sensorimotor stage

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.

the use of reinforcement and punishment

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that _____.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group

type of play; no play

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response is called...

unconditioned stimulus

Inspired by Sigmund Freud, many therapists today still believe ....

unconscious

Inspired by Sigmund Freud, many therapists today still believe that the ________ and the impact of early childhood experiences have a lasting effect of a person's life.

unconscious

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual