Psych Concept Practice Chapter 9, 12, 13

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study:

conformity

Suggestibility and mimicry are subtle types of:

conformity

Line length is to _____ as shock is to _____.

conformity; obedience

John has just finished a brutal tour of combat in Afghanistan where he saw a lot of fighting. Several of his friends were killed, but he was able to fight despite the death around him. The two stress hormones at play were _____ and _____.

cortisol; epinephrine

Students who have spent time living abroad and experiencing other cultures are more adept at:

creative problem solving.

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called _____.

creativity

Traffic jams, dropped calls, and deadlines are examples of:

daily hassles.

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as:

deindividuation.

Nineteen-year-old Tom has spent five hours a day playing violent video games since he was 8 years old. According to research on the effects of violent video game usage, one can predict that Tom will MOST likely:

display desensitization to violent images, as shown by blunted brain responses on a functional MRI.

Sarah recently had a routine medical test conducted. Her doctor contacted her and told her that there were some irregularities and further tests were needed. While Sarah was concerned about the results, she dealt with her stress by talking to friends, spending time with her family, and staying busy. This is an example of _____ coping.

emotion-focused

After breaking up with her boyfriend, Kathy alleviated her stress by avoiding contact with her ex-boyfriend and by planning recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior BEST illustrates:

emotion-focused coping.

Attitudes are:

emotional, cognitive, and behavioral.

Alexandra is well liked by her friends. When you watch her, you can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Alexandra's behavior would suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of:

empathy

Tyler is with three of his friends at a restaurant. One of his friends yawns, then another friend does so, and then finally Tyler yawns. Research suggests that Tyler and his friends who also mimicked the yawn may show increased levels of:

empathy

One is MOST susceptible to illness during the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion

The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by:

exhaustion.

In one experiment described in the textbook, dental students received punch wounds either during summer vacation or three days before a major exam. In this study, the timing of the punch wounds was a(n) _____ variable.

independent

In English, most _____ are combinations of two or more phonemes.

morphemes

Prefixes such as un-, pre-, and re- are examples of _____.

morphemes

Which description of the expression of joy is accurate?

mouth forming smile, cheeks lifted, twinkle in eye

Males who repeatedly listen to songs that contain misogynistic song lyrics are more likely to exhibit:

negative attitudes toward women.

Researchers have reported a relationship between _____ and the progression of HIV infection to AIDS.

negative emotions

Depression and anxiety are _____ to aerobic exercise.

negatively related

In one study on social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students pulled hardest when they thought:

no one else was pulling with them.

Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening. This is an element of the firm's:

norms

Couples are more likely to meet _____ than they were in the past.

online

Every day, Maria imagines that she will win her gymnastics competition. She imagines receiving a medal and the cheers from the crowd. The visual imagery Maria is using is called _____.

outcome simulation

For years, the most common grade in Dr. Gunn's class has been a B. The second most common has always been a C. At the beginning of each semester, Dr. Gunn asks his class which grade they think they will get at the end of the semester. Most students indicate that they think they will get an A. This example BEST illustrates:

overconfidence.

People tend to _____ the long-term emotional impact of sustaining a paralyzing physical injury and they tend to _____ the long-term emotional impact of acquiring wealth.

overestimate; overestimate

Stella and Anthony are newlyweds. They are MOST likely experiencing:

passionate love.

Employees are who are permitted to personalize their work space are likely to be more productive, committed, motivated workers because the personalization process increases workers':

perceived control

Research on people's response to retirement has indicated that CEOs generally adjust very well to retirement, while blue-collar workers fare less well. This disparity is due to the retirees':

perceived control.

Native German speakers pronounce the English word that as dat. This demonstrates their difficulty pronouncing an English:

phoneme.

The sentence, "The treth ef thes stetement shed be evedent" shows that consonant _____ usually carry more information than do those that represent vowels.

phonemes

"Sound it out," Mrs. Sands encourages her first-grade students when they struggle to read a word aloud. Mrs. Sands is introducing her students to the use of:

phonemes.

Suppose a researcher creates a measure of anti-LGBT prejudice. High scores indicate greater prejudice. The researcher should find a ______ correlation between scores on this measure among a sample of straight people and the suicide rate among gays and lesbians in the same community.

positive

Attitude is to action as _____ is to _____.

prejudice; discrimination

In language development, _____ is the ability to comprehend speech, whereas _____ is the ability to produce words.

receptive language; productive language

The _____ theory proposes that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

scapegoat

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, which sequence is the correct order of events when a car drives directly toward someone and that person experiences emotion?

see an oncoming car; heart pounds; and, at the same time, the arousal is cognitively labeled; experience fear

During a job interview, the prospective employee laughs at Ms. Dolly's jokes and seems to feign his smiles. She knows this from all of these clues EXCEPT that the smiles:

seem too wide.

Optimism has been associated with:

smaller increases in blood pressure during stress.

Dr. Pena is conducting research about how people form impressions of others and how they interpret one another's behavior in a variety of situations. Dr. Pena is probably a _____ psychologist.

social

_____ psychologists investigate how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

social

Francisco decides that his free time over the weekend is not as important as the good feelings and joy of giving back to the community, so he decides to volunteer at the Special Olympics. This illustrates the:

social exchange theory.

When we perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called:

social facilitation.

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable is called:

social loafing

Marty enjoys watching violent action movies and television shows on most evenings as well as listening to music with violent lyrics. When faced with real-life conflict he tends to respond with aggressive behavior because he believes that he needs to act like a man. According to social psychologists, his beliefs are due to _____, which are mental tapes for how to act due to this exposure to media violence.

social scripts

Tim enjoys watching violent action movies and television shows on most evenings as well as listening to music with violent lyrics. When faced with real-life conflict he tends to respond with aggressive behavior because he believes that he needs to act like a man. According to social psychologists he has learned _____, which are mental tapes for how to act due to this exposure to media violence.

social scripts

Belief is to _____ as behavior is to _____.

stereotype; discrimination

Which pair of psychologists began a series of studies in the 1960s investigating the factors involved in determining whether a person will help a stranger?

Bibb Latané and John Darley

This controls muscle movements involved in speech.

Broca's area

_____ route persuasion uses evidence and argument to motivate careful thinking.

Central

The _____ is an approach to lie detection which assesses a suspect's physiological response to crime-scene details known only to police investigators and the perpetrator of the crime.

Concealed Information Test

_____ is the leading cause of death in the United States.

Coronary heart disease

Which person is demonstrating creative thinking?

Forty-one-year-old Mary is a worldwide traveler who invents various dishes that combine dishes she has sampled from around the world.

José's friends ask him to participate in some activities. He feels pressure to join them, even though the adventures might not be in his best interest. Which reason might be strengthening José's conformity to the group?

He admires the group's status and attractiveness.

_____ levels of the hormone _____ are related to delinquency, hard drug use, and aggressive-bullying responses to frustration.

High; testosterone

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding historical trends in racial, gender, and LGBT prejudice in the United States?

In the United States, explicit prejudice has decreased more dramatically than has implicit prejudice over the past 75 years.

_____, the sudden awareness of a problem's solution, is aptly represented by a light bulb over a thinker's head.

Insight

The behavior feedback effect is reminiscent of the _____ theory of emotion in that it suggests that the feeling of an emotion follows the body's behavior.

James-Lange

Jennifer was driving her car to school when it broke down. Which statement is true?

Jennifer's feelings of frustration are a stress reaction.

Michelle and Paul attended the funeral of a mutual friend. When others asked them how their friend's fiance was taking the loss, who is MOST likely to give a more detailed and accurate account of the fiance's emotional state?

Michelle

_____ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

Prejudice

The vocal sounds NOT included in one's native language first begin to disappear from usage toward the end of the _____ stage of language development.

babbling

We tend to feel discomfort when our thoughts are inconsistent with our actions and then act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as:

cognitive dissonance theory.

John and Julie have been happily married for 10 years. Their love is BEST described as _____ love.

companionate

When we use the term "Asian" to refer to a category of people, we are using this word to denote a(n) _____.

concept.

Shelly can speak one-word sentences. Shelly is MOST likely about _____ months of age.

12

According to the textbook, nearly 100 percent of _____-year-old Americans perceive emotionality as more highly correlated with women than men.

18- to 29

We are more likely to conform to group pressure when:

we admire the group's status and attractiveness.

In which situation is one MOST likely to conform?

when others in the group are observing one's behavior

Anna has adopted a great ape at the zoo, and has observed it very closely for the past year. She has noticed its capacity for language acquisition, which is similar to that observed in:

2-year-old humans.

Currently, online dating is responsible for 1 in _____ marriages.

5

Nearly _____ percent of all Americans think that being very well off is important for happiness. This belief is _____ by scientific research.

75; contradicted

Donald takes 15-minute lunch breaks, goes to the bathroom only when he can no longer hold it anymore, has to have his cell phone with him at all times, checks his text messages the moment he wakes up, and puts in 14-hour days at the office. Donald is a Type _____ personality.

A

Sandy is a human resources director for a chain of fast-food restaurants. When interviewing perspective employees, Sandy is known to finish their sentences and to be very short with them if they do not quickly finish a sentence. According to Friedman, Rosenman, and colleagues, Sandy is a Type _____ personality.

A

Which individual is MOST likely to take the time to help someone in an emergency situation?

Arturo, who feels guilty over not helping others in the past

_____ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Attitudes

Why are people susceptible to informational social influence?

People want to be accurate.

_____ coping is to addressing work problems with a colleague as _____ coping is to talking to your hairstylist about all of the problems at work.

Problem-focused; emotion-focused

_____ conceded that brains process and react to vast amounts of information without conscious awareness.

Richard Lazarus

Sandy participated in a research project in college, and she was identified as being happier than average. During a follow-up study 20 years later, researchers found all of these EXCEPT:

Sandy was more likely to have met all of her life goals than less happy peers.

People note that they are aroused, but label the emotion as fear or excitement depending on whether they have just avoided a car accident or just rode a roller coaster. Which theory BEST describes this?

Schachter-Singer

Which person is NOT demonstrating creative thinking?

Seventeen-year-old Jason is an excellent test-taker and does very well on aptitude tests.

Erica is a figure skater preparing for the upcoming national championships. Her coach has suggested she practice mentally for the competition. Which scenario would you recommend she imagine?

She should imagine her jumps and spins while listening to her skating music.

_____ can come in many forms and be effective, including from significant others, friends, community members, and pets.

Social support

Experiments by _____ on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous, and they involved deception.

Stanley Milgram

To experience an emotion, a person must be physically aroused and cognitively label that arousal. This theory of emotion was suggested by:

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.

Chris has the habit of taking his work-related anger out on his wife by yelling at her when she asks if something is wrong. Which of these is the BEST advice one could give Chris to stop this habit?

Take a walk in the park and think about pleasant memories.

Emotion is a response that includes physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience. These components may be exemplified, respectively, by:

a pounding heart, increased pace, and a sense of fear.

People have a tendency to judge stimuli relative to those previously experienced. For example, if a man's current income level increases, he feels an initial surge of pleasure. However, as he adapts to that income level, he comes to consider it normal. He then requires something better to feel another surge of happiness. This is known as the _____ phenomenon.

adaptation-level

Which choice pairs a stage of the general adaptation syndrome with a correct description?

alarm — perceiving a threat or stressor

This substance has been known to increase aggressive responses to frustration.

alcohol

Discrimination is BEST described as:

an unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of people and its members.

Studies show that physically abused children are much quicker at spotting the facial signals for the emotion of _____ than are nonabused children.

anger

Altruism is BEST described as:

behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.

Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____.

behavior; attitude

Discrimination is to _____ as prejudice is to _____.

behavior; attitude

Based on the textbook's discussion, experiencing less stress is to better managing stress as _____ is to _____.

being optimistic; meditation

There is a small group of people who still think that the Earth is flat despite the fact that they are often otherwise normal members of modern society. They are exhibiting _____.

belief perseverance

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of:

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.

Yolanda has been having bouts of tension headaches. Her physician has not found any medicine that prevents future attacks. Which option is MOST likely to be effective in treating tension headaches?

biofeedback

The frustration-aggression principle MOST clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of:

blood alcohol.

As cognitive psychologists define it, a concept is a(n):

category.

Ingrid is looking for a new car. She wants one that is dependable and affordable. Which form of persuasion would probably be more convincing to her?

central route persuasion

Psychologists refer to the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating as:

cognition.

In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify mental bias that are especially likely to impede effective problem solving. Her research is MOST likely in the area of _____ psychology.

cognitive

Susan is excited to be studying developmental psychology in China. She believes that children's facial expressions are universal and that children everywhere will perform each activity EXCEPT:

fidget when they are sad.

Once people have agreed to a small request, they have a tendency to comply with a larger request. This is known as the:

foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Ground beef that is described as 75 percent lean seems much more appealing than beef that is 25 percent fat. This is an example of the _____ effect.

framing

When attempting to persuade others, it is better to focus on the positive rather than the negative. This is a characteristic of:

framing.

Exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the left _____ lobe.

frontal

A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality BEST illustrates the _____ error.

fundamental attribution

Which group is MOST likely to experience hate crimes in the United States?

gay or lesbian people

Dallas thinks two of his friends are highly compatible, so he is trying to get them together. To help get them interested in each other, Dallas might have them _____ for a couple of minutes.

gaze into each other's eyes

A stereotype is BEST described as a:

generalized belief about a group of people.

Pit bulls have a reputation for aggressive behavior, are frequently involved in dog fighting, and have acted aggressively toward people. This BEST demonstrates _____ influences on aggression.

genetic

In a phenomenon called _____, groups make decisions that are more extreme than would the individual members of the group.

group polarization

Group members sometimes fail to consider a range of viewpoints and alternatives in an effort to maintain cohesiveness and a united front. This is called:

groupthink

This is the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

groupthink

Expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave one feeling _____ or _____.

guilty; anxious

Sammie is celebrating his first birthday today. He can say numerous words like "da-da," "kitty," and "fish." Noam Chomsky would say that Sammie is able to do this effortlessly because:

he has a predisposition to learn language.

Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that it's always best to stick with your first answer. Anika's decision BEST illustrates the use of a simple thinking strategy called a(n):

heuristic.

A friend has been a bit depressed because of a low test score. Daniel decides to play a DVD of funny cartoons to cheer her up. What could he ask her to do to increase the likelihood that she will laugh at the cartoon?

hold a big smile right when starting the DVD

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This BEST illustrates the subtle nature of:

implicit prejudice.

Susan was diagnosed with early stage breast cancer and was referred by her doctor to a mindfulness meditation group. Her doctor explained that meditation may help her by:

improving immune functioning and coping.

Since 1950, Americans' buying power has ______ and their happiness has ______.

increased; remained constant

After an aerobic exercise program, the body's production of serotonin:

increases

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system _____ salivation and _____ blood pressure.

increases: decreases

During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roach counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roach is suggesting instead that it reflects _____ social influence.

informational; normative

Those perceived as different or apart from one's _____, are called the outgroup.

ingroup

Although it may not always happen, a(n) _____ allows one to instantly see the solution to a problem.

insight

Scott is a young engineer who just started work at a company that has several seasoned engineers on staff. During a regular meeting several of these seasoned engineers are discussing how to solve a problem. After about 15 minutes of listening to this, Scott jumps up and yells, "Eureka, I've got it!" This is an example of

insight

Makayla is taking a child development class and has been assigned a class project of her choice. She has chosen to analyze children's drawings. She collected children's drawings from a nearby elementary school from a total of 50 children in the third grade. Now she is in the process of analyzing the drawings and preparing her presentation. She has completely lost track of time. She meant to work on this for only an hour but when she looks at the clock three hours have passed. She is completely interested in the project and finds it challenging to analyze the drawings. Makayla is demonstrating:

intrinsic motivation.

Someone needs to be hired who is good at reading emotions from minor, quick changes in people's facial expressions. Which personality type should be chosen?

introverted

When making each day's hundreds of judgments and decisions, people often refer to:

intuition

An effortless, immediate, and automatic thought or feeling is known as:

intuition.

The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the:

just-world phenomenon.

Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute:

language

Sharon's car accident was both emotionally and physically traumatic. She developed aphasia, which left her without the ability to express herself linguistically, because of damage to her _____ lobe.

left frontal

Destroying worn-out cells is to ______ as attacking diseased cells is to _____.

macrophages; NK cells

Which of these is more likely to increase the likelihood of a heart attack victim having another attack?

major depression

The beginning of babies' receptive language development is BEST illustrated by their capacity to:

match another person's distinctive mouth movements with the appropriate sounds.

The tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past, is known as:

mental set.

Josh and Donna are discussing the latest release by their favorite band. "I didn't like it at first, but now that I've played it a few times, I love it!" Donna states. Donna's remark exemplifies the _____ effect.

mere exposure

Two-year-old Dirk's sentences—"Dad come," "Mom laugh," and "Truck gone"—are examples of:

telegraphic speech.

Your friend has a cockatiel that he has trained to discriminate between pictures of dogs and cats. Your friend shows him a picture of a dog and the bird pecks at a dog symbol on the cage. Your friend shows him a picture of a cat and the bird pecks at a cat symbol. The bird is showing:

that it can form concepts.

Which theory suggests that one would NOT experience intense anger unless first noticing one's racing heart (or other symptoms of physiological arousal)?

the James-Lange theory

"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend. Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her boyfriend wouldn't tell her what was bothering him. Iris is demonstrating:

the availability heuristic.

Sherelle is with three of her friends at a restaurant. One of her friends yawns, then another friend, and then Sherelle. She has just experienced:

the chameleon effect.

The difference between a challenge and a stressor can largely be determined by:

the duration of the situation.

After receiving exciting news about his grandson's healthy birth, Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This BEST illustrates:

the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

A close friend visits Katy and asks her to lend her $10 for gas. She happily agrees. Two weeks later her friend visits again and this time asks for $20 for gas and she agrees again. This is known as:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

During the Korean War, many U.S. prisoners of war were held in war camps run by Chinese communists. Without using brutality, the captors secured the prisoners' collaboration in various activities. Some did simple tasks to gain privileges while others completed radio appeals and false confessions or divulged military information. When the war ended, 21 prisoners chose to stay with the communists. More returned home convinced that communism was a good thing for Asia. The Chinese captors were able to accomplish this by using:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

One analysis revealed that pitchers were more likely to hit batters when the previous batter had hit a home run. This BEST illustrates:

the frustration-aggression principle.

Amber stops for a cup of coffee and the server yells at her when she sits at a table that has not been cleared. Amber is convinced that the server should find another line of work—one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. However, she disregards the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. Amber has just fallen prey to:

the fundamental attribution error.

Rhys submits a major report to his boss ahead of the deadline. His boss assumes that Rhys is conscientious, rather than that he simply had more time than usual to devote to the assignment. This example illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error.

In the psychology of health and stress, Hans Selye is associated with the study of:

the general adaptation syndrome.

If people are asked how they like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

the mere exposure effect.

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called:

the other-race effect.

Auriele is a very attractive female who lives in Cleveland and loves American football. When asked to predict if it is more probable that she is a schoolteacher or a cheerleader for the Cleveland Browns, most people selected the latter even though there are thousands of more schoolteachers than cheerleaders for the Browns in Cleveland. This illustrates the fallacy in reasoning known as:

the representativeness heuristic.

When people are stimulated by an exciting soccer match, their excitement can fuel and intensify anger. This effect is known as:

the spillover effect.

Sultan, a chimpanzee studied by Wolfgang Köhler, displayed evidence for animal cognition. He was given a short stick that could not reach a banana but then seemed to have an Aha! experience. He used the short stick:

to pull in a longer stick, which he used to reach the banana.

Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals:

try to align their attitudes and behavior.

At about 24 months of age, the _____ stage of language development typically begins.

two-word

Shortly after their daughter, Tiffany, was born, Jeremy and Tara moved from Nebraska to New Zealand to work with the native population. After a few years there they notice that their daughter began to speak English as well as Maori, the language of the native New Zealanders. This is an example of:

universal grammar.

The fact that all human languages have nouns, verbs, and adjectives led Noam Chomsky to refer to:

universal grammar.

When Jason, aged 10, comes home from school, he is often very loud, energetic, and sometimes irritable. His mother is worried about his impulsiveness, but is unsure if it is a problem because he seems to only act this way when he has had school that day and his teacher described him as well-behaved in the classroom. The BEST explanation for Jason's after-school behavior is that he:

used up his energy for self-control in school.

Christy moved from her home state so that she could attend graduate school in her desired field of study. She did not know anyone where she moved to and spent the money she had saved for the move very quickly. Things cost much more than she had expected. She received little support from her family to pursue her college education. Still, she progressed and quickly earned her degree. She graduated at the top of her class. With respect to Sternberg's facets of creativity, Christy has a(n) _____ personality.

venturesome