Pluralistic Society
Hinduism
teaches that the soul never dies and that when the body dies the soul is reincarnated
Islam
"to surrender to the will of God", expected to be the fastest growing religion of the next few decades; based on the writings of the Koran
The number of American families living in poverty
1 in 5
The year prayer was removed from public schools by the Supreme Court
1963
IEP
Individualized Education Program; designed to meet the student's unique needs, includes statements concerning the student's present performance, annual goals, short term objectives, specific educational services needed, relevant dates, participation in regular education, and evaluation procedures
IDEA
Individuals with Disabilities Act; emphasizes the individual over the disability, forever changing how individuals with disabilities are referred to in literature
LGTBQ
Lesbian, Gay, Transgender, Bisexual, Queer/Questioning
Protestantism/Christianity
Liberal Protestants stress the right of the individual to determine for themselves what is true in religion. Conservative Protestants generally believe that the Bible is inerrant, that the supernatural is distinct from the natural, that salvation is essential, and that Jesus will return in the bodily form during the Second Coming
Encouraging student voices
Multicultural teachers seek, listen to, and incorporate the voices of students, their families, and communities in the classroom. Students are encouraged to speak from their own experiences, to do more than regurgitate the answers the teachers would like to hear. Student voices also provide important information about student's cultures
Education that focuses on differences that exist between the genders, how and why such inequities are portrayed, and instructional materials that provide a more balanced view of the roles and contributions of the two sexes
Nonsexist education
The Constitutional Amendment that prohibits Congress from making laws establishing religion or prohibiting religious worship
the 1st Amendment
Schools that focus on developing the confidence, academic achievement, and leadership skills of young women and men by using their unique learning styles and cultural experiences
Single-sex schools
Monolingualism
the ability to speak only one language
Facilitating collaboration
Teachers should ensure that students are integrated in cooperative groups and group work. Minimize competition among students to work together on a project to support and learn from each other
Bilingualism
the ability to speak two languages
Dialect
a form of a language that is specific to a particular region or social group
American Sign Language
a natural language that has been developed and used by people who are deaf
English Language Learners
a person that does not speak English or whose English limitations preclude the person's ability to fully participate in mainstream English instruction
Agnostics
a person who believes that nothing can be known of the existence or nature of God or of anything beyond material phenomena
Social justice
a philosophy calling for citizens to provide for those who are less advantaged
Private schools
a school supported by a private organization or private individuals rather than the government
Language
a system of vocal sounds and/or nonverbal systems by which group members communicate with one another. It is a critical tool in the development of an individual's identity, self-awareness, and intellectual and psychological growth
Transgender
a term used for a person whose gender identity or behavior does not conform to or is not associated with the sex they were assigned at birth
Biculturalism
ability to function effectively in two distinct cultures
Privilege
advantages and power over others in society because of one's socioeconomic status, race, native language, gender or other group membership
Upper middle class
affluent members of the middle class, usually consist of professionals, managers, and administrators
Vocational schools
an educational institution that is designed to provide technical skills required to perform the tasks of a particular job
Gender
being male or female
New Age
combines countless theologies that often center on religious tolerance and moral diversity
Class/socioeconomic status
class refers to a system that differentially structures group access to economic, political, cultural, and social resources. Socioeconomic status serves as a composite of the economic status of a family or an individual on the basis of occupation, educational attainment, and income
Engaging students
classroom projects focus on student interests and the communities in which they live. Culturally responsive teaching encourages student participation, critical analysis, and action. Teachers and students in these classrooms are developing a vision for a more egalitarian and socially just society
A hate crime
crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, gender or gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity
Race
describes the physical characteristics of people in the world more than a century ago-now a sociohistorical concept dependent on society's perception that differences exist and that these differences are important
Nonsexist schools
designed to ensure that the two sexes are treated fairly and equitably in the curriculum, their interactions with the teachers, and instructional and extracurricular activities
Critical components of multicultural education
differentiated instruction, critical thinking, multiple means of assessment, educators working with the families
Color blindess
does not recognize the existence of racial inequality; helps maintain white privilege because it does not recognize the existence of racial inequality
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
everyday conversational skills, which English language learners can develop in about 2 years
Nonverbal communication
facial expressions, can convey messages through someone's personality, attitude, manner and even dress
Buddhism
fundamental negative attitude toward life and a pessimistic approach to ordinary existence. Buddhists view existence as the problem with life
Cultural differences of men and women which define the characteristics behind the meaning of being female or male
gender roles
Accent
generally refers to the way a person pronounces words
Public Law 94-142
gives students disabilities a free and appropriate education, procedural safeguards to protect the rights of students and their parents, education in the least restrictive environment, IEP's, parental involvement in educational decisions related to their children, and fair, accurate, and non-biased evaluations
Gender identity
if a person prefers to be identified as male, female, or none at all
Intersexual
individuals born with an atypical anatomy that does not clearly identify their sex
Providing direct instruction
instructional approaches that are structured, sequenced, and led by teachers; the presentation of academic content to students by teachers, such as in the lecture or demonstration
Proposition 227
intended to dismantle bilingual education in favor of sheltered English immersion programs
Standard English
language considered proper in a community
Jim Crow laws
laws that forced whites and people of color to use different public accommodations such as water fountains, restrooms, hotels, and restaurants
English Proficiency Skills (EPS)
listening, speaking, reading and writing
Emigration
the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another, moving abroad
Cultural markers of masculinity and femininity
masculinity is often measured by a man's independence, assertiveness, leadership, self-reliance, and emotional stability. Men are expected to demonstrate tough, confident, and self-reliant behaviors as well as being aggressive and daring. Femininity is characterized as emotional, dependent, compliant, empathetic, and nurturing
Middle class
members earn annual incomes that allow them to have a standard of living that includes owning a car and home. Members include blue-collar workers, white-collar workers, professionals, and managers
Upper class
members have high income and wealth; members have inherited wealth or are in top-level positions
Working class
members hold manual jobs that do not generally require postsecondary education, except for the more skilled jobs
Heterosexual
men who prefer women and vice versa
Prejudice
negative attitudes about a general group of people
Section 504 or Public Law 93-112
no handicapped person can be excluded from any program or activity, or be denied the benefits of this program
Unchurched
not belonging or connected to a church
Judaism
one of the oldest religions known to humanity and provides the historical roots for Protestantism and Catholicism
Feminists
people who advocate for the rights of women
Tracking
placing students into groups based on their intellectual abilities or other characteristics
Stereotype
the application of generalizations about a group with no consideration of individual differences within the group
Bias
prejudice or favor of or against another person or group
Classism
prejudice or favor towards a particular social class
Magnet schools
public schools in which the curriculum emphasizes a particular subject or field, such as performing arts, science, technology, engineering, and math
Charter schools
public schools of choice that operate free from many of the regulations that apply to traditional public schools
Discrimination
the arbitrary denial of the privileges and rewards of society to members of a particular group
Secular humanism
regard to belief that humanity is capable of morality and self-fulfillment without belief in God
ESL
relies exclusively on teaching English for teaching or learning the English language
Confucianism
religion based off of the teachings of Confucius; stresses love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct
Single-sex schools
schools that are designed for only girls or only boys; meant to enhance their leadership skills
Biracial schools
schools that contain students of mixed race
Verbal communication
spoken words that are used to communicate with one another
Homogenous schools
students of similar instructional levels being placed together, working materials suited to their level
Gifted and talented
students with extraordinary abilities in one or more areas
Behaviorists
studiers of behavior and aspects of behavior, such as emotions
The most important factor in student achievement
teacher effectiveness socioeconomic status
Religion
the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods
Sexism
the belief that males are superior to females
Racism
the belief that one race is inherently superior to all other groups and therefore has a right to dominance
The theory that the changes in schools that have contributed to greater equality for girls have provided a poorer education for boys is called:
the boy crisis
Dominant culture
the culture whose values and behaviors have been adopted by most institutions in society, including schools. In the United States, this group is the middle-class, white, English-speaking, heterosexual Christian culture with historical roots in Europe
Ethnicity
the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national cultural tradition
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
the higher levels of proficiency required in highly structured academic situations
Level of education
the higher the level of education, the higher the income that person will receive in their profession
Ethnocentrism
the inability to view other cultures as equally viable alternatives for organizing reality
Diversity
the inclusion of different types of people in society
Naturalization laws
the legal act that an immigrant may take to become a citizen of a country
A key physical difference between boys and girls is...
the level of hormones, which contributes to the general physical makeup of boys and girls
Cultural pluralism
the maintenance of cultures as parallel and equal in status to the dominant culture in a society
Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)
the minimum level of performance required by federal legislation No Child Left Behind Act
Migration
the move across international borders and within a home country for educational and work opportunities, as well as political and religious reasons
Immigration
the process of entering a country other than that in which one was born for the purpose of becoming a permanent resident
Transition
the process or changing from one state to another
Equality
the state in which one cultural group is not inferior or superior to another and all individuals have access to the same benefits of society regardless of their group membership
Racial profiling
the use of ethnicity or race as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense
Atheists
those without religion, or do not believe in God or any gods
Homosexual
when your sexual orientation is preferential towards someone of the same sex
Sexual orientation
who a certain person is sexually attracted to, be it males, females, or both
