psych chapter 10/11
According to Freud, the _____ must balance the wishes of the id and the demands of the superego.
ego
According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ deals with reality. ego superego id unconscious
ego
Giving aid to another person to ensure reciprocity is called _____
egoism
In the field of social psychology, the term _____ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.
attitude
_____ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.
attitudes
_____ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.
attribution
Social cognitive theory focuses on the interaction of individuals with their _____. environments emotions families personalities
environments
High levels of the neurotransmitter _____ are associated with prosocial behavior.
serotonin
In psychoanalytic theory, the superego's job is to do which of the following? Push us to engage in instinctive behaviors Help us function in the real world Reduce anxiety Evaluate the morality of our behavior
Evaluate the morality of our behavior
Which of the following faces did participants rate as most attractive? Faces that looked familiar Faces that looked unfamiliar Faces with an "extreme" attribute, such as an exceptionally small nose or exceptionally large eyes Faces that were an "average" (composite) of several other faces
Faces that were an "average" (composite) of several other faces
True or false: In a study on physical attractiveness, researchers found that participants rated individual faces as more attractive than faces that were created by averaging up to 32 other faces. True False
False
_____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior. Stereotype threat Persuasion Dissonance Altruism
Persuasion
The id is the part of the personality that Freud called an "it," which works according to which of the following? Overdetermination Logical reasoning Pleasure principle Reality principle
Pleasure principle
The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to which of the following? Humanism Psychoanalytic theory Behaviorism The social cognitive perspective
Psychoanalytic theory
According to the humanist perspective, if how you see yourself differs from how others see you, what are you likely to experience? Love and other positive emotions Hate and other negative emotions Psychological distress Physical pain and discomfort
Psychological distress
_____ is a key aspect of altruistic behavior. Reciprocity Egoism Social loafing Bystander effect
Reciprocity
Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves how? Occasionally, when people are relaxed Repeatedly over time but always in the same situation Repeatedly over time and in many different situations
Repeatedly over time and in many different situations
According to Carl Rogers, decreasing discrepancies between the _____ and the _____ can lead to more positive perceptions of self and less worry about what others want, and can increase positive experiences in the world. true; false ideal; real believed; perceived
ideal; real
Alfred Adler believed that people are primarily motivated to achieve perfection, not find pleasure. His approach is known as _____ psychology. archetypal personological individual humanistic
individual
A _____ theorist is not interested in broad traits but instead looks at how more specific factors, such as beliefs, relate to behavior and performance. psychodynamic humanistic Jungian social cognitive
social cognitive
Freud defined _____ as anything that delivered organ pleasure.
sex
Around what age does the anal stage begin? 5-7 years 18 months Birth Puberty
18 months
Heritability estimates for the big five personality traits are around _____ percent. 20 80 5 50
50
Individual psychology is the view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and strive for perfection over pleasure. Who developed it? Horney Adler Jung Freud
Adler
According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, toddlers' (ages 18-36 months) erogenous zones are centered around which of the following? Chest Mouth. Genitals Anus
Anus
_____ genetics is the study of the inherited underpinnings of characteristics.
Behavioral
Which of the following demonstrate a difference between neo-Freudians and Freud? (Select all that apply.) Belief that sex is the most important motivator in human life Belief that we are born with a storehouse of memories from our ancestors. Belief that perfection, not pleasure, is the goal of human existence Belief that anatomy is NOT destiny and that women can be morally equal to men
Belief that we are born with a storehouse of memories from our ancestors. Belief that perfection, not pleasure, is the goal of human existence Belief that anatomy is NOT destiny and that women can be morally equal to men
At what age does the oral stage begin? 5 years Birth Puberty 2 years
Birth
A person who is careful, disciplined, and organized is likely to be high in which of the big five traits? Extraversion Neuroticism Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
_____ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring,
Egoism
_____ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring, Stability Controllability Altruism Egoism
Egoism
What is a key emotion involved in altruism and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another? Egoism Emotional influence Empathy Aggression
Empathy
When does the genital stage of psychosexual development occur, according to Freud? From infancy to 18 months of age From puberty through adulthood From age 6 or so until puberty From ages 3 to 6 or so
From puberty through adulthood
Altruism is which of the following? Giving in to the request of another person Adhering to social norms of expected behavior Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself
Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself
Egoism is which of the following? Giving in to the request of another person Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity Adhering to social norms of expected behavior Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself
Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity
Social cognitive perspectives on personality differ from behaviorism by placing greater emphasis on which of the following? The role of reinforcement and punishment The importance of early life events How people interpret their situations The role of the unconscious
How people interpret their situations
Which approach to personality emphasizes a desire to achieve higher levels of functioning? Trait Humanistic Behaviorist Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Suppose your friend is telling you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the urge to go out and have fun? Ego Psychosexual Superego Id
Id
Suppose your friend is telling you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the urge to go out and have fun? Superego Psychosexual Id Ego
Id
Which of the following are true of the psychoanalytic phallic stage of development? (Select all that apply.) It typically occurs between the ages of 6 to puberty. It typically occurs between 3 and 6 years of age. It triggers the Oedipus complex. It is a period that involves the anus and urethra.
It typically occurs between 3 and 6 years of age. It triggers the Oedipus complex.
_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world.
Personality
The social cognitive approach to personality has been criticized for which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Ignoring the role of biology in shaping personality Overestimating the role of the unconscious in shaping personality Underestimating the role of enduring qualities in personality Underestimating the role of the environment in shaping personality Making overly specific predictions that are difficult to generalize
Ignoring the role of biology in shaping personality Underestimating the role of enduring qualities in personality Making overly specific predictions that are difficult to generalize
Which of the following is a strong advantage of the trait approach to personality? It considers that all people are basically good. It consists of the traits we need to survive. It provides a clear, straightforward description of people's behavior patterns. It is based on the principles of behavior genetics and biology.
It provides a clear, straightforward description of people's behavior patterns.
Social cognitive psychologist Walter Mischel caused a large controversy in which field? Biology Personality Intelligence
Personality
Which psychologist created the CAPS model and criticized the idea of constancy of behavior? Maslow Bandura Freud Mischel
Mischel
During the latency period, the child focuses on which of the following? Having sexual relationships with peers His or her sexuality Nonsexual interests Gaining sexual pleasure through observation (voyeurism)
Nonsexual interests
_____, also called imitation or modeling, occurs when a person learns from watching and imitating another's behavior. Observational learning Knowledge acquisition Direct learning Projective learning
Observational learning
A person who is imaginative is likely high in which of the big five traits? Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness to experience Extraversion
Openness to experience
Which of the following are the psychosexual stages as outlined by Freud? (Select all that apply.) Phallic Genital Subliminal Archetypal Oral Anal
Oral Anal Phallic Genital
Which of the following neurotransmitters and/or neurohormones are associated with prosocial behavior? (Select all that apply.) Oxytocin Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine GABA
Oxytocin Serotonin Dopamine
_____ _____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
Person perception
A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world is called what? Personality Cognition Archetype Psychoanalysis
Personality
During a job interview, you are asked to rate on a scale of 1 to 5 how happy you are. What type of test is the interviewer giving you? Self-report Behavioral Rorschach Projective
Self-report
Which theorist most strongly suggested that unconscious processes influence personality? Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow B. F. Skinner Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
_____ comparison is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.
Social
_____ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
Social
_____ _____ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
Social cognition
Person perception is which of the following? The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others The study of human societies, organizations, and institutions. The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people. The way in which individuals think in social situations
The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
What is the definition of social psychology? The study of how people perceive other people The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people Perceptual cues and the study of people and communities The study of how people influence other people
The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
Which of the following is a critique of the humanistic approach? Therapy based on this approach does not work. The theory is too optimistic about human nature. It places too much emphasis on unconscious motives for behavior. Carl Rogers is not a well-respected psychologist.
The theory is too optimistic about human nature.
Attribution theory is which of the following? The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others The view that an individual can have fast-acting, self-fulfilling fears of being judged on a negative stereotype
The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others
Social cognition is which of the following? The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others The study of human societies, organizations, and institutions The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people. The way in which individuals think in social situations
The way in which individuals think in social situations
Which of the following is true of defense mechanisms? Their use is mostly due to choice. They are unconscious when used by the superego but not when used by the ego. They distort reality unconsciously. We can consciously use them.
They distort reality unconsciously.
What is the purpose of defense mechanisms? To prevent fixations in Freud's stages of development To allow the superego to mediate between the id and ego To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality To enable the superego to develop more effectively
To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
True or false: Kitty Genovese's murder inspired research on peoples' likelihood of helping a person in distress. True False
True
True or false: Social cognitive theorists believe that we acquire a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings through observing others' behavior and that these observations form an important part of our personalities. True False
True
True or false: The trait approach to personality is practical, allows us to know a person better, and is correlated to practical life and health factors. True False
True
Which of the following is NOT one of the psychosexual stages outlined by Freud? Oral Genital Anal Unconscious
Unconscious
The humanistic approach believes that people are _____. unable to change because genes are destiny able to change by modeling other people's behavior able to change through conscious, self-motivated effort unable to change because unconscious conflicts drive behavior and are difficult to resolve
able to change through conscious, self-motivated effort
Self- _____ is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.
actualization
_____ is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.
altruism
To Freud, _____ was considered sex. just physical intimacy anything pleasurable only intercourse
anything pleasurable
Psychologists from the _____ perspective use brain imaging, genetic research, and twin studies to learn more about personality. behaviorist psychodynamic biological personology/life story
biological
Researchers who take a _____ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression.
biological
The expectation of reciprocity _____. can reduce acts of altruism can encourage altruism is the main cause of cognitive dissonance results in the fundamental attribution error
can encourage altruism
A critique of the humanistic approach is that humanism's assertion that people are good _____. doesn't make sense is clearly incorrect has been verified cannot be verified
cannot be verified
Social _____ is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people. psychology perception comparison cognition
comparison
Eysenck's approach to _____ is based on the reticular activation system (RAS). conscientiousness extraversion wakefulness agreeableness
extraversion
Freud's last stage of psychosexual development, which begins at puberty, is the _____ stage. phallic anal latent genital oral
genital
An individual who thinks, "Sex is pleasurable, I want it," but also thinks "I feel guilty about having sex at all" is struggling with conflict between the _____ and the superego.
id
The purpose of using repression is to push unacceptable _____ impulses back into the unconscious minds.
id
According to Freud, from about age 6 through puberty, children set aside interest in sexuality. Freud called this time the _____ period.
latency
Freud's first stage of psychosexual development, beginning at birth, is the _____ stage.
oral
The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether _____. people are less likely to help if other people are present women are more vulnerable to violent attacks there is a personality profile that indicates a greater likelihood of becoming a violent criminal people are willing to put themselves in danger to help a stranger
people are less likely to help if other people are present
Freud's third stage of psychosexual development, occurring from ages 3 to 6 years, is the _____ stage. latent anal oral phallic genital
phallic
A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as inkblots or pictures, is considered a ______ test. projective Rorschach self-report TAT
projective
A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, is considered a _____ test.
projective
The most commonly used method of measuring personality is the self-_____ test.
report
Pushing unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind is called _____. projection reaction formation repression sublimation
repression
Eysenck's _____ activation system theory describes the role of the brain system in personality.
reticular
Which of the following is the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being? self-actualization humanistic perspective psychodynamic perspective behaviorism
self-actualization
According to Freud's personality structure, the _____ is the harsh internal judge of our behavior. consciousness id superego ego
superego
You know you are about to do something your parents would not approve of. In other words, your _____ is warning you that you are about to make a mistake. superego id ego defense mechanism
superego
According to the personality structure proposed by Freud, the _____ judges whether behavior is morally right or wrong, the _____ determines what is possible, and the _____ determines what would be pleasurable.. superego; id; ego id; ego; superego superego; ego; id ego; superego; id
superego; ego; id
The _____ perspective views personality as a collection of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic behaviors. trait psychoanalytic humanistic behaviorist
trait
Defense mechanisms are an example of _____ processes. deliberate conscious reflexive unconscious
unconscious
The id is exclusively _____. unconscious conscious preconscious
unconscious
Critics of Freudian psychoanalysis contend that it focuses too much on the _____ mind, whereas neo-Freudian analysis focuses more on the _____ mind. unconscious; conscious conscious; unconscious
unconscious; conscious
Aggression is social behavior _____. whose objective is to harm someone physically whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally. whose objective is to harm someone verbally that is limited only to humans and seeks to harm someone
whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.
