PSYCH CH.11

Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?

A person's propensity for violence A person's sexual orientation A person's romantic interest in the participant

_________ refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

Aggression

Which of the following personality traits is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors?

Agreeableness

____ , which is a personality trait, is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors.

Agreeableness

Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?

Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?

Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.

_________ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

Attribution

What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?

Bystander effect

Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?

Cognitive dissonance

What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?

Cognitive dissonance

_____ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring,

Egoism

What is a key emotion involved in altruism and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another?

Empathy

_____ is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

Empathy

______ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.

Empathy

Which of the following research methods do social psychologists use most often?

Experimental methods

True or false: When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.

False

When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following?

Fundamental attribution error

Altruism is which of the following?

Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

Egoism is which of the following?

Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity

When did social psychology emerge as a field?

In the years after the U.S. Civil War

How long did it take participants in one research study to form an impression of an unfamiliar face?

Less than a second

Which people tend to be more likely to engage in prosocial behavior?

People of lower socioeconomic status

________ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Person Perception

What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

Personal attitudes and the perception of others

_____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

Persuasion

Greater volume in the ________ cortex is positively associated with agreeableness.

Posterior cingulate

Greater volume in which of the following brain areas is positively associated with agreeableness?

Posterior cingulate cortex

_____ is a key aspect of altruistic behavior.

Reciprocity

_____ refers to activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors.

Relational aggression

_______ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

SOCIAL

_____ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

Self-esteem

What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?

Self-fulfilling prophecies

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

_____ theory explains the connection between attitudes and behaviors by suggesting that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior.

Self-perception

Several factors that contribute to attraction are noted in the text, including which of the following?

Similarity Proximity Acquaintance

_______ comparison is the process by which we compare ourselves to other people.

Social

___________ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Social Cognition

_________ threat is one's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

Stereotype

Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?

Stereotyping

Person perception is which of the following?

The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

Attribution theory is which of the following?

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

Social cognition is which of the following?

The way in which individuals think in social situations

True or false: Kitty Genovese's murder inspired research on peoples' likelihood of helping a person in distress.

True

True or false: Social psychologists tend to use experimental methods more often than descriptive methods.

True

Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?

When the person's attitudes changed recently

In the context of gender and helping behavior, ______ are more likely to help in the context of interpersonal relationships or nurturing, whereas ________ are more likely to help in the context of perceived danger.

Women Men

Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause.

controllable

Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make _______ rapidly.

decisions

Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make _________ rapidly.

decisions, judgments, or choices

Giving aid to another person to ensure reciprocity is called

egoism

The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.

elaboration

A key social emotion in altruism is _______ , a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another.

empathy

The __________ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.

evolutionary

The ____ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.

evolutionary or evolution

Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause.

external

True or false: In a study on physical attractiveness, researchers found that participants rated individual faces as more attractive than faces that were created by averaging up to 32 other faces.

false

A persuasion tool that involves making a small request at the beginning of a sale is called the _______ -in-the-door technique.

foot

The __________ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.

fundamental

The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______.

fundamental attribution error

Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.

greater

In one study, just a 100-millisecond exposure was long enough for participants to form a(n) ________ of the unfamiliar individual.

impression

Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause.

internal

Helping others consistently leads to increased ____ mood

positive

____________ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

self esteem

_________ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves

self-esteem

Researchers told grade school teachers that a small number of students were likely to be "late bloomers" during that academic year. Even though the students were actually randomly selected, the teachers' expectations were reflected in the students' performance. This is an illustration of the __________________

self-fulfilling prophecy

The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

self-serving bias

Jon got a B on his psychology exam. He isn't sure if this is good, so he asks Kate how well she did. Jon is using _____ to evaluate his performance.

social comparison

The _________ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.

social or observational

Social psychology is similar to another social science, ____________, However, social psychology emphasizes how individuals influence groups and how groups influence individuals.

sociology

Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.

stable

A __________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.

sterotype

A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

threat

Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause.

uncontrollable

Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.

unstable

Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?

A person's artistic ability

Cognitive __________ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.

Dissonance

Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive?

Observational learning

High levels of the neurotransmitter ____ are associated with prosocial behavior.

serotonin

Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

-Change the behavior causing the dissonance. -Change the attitude causing the dissonance.

Which of the following neurotransmitters and/or neurohormones are associated with prosocial behavior?

-Oxytocin -Serotonin -Dopamine

When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior?

-When a person has strong attitudes -When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes -When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes

Infants as young as _____ showed a preference for looking at attractive faces.

3 to 6 months old

In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was ____, he or she was likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all.

alone; with another bystander

In the field of social psychology, the term ________ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.

attitude

________ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.

attitude

Which of the following faces did participants rate as most attractive?

average

According to self-perception theory, individuals often make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own _____.

behavior

The self-serving _________ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

bias

The self-serving __________ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

bias

The expectation of reciprocity _____.

can encourage altruism

The bystander effect makes it _________ (more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.

less

Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _____ determinant(s).

multiple

When we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of ____ are activated.

pain

When we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of _____ are activated.

pain

The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether _____.

people are less likely to help if other people are present

__________ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.

heuristics