Psych chapter 6

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? A. classical conditioning B. imitation C. modeling D. operant conditioning

D. operant conditioning

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

A. Fixed interval

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

B. Partial

Which of the following is an example of instinct? A. baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked B. believing that nudity is wrong C. a teacher demonstrating algebra to students D. a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents.

A. baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. conditioned B. latent C. partial D. primary

B. Latent

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS. A. Koelling B. Rescorla C. Garcia D. Thorndike

B. Rescorla

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A. classical B. operant C.primary D. secondary

C. Primary

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A. associative B. instinctive C. processual D. reflexive

A. Associative

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. C. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. cognitive map B. fixed interval map C. fixed ratio map D. latent map

A. Cognitive map

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"? A. It would be unethical by today's research standards. B. It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS. C. They did not have the permission of Albert's mother to conduct the research. D. The provided no compensation to Albert's mother for his participation in the study.

A. It would be unethical by today's research standards.

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

A. continuous

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________. A. operant conditioning B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. higher-order conditioning

B. stimulus discrimination

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A. boys display fear differently from girls B. boys display more fear than girls C. emotion can be a conditioned response D. fear cannot be a conditioned response

C. emotion can be a conditioned response

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student D. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

C. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________. A. second-level conditioning B. operant conditioning C. spontaneous recovery D. latent learning

C. spontaneous recovery

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________. A. extinction B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. spontaneous recovery

C. stimulus generalization

What is the main idea of social learning theory? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? A. acquisition B. learning C. reinforcement D. shaping

D. Shaping

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

D. Variable ratio

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. A. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents B. after dreaming they were on television C. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response B. neutral response and a conditioned response C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room B. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? A. deciding that you want to be a parent B. jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship C. addressing your elders as "sir" or "ma'am" because that is how you were raised D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light