Pluralistic Society

Hinduism

teaches that the soul never dies and that when the body dies the soul is reincarnated

Islam

"to surrender to the will of God", expected to be the fastest growing religion of the next few decades; based on the writings of the Koran

The number of American families living in poverty

1 in 5

The year prayer was removed from public schools by the Supreme Court

1963

IEP

Individualized Education Program; designed to meet the student's unique needs, includes statements concerning the student's present performance, annual goals, short term objectives, specific educational services needed, relevant dates, participation in regular education, and evaluation procedures

IDEA

Individuals with Disabilities Act; emphasizes the individual over the disability, forever changing how individuals with disabilities are referred to in literature

LGTBQ

Lesbian, Gay, Transgender, Bisexual, Queer/Questioning

Protestantism/Christianity

Liberal Protestants stress the right of the individual to determine for themselves what is true in religion. Conservative Protestants generally believe that the Bible is inerrant, that the supernatural is distinct from the natural, that salvation is essential, and that Jesus will return in the bodily form during the Second Coming

Encouraging student voices

Multicultural teachers seek, listen to, and incorporate the voices of students, their families, and communities in the classroom. Students are encouraged to speak from their own experiences, to do more than regurgitate the answers the teachers would like to hear. Student voices also provide important information about student's cultures

Education that focuses on differences that exist between the genders, how and why such inequities are portrayed, and instructional materials that provide a more balanced view of the roles and contributions of the two sexes

Nonsexist education

The Constitutional Amendment that prohibits Congress from making laws establishing religion or prohibiting religious worship

the 1st Amendment

Schools that focus on developing the confidence, academic achievement, and leadership skills of young women and men by using their unique learning styles and cultural experiences

Single-sex schools

Monolingualism

the ability to speak only one language

Facilitating collaboration

Teachers should ensure that students are integrated in cooperative groups and group work. Minimize competition among students to work together on a project to support and learn from each other

Bilingualism

the ability to speak two languages

Dialect

a form of a language that is specific to a particular region or social group

American Sign Language

a natural language that has been developed and used by people who are deaf

English Language Learners

a person that does not speak English or whose English limitations preclude the person's ability to fully participate in mainstream English instruction

Agnostics

a person who believes that nothing can be known of the existence or nature of God or of anything beyond material phenomena

Social justice

a philosophy calling for citizens to provide for those who are less advantaged

Private schools

a school supported by a private organization or private individuals rather than the government

Language

a system of vocal sounds and/or nonverbal systems by which group members communicate with one another. It is a critical tool in the development of an individual's identity, self-awareness, and intellectual and psychological growth

Transgender

a term used for a person whose gender identity or behavior does not conform to or is not associated with the sex they were assigned at birth

Biculturalism

ability to function effectively in two distinct cultures

Privilege

advantages and power over others in society because of one's socioeconomic status, race, native language, gender or other group membership

Upper middle class

affluent members of the middle class, usually consist of professionals, managers, and administrators

Vocational schools

an educational institution that is designed to provide technical skills required to perform the tasks of a particular job

Gender

being male or female

New Age

combines countless theologies that often center on religious tolerance and moral diversity

Class/socioeconomic status

class refers to a system that differentially structures group access to economic, political, cultural, and social resources. Socioeconomic status serves as a composite of the economic status of a family or an individual on the basis of occupation, educational attainment, and income

Engaging students

classroom projects focus on student interests and the communities in which they live. Culturally responsive teaching encourages student participation, critical analysis, and action. Teachers and students in these classrooms are developing a vision for a more egalitarian and socially just society

A hate crime

crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, gender or gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity

Race

describes the physical characteristics of people in the world more than a century ago-now a sociohistorical concept dependent on society's perception that differences exist and that these differences are important

Nonsexist schools

designed to ensure that the two sexes are treated fairly and equitably in the curriculum, their interactions with the teachers, and instructional and extracurricular activities

Critical components of multicultural education

differentiated instruction, critical thinking, multiple means of assessment, educators working with the families

Color blindess

does not recognize the existence of racial inequality; helps maintain white privilege because it does not recognize the existence of racial inequality

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills

everyday conversational skills, which English language learners can develop in about 2 years

Nonverbal communication

facial expressions, can convey messages through someone's personality, attitude, manner and even dress

Buddhism

fundamental negative attitude toward life and a pessimistic approach to ordinary existence. Buddhists view existence as the problem with life

Cultural differences of men and women which define the characteristics behind the meaning of being female or male

gender roles

Accent

generally refers to the way a person pronounces words

Public Law 94-142

gives students disabilities a free and appropriate education, procedural safeguards to protect the rights of students and their parents, education in the least restrictive environment, IEP's, parental involvement in educational decisions related to their children, and fair, accurate, and non-biased evaluations

Gender identity

if a person prefers to be identified as male, female, or none at all

Intersexual

individuals born with an atypical anatomy that does not clearly identify their sex

Providing direct instruction

instructional approaches that are structured, sequenced, and led by teachers; the presentation of academic content to students by teachers, such as in the lecture or demonstration

Proposition 227

intended to dismantle bilingual education in favor of sheltered English immersion programs

Standard English

language considered proper in a community

Jim Crow laws

laws that forced whites and people of color to use different public accommodations such as water fountains, restrooms, hotels, and restaurants

English Proficiency Skills (EPS)

listening, speaking, reading and writing

Emigration

the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another, moving abroad

Cultural markers of masculinity and femininity

masculinity is often measured by a man's independence, assertiveness, leadership, self-reliance, and emotional stability. Men are expected to demonstrate tough, confident, and self-reliant behaviors as well as being aggressive and daring. Femininity is characterized as emotional, dependent, compliant, empathetic, and nurturing

Middle class

members earn annual incomes that allow them to have a standard of living that includes owning a car and home. Members include blue-collar workers, white-collar workers, professionals, and managers

Upper class

members have high income and wealth; members have inherited wealth or are in top-level positions

Working class

members hold manual jobs that do not generally require postsecondary education, except for the more skilled jobs

Heterosexual

men who prefer women and vice versa

Prejudice

negative attitudes about a general group of people

Section 504 or Public Law 93-112

no handicapped person can be excluded from any program or activity, or be denied the benefits of this program

Unchurched

not belonging or connected to a church

Judaism

one of the oldest religions known to humanity and provides the historical roots for Protestantism and Catholicism

Feminists

people who advocate for the rights of women

Tracking

placing students into groups based on their intellectual abilities or other characteristics

Stereotype

the application of generalizations about a group with no consideration of individual differences within the group

Bias

prejudice or favor of or against another person or group

Classism

prejudice or favor towards a particular social class

Magnet schools

public schools in which the curriculum emphasizes a particular subject or field, such as performing arts, science, technology, engineering, and math

Charter schools

public schools of choice that operate free from many of the regulations that apply to traditional public schools

Discrimination

the arbitrary denial of the privileges and rewards of society to members of a particular group

Secular humanism

regard to belief that humanity is capable of morality and self-fulfillment without belief in God

ESL

relies exclusively on teaching English for teaching or learning the English language

Confucianism

religion based off of the teachings of Confucius; stresses love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct

Single-sex schools

schools that are designed for only girls or only boys; meant to enhance their leadership skills

Biracial schools

schools that contain students of mixed race

Verbal communication

spoken words that are used to communicate with one another

Homogenous schools

students of similar instructional levels being placed together, working materials suited to their level

Gifted and talented

students with extraordinary abilities in one or more areas

Behaviorists

studiers of behavior and aspects of behavior, such as emotions

The most important factor in student achievement

teacher effectiveness socioeconomic status

Religion

the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods

Sexism

the belief that males are superior to females

Racism

the belief that one race is inherently superior to all other groups and therefore has a right to dominance

The theory that the changes in schools that have contributed to greater equality for girls have provided a poorer education for boys is called:

the boy crisis

Dominant culture

the culture whose values and behaviors have been adopted by most institutions in society, including schools. In the United States, this group is the middle-class, white, English-speaking, heterosexual Christian culture with historical roots in Europe

Ethnicity

the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national cultural tradition

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency

the higher levels of proficiency required in highly structured academic situations

Level of education

the higher the level of education, the higher the income that person will receive in their profession

Ethnocentrism

the inability to view other cultures as equally viable alternatives for organizing reality

Diversity

the inclusion of different types of people in society

Naturalization laws

the legal act that an immigrant may take to become a citizen of a country

A key physical difference between boys and girls is...

the level of hormones, which contributes to the general physical makeup of boys and girls

Cultural pluralism

the maintenance of cultures as parallel and equal in status to the dominant culture in a society

Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)

the minimum level of performance required by federal legislation No Child Left Behind Act

Migration

the move across international borders and within a home country for educational and work opportunities, as well as political and religious reasons

Immigration

the process of entering a country other than that in which one was born for the purpose of becoming a permanent resident

Transition

the process or changing from one state to another

Equality

the state in which one cultural group is not inferior or superior to another and all individuals have access to the same benefits of society regardless of their group membership

Racial profiling

the use of ethnicity or race as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense

Atheists

those without religion, or do not believe in God or any gods

Homosexual

when your sexual orientation is preferential towards someone of the same sex

Sexual orientation

who a certain person is sexually attracted to, be it males, females, or both