Psych Chap 3-5
model
In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a__________.
_____ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.
Narcolepsy
__________is best described as the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system.
Sensation
__________usually stems from damage to the structures of the inner ear, most often the loss of hair cells. People with this condition tend to be more sensitive to some pitches than others.
Sensorineural deafness
In a__________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.
fixed-interval schedule
Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called _____.
generalization
The retina consists of cells called _____ that are sensitive to light.
photoreceptors
In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.
random amount of time has passed
In the context of operant conditioning,__________is the act of following a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response.
reinforcement
Which of the following characterizes rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?
A level of arousal similar to that of a person's waking state
__________are addictive depressants used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep.
Barbiturates
Alcohol enhances cognitive functioning.
False
__________is a behavior therapy method in which fear-evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses are extinguished.
Flooding
Which of the following statements is true of dreams?
Freud argued that dreams express impulses we would censor during the day.
__________is a classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus.
Higher-order conditioning
_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.
Hypnosis
Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?
It dilates blood vessels.
Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?
It is involuntary, automatic learning.
Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness?
Meditation
__________is an example of a hallucinogenic drug.
Mescaline
__________is the agent that creates physiological dependence on tobacco products.
Nicotine
Which of the following statements is true of insomnia?
Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia.
Which of the following is symptomatic of sleep apnea?
The obstruction of air passages
Which of the following statements is true of stimulants?
They increase the activity of the nervous system.
Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?
They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.
Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior.
True
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is
an unlearned or unconditioned response.
Teachers can learn to use__________to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it.
behavior modification
People seem to be ready to fear thunder, threatening faces, sharp objects, darkness, and heights. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, this is referred to as _____.
biological preparedness
Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes
can be learned by association.
A _____ is a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation.
circadian rhythm
Christine uses an electric can opener to open cans of dog food. After the first few times of using the electric opener to open the dog food, she notices that her dog starts to salivate just at the sound of the electric can opener in anticipation of food. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the electric can opener has become an effective _____ for Christine's dog.
conditioned stimulus
According to cognitive theorists, _____ is the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience.
learning
Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _____ for her.
model
Opiates are a group of__________derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system.
narcotics
Pain results when neurons called__________in the skin are stimulated.
nociceptors
The first four sleep stages are considered__________.
non-rapid eye movement sleep
B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called__________.
operant behavior
The _____ considers the psychological factors that influence people and their sense of perception.
signal-detection theory
Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of _____.
somnambulism
In psychodynamic theory, the term _____ is descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness.
unconscious
Ahoma Inc. hands out its best performer award on a weekly, monthly, or quarterly basis. The employees consistently work hard as they are unaware of when the award will be handed out. In this scenario, Ahoma Inc. reinforces its employees' performance based on a _____.
variable-interval schedule
In the context of operant conditioning, gamblers at slot machines win on a _____.
variable-ratio schedule
