PSYCH CH.11
Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
A person's propensity for violence A person's sexual orientation A person's romantic interest in the participant
_________ refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.
Aggression
Which of the following personality traits is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors?
Agreeableness
____ , which is a personality trait, is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors.
Agreeableness
Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?
Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.
Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?
Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.
_________ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.
Attribution
What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?
Bystander effect
Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?
Cognitive dissonance
What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?
Cognitive dissonance
_____ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring,
Egoism
What is a key emotion involved in altruism and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another?
Empathy
_____ is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.
Empathy
______ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.
Empathy
Which of the following research methods do social psychologists use most often?
Experimental methods
True or false: When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.
False
When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following?
Fundamental attribution error
Altruism is which of the following?
Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself
Egoism is which of the following?
Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity
When did social psychology emerge as a field?
In the years after the U.S. Civil War
How long did it take participants in one research study to form an impression of an unfamiliar face?
Less than a second
Which people tend to be more likely to engage in prosocial behavior?
People of lower socioeconomic status
________ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
Person Perception
What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?
Personal attitudes and the perception of others
_____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.
Persuasion
Greater volume in the ________ cortex is positively associated with agreeableness.
Posterior cingulate
Greater volume in which of the following brain areas is positively associated with agreeableness?
Posterior cingulate cortex
_____ is a key aspect of altruistic behavior.
Reciprocity
_____ refers to activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors.
Relational aggression
_______ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
SOCIAL
_____ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.
Self-esteem
What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?
Self-fulfilling prophecies
If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
_____ theory explains the connection between attitudes and behaviors by suggesting that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior.
Self-perception
Several factors that contribute to attraction are noted in the text, including which of the following?
Similarity Proximity Acquaintance
_______ comparison is the process by which we compare ourselves to other people.
Social
___________ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
Social Cognition
_________ threat is one's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.
Stereotype
Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?
Stereotyping
Person perception is which of the following?
The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
Attribution theory is which of the following?
The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others
Social cognition is which of the following?
The way in which individuals think in social situations
True or false: Kitty Genovese's murder inspired research on peoples' likelihood of helping a person in distress.
True
True or false: Social psychologists tend to use experimental methods more often than descriptive methods.
True
Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?
When the person's attitudes changed recently
In the context of gender and helping behavior, ______ are more likely to help in the context of interpersonal relationships or nurturing, whereas ________ are more likely to help in the context of perceived danger.
Women Men
Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause.
controllable
Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make _______ rapidly.
decisions
Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make _________ rapidly.
decisions, judgments, or choices
Giving aid to another person to ensure reciprocity is called
egoism
The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.
elaboration
A key social emotion in altruism is _______ , a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another.
empathy
The __________ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.
evolutionary
The ____ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.
evolutionary or evolution
Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause.
external
True or false: In a study on physical attractiveness, researchers found that participants rated individual faces as more attractive than faces that were created by averaging up to 32 other faces.
false
A persuasion tool that involves making a small request at the beginning of a sale is called the _______ -in-the-door technique.
foot
The __________ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.
fundamental
The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior.
fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______.
fundamental attribution error
Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.
greater
In one study, just a 100-millisecond exposure was long enough for participants to form a(n) ________ of the unfamiliar individual.
impression
Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause.
internal
Helping others consistently leads to increased ____ mood
positive
____________ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.
self esteem
_________ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves
self-esteem
Researchers told grade school teachers that a small number of students were likely to be "late bloomers" during that academic year. Even though the students were actually randomly selected, the teachers' expectations were reflected in the students' performance. This is an illustration of the __________________
self-fulfilling prophecy
The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
self-serving bias
Jon got a B on his psychology exam. He isn't sure if this is good, so he asks Kate how well she did. Jon is using _____ to evaluate his performance.
social comparison
The _________ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.
social or observational
Social psychology is similar to another social science, ____________, However, social psychology emphasizes how individuals influence groups and how groups influence individuals.
sociology
Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.
stable
A __________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.
sterotype
A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.
threat
Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause.
uncontrollable
Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.
unstable
Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
A person's artistic ability
Cognitive __________ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.
Dissonance
Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive?
Observational learning
High levels of the neurotransmitter ____ are associated with prosocial behavior.
serotonin
Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
-Change the behavior causing the dissonance. -Change the attitude causing the dissonance.
Which of the following neurotransmitters and/or neurohormones are associated with prosocial behavior?
-Oxytocin -Serotonin -Dopamine
When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior?
-When a person has strong attitudes -When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes -When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes
Infants as young as _____ showed a preference for looking at attractive faces.
3 to 6 months old
In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was ____, he or she was likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all.
alone; with another bystander
In the field of social psychology, the term ________ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.
attitude
________ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.
attitude
Which of the following faces did participants rate as most attractive?
average
According to self-perception theory, individuals often make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own _____.
behavior
The self-serving _________ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
bias
The self-serving __________ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
bias
The expectation of reciprocity _____.
can encourage altruism
The bystander effect makes it _________ (more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.
less
Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _____ determinant(s).
multiple
When we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of ____ are activated.
pain
When we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of _____ are activated.
pain
The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether _____.
people are less likely to help if other people are present
__________ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.
heuristics
