Psych. Ch. 6

short term memory can retain about __________ pieces of complex information

5-9

a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events

anterograde amnesia

theory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

atkinson-shiffrin theory

a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences

autobiographical memory

according to Baddeley's model of working memory, the component that is in charge of integrating information, planning, and organizing is the ___________ ____________

central executive

which strategy can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

chunking

also called parallel distributed processing (PDP). the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory

connectionism

___________ theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting

decay

theory stating that when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting

decay theory

explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and it is sometimes referred to as ____________ memory

declarative

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

divided attention

the _________-__________ hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored both as image codes and verbal codes

dual-code

the term used to describe auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds is ___________ memory

echoic

the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding

elaboration

the first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage

encoding

the retention of information about the where, when and what of life's happenings; that is, how individuals remember life's episodes

episodic memory

during her first week of college, hazel attended a lecture on the periodic table of elements. her memory of being at that lecture is __________ memory, while her memory for the actual information of the periodic table is __________ memory

episodic; semantic

the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated

explicit memory or declarative memory

the two main components of long term memory, __________ memory consists of our episodic and semantic memories, and ________ memory consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming

explicit; implicit

the type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a sparkler on the 4th of july is _________ memory

iconic

in order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of the campus map. Kareem used _________ to remember the necessary route

imagery

_________ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience

implicit

the cerebellum is involved in the _________ memory required to perform skills

implicit

memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience

implicit memory or non declarative memory

the theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember

interference theory

what is the role of the amygdala in memory?

it plays an important role in emotional memory

a continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory

levels of processing

the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster

priming

situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later

proactive interference

you have studied french for years, but you are now taking a class in spanish. when asked the spanish word for red, you come up with the french. this is an example of

proactive interference

memory for skills

procedural memory

remembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions

prospective memory

jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys as well as the position they play, along with the first letter of their name. he is using the names as ____________ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates

retrieval

the memory process involves encoding, storage and __________

retrieval

the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage

retrieval

situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier

retroactive interference

remembering information from the past

retrospective memory

____________ memory involves remembering information from the past, while ________ memory involves remembering to do something in the future

retrospective; prospective

a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way individuals encode, make inferences about, and retrieve information

schema

a schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences

script

a person's knowledge about the world

semantic memory

memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses

sensory memory

the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle

serial position effect

limited capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer

short-term memory

the process of retaining information for future use is called:

storage

the process of retaining information over time is referred to as

storage

the retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory

storage

samuel has been carefully entering numbers into an excel spreadsheet for school. he is focusing so hard that he hardly notices the sound of the television in a nearby room or his younger siblings playing outside. samuel is involved in a ___________ attention task

sustained

the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

sustained attention

taking a batch of muffins out of the oven in 20 minutes is an example of a __________-based prospective memory task. remembering to buy muffins on the way home from work is an example of a _____________-based prospective memory task

time; event

a type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something but cannot quite pull it out of memory

tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon

a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to guide understanding, decisions, making and problem solving

working memory

encoding failure occurs when the information:

never enters long-term memory

the loss of memory

amnesia

the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events

flashbulb memory

herman ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on _____________

forgetting

a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time

long-term memory

the retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval

memory

forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable

motivated forgetting