Psych Exam 1, ABNORMAL PSYCH CH 1
Which of the following was a form of treatment that addressed a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs? a. Moral management b. The treatments provided at the Geel Shrine c. Anton Mesmer's approach to treating the mentally ill d. The treatment started by the Nancy School
a
Who was one of the first physicians in the early 1500s to criticize the idea that mental illness was due to demon possession (although he did believe the moon influenced the brain)? a. Paracelsus b. Galen c. Pinel d. Hippocrates
a
Members of which culture are likely to make the distinction between mental illness (a term used to denote less severe conditions) and madness (a term used to describe more severe problems)? a. Iranians b. Jamaicans c. Americans d. Japanese
b
There is some debate about whether Philippe Pinel a. was the first person to remove chains from mental patients in a French mental hospital. b. was the first person to refute the idea of witchcraft as an explanation for abnormal behavior. c. supported Mesmer's ideas of animal magnetism and hypnosis. d. approved of the use of bleeding, beatings, and imprisonment for mental patients.
a
Chung Ching wrote two well-known medical works around A.D. 200 and has been referred to as the ____________ of China. a. Aristotle b. Galen c. Plato d. Hippocrates
d
What is "mass madness"? a. An exhibition of disordered behavior by a group of people that appears to be caused by hysteria b. A reaction to the harsh and inhumane treatment of the mentally ill during the Middle Ages c. A reference to the increased incidence of schizophrenia seen 16 years after a flu epidemic d. A reaction to hallucinogenic compounds taken as part of religious rituals in ancient Egypt
a
What is the most prevalent grouping of psychological disorder? a. Anxiety disorders b. Depressive disorders c. Substance abuse disorders d. Dissociative disorders
a
What was the purpose of the early asylums? a. To remove those who could not care for themselves from society b. To provide exorcisms c. To offer humanitarian treatment to those afflicted with mental illnesses d. To offer biological approaches to the treatment of mental disorders
a
Which of the following is recognized as a major biomedical breakthrough in psychopathology because it established the link between mental and physical illnesses? a. the discovery of the cause and later a cure for general paresis (syphilitic insanity) b. the discovery of penicillin as a cure for syphilis c. the development of electroshock therapy for general paresis (syphilitic insanity) d. the discovery that brain injuries could be associated with mental disorders
a
Which of the following mental health professionals has a doctoral degree in psychology and provides individual therapy to the patient? a. clinical psychologist b. occupational therapist c. caseworker d. psychiatrist
a
A clinical social worker would provide a patient with help in which of the following areas? a. family therapy b. occupational therapy c. prescriptions d. clinical research
a
A common treatment for mental illness during the Middle Ages in Europe was a. exorcism. b. fresh air and supportive surroundings. c. banishment. d. an early form of psychoanalytic dream interpretation.
a
Archaeology and early writing indicate that the first people to think that the brain was the site of mental functions were the a. ancient Egyptians. b. ancient Greeks. c. Chinese. d. Hebrews.
a
Compared to the West, in the Chinese "Dark Ages," views of mental illness a. began at a more sophisticated level but regressed, like the West, to belief in the supernatural forces, although not for as long or with as negative a reaction to patients. b. began at a less sophisticated level but regressed, like the West, to belief in the supernatural forces, although they regressed earlier and with a more negative reaction to patients. c. always believed that mental illness was due to supernatural forces. This belief is still prevalent in China. d. were always more sophisticated than the West; the focus was always on medical causes and humane treatment.
a
During the Middle Ages in Europe, which of the following was most likely to treat mental illness? a. a priest b. a physician c. a scientist d. a surgeon
a
Exorcism is a. still occasionally practiced today for the treatment of psychological problems, sometimes with fatal results. b. a religious rite that is no longer used for the treatment of psychological problems. c. a symbolic act that can still be useful in changing psychological functioning. d. a treatment that, throughout history, was never a very popular method of treating psychological problems.
a
Humanitarian treatment would be most typical of a. the hospitals run by Philippe Pinel. b. Bedlam. c. the early asylums in Europe. d. the early asylums in the United States.
a
In the United States, an early treatment involved the belief that a. patients needed to choose rationality over insanity and treatments were designed to intimidate patients into choosing correctly. b. patients were demonically possessed and needed to be made uncomfortable to get the demons to leave. c. patients were medically ill and needed physiological treatments. d. patients were basically animals and were treated as such.
a
Medications for psychological disorders a. were first used centuries ago. b. were first used only recently. c. still currently use some ancient ingredients, such as "mummy powder." d. made the search for the causes of disorders more difficult.
a
Most mental health treatment a. occurs in an outpatient setting. b. requires an overnight stay. c. does not involve professionals. d. occurs in psychiatric hospitals.
a
The ancestral roots of what we now know as psychoanalysis can be traced back to a. the study of hypnosis. b. early beliefs in demonology and possession. c. the discovery of the cause of general paresis. d. Dorothea Dix.
a
The approaches to treatment of the mentally ill during the Middle Ages in Europe are best characterized as a. superstitious. b. humane. c. medical. d. scientific.
a
The early asylums a. were primarily warehouses for the mentally ill. b. were designed to be places of refuge for the mentally ill. c. were designed to treat the mentally ill with physiological treatments, such as bloodletting. d. were similar to the places the early Greeks used for people with mental illness.
a
The emergence of humanism brought about changes in all of the following EXCEPT a. an increase in the belief in supernatural causes of behavior. b. scientific questioning. c. more humane treatment. d. fewer superstitious beliefs about demonic possession.
a
Why is it important to know how many people have diagnosable mental illnesses? a. Such information is needed to plan for the provision of adequate services. b. The number of people with mental illness and the level of crime are highly correlated. c. If the incidence of mental illness is rising, there needs to be a corresponding increase in the level of funding for medical research. d. Pharmaceutical companies need such information to ensure the appropriate level of drug production.
a
________ rates may be reported in terms of the lifetime risk of contracting a particular disorder. a. Prevalence b. Point prevalence c. Point incidence d. Incidence
a
___________ refers to the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of the disorder in a given population at a given point of time. a. Point prevalence b. Absolute prevalence c. 1-year prevalence d. Lifetime prevalence
a
"Bedlam" in London was one of several hospitals for the mentally ill in different countries that a. treated the mentally ill with physiological treatments. b. exhibited their patients for profit. c. viewed themselves as religious houses for the demonically possessed. d. allowed patients a lot of freedom.
b
A major finding from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) was that a. those people who have three or more comorbid disorders have one or more mild and transitory disorders. b. over half of the people with a history of one serious disorder had two or more comorbid disorders. c. people who have one mental disorder are unlikely to have a second comorbid disorder. d. as people grow older they are more likely to have multiple severe disorders.
b
According to your textbook, which mental disorder received the most attention from early scholars? a. Phobias b. Depression c. Schizophrenia d. Multiple personality disorder
b
Aristotle believed that a. mental disorders could be caused by psychological factors. b. mental disorders could not be caused by psychological factors. c. bodily fluids had nothing to do with mental illness. d. mental illness was due to demonic possession.
b
Benjamin Rush, who encouraged more humane treatment of the mentally ill in the United States, used as his principal remedies a. rest and talk. b. bloodletting and the tranquilizer chair. c. exorcism and purging. d. the tranquilizer chair and relaxation.
b
Brett persistently injects himself with pain killers. This has greatly increased his chance of overdosing and dying. His behavior harms no one else. According to the DSM-5, is Brett's behavior consistent with the definition of a mental disorder? a. Yes, because many people in society engage in this behavior. b. Yes, because he is persistently acting in a way that harms him. c. No, because his behavior must also harm the well-being of others in the community. d. No, because there is no evidence that his actions are out of his own control.
b
Comorbidity means a. that a disorder is often fatal. b. that a person has two or more disorders. c. that a person has a more severe form of a disorder. d. that a person is unlikely to recover from the disorder.
b
Freud and Breuer proposed that allowing patients to discuss their problems under hypnosis would provide a therapeutic emotional release. What is this emotional release called? a. free association b. catharsis c. dream analysis d. mesmerism
b
Hippocrates suggested marriage as a cure for a. impotence. b. hysteria in women. c. phrenitis (brain fever) in men. d. melancholia.
b
How did early treatment of mental patients in the United States compare to that offered in Europe? a. Treatment in the United States was more humanitarian. b. It was comparable to that offered in Europe. c. The techniques employed were more scientifically based than those used in Europe. d. The treatment approaches used in the United States were more effective than those used in Europe.
b
Maria believes that her dead grandmother occasionally speaks to her. In deciding if Maria has a mental illness or not, which of the following should first be evaluated? a. How old is Maria? b. Is Maria's belief consistent with the beliefs of her culture? c. Do people in general consider Maria's belief abnormal? d. Does her belief match any of the symptoms in the disorders in the DSM?
b
The disorder Koro, where males fear that their genitals have retracted into their body, possibly leading to death, is similar to the episodes of mass madness during the Black Death because a. both demonstrated that mass madness is primarily a physiological disorder. b. both demonstrated the effect that sociocultural stressors can have on mental functioning of large groups of people. c. both demonstrated that the responses of other people to the person with mass madness determines whether the person will recover. d. both demonstrated that it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to discover the cause of mass madness.
b
The doctrine of the four humors a. was an attempt to support moral management. b. was an explanation for personality traits. c. was an early suggested treatment for melancholy. d. was the first psychological explanation of mental disorders.
b
The physicians of the Nancy School a. opposed the use of hypnotism. b. demonstrated the power of suggestion. c. found that hypnotism was not effective in the treatment of any mental illnesses. d. believed that hysteria was the result of brain degeneration.
b
What can be said about individuals who have a history of at least one serious psychological disorder? a. Most are effectively treated and never experience mental illness again. b. Over 50% have at least two or more other disorders. c. Few have a comorbid disorder. d. Individuals who have sought treatment for one illness are unlikely to ever experience another.
b
What is lycanthropy? a. A form of mass hysteria characterized by wild dance-like movements b. A condition in which people believe themselves to be possessed by wolves c. A form of mass madness seen only in men d. A form of mass hysteria now known to have been drug-induced
b
What makes defining abnormality difficult? a. There are so many types of abnormal behavior that they can't be accurately described. b. There is no one behavior that serves to make someone abnormal. c. Most of us are abnormal much of the time so that we cannot tell what is normal. d. Criteria for abnormality have yet to be developed.
b
Which of the following approaches to treatment focuses almost exclusively on physical well-being? a. Moral management b. Mental hygiene c. Humanitarian d. Deinstitutionalization
b
Which of the following is credited with continuing the work of Pinel in the United States? a. John Wesley b. Benjamin Rush c. John Connolly d. Samuel Hitch
b
Which of the following is included in the DSM-5? a. A discussion of the various causes of mental disorders b. A means of identifying different mental disorders c. A description of all conditions for mental illness d. A description of all of the possible treatments for each disorder
b
Which of the following mental health professionals prescribes medications and monitors the patient for side effects? a. clinical psychologist b. psychiatrist c. counseling psychologist d. occupational therapist
b
According to Hippocrates, mental disorders were part of which three general categories? a. Schizophrenia, mania, and melancholia. b. Schizophrenia, mania, and phrenitis. c. Melancholia, mania, and phrenitis. d. Melancholia, mania, and anxiety.
c
According to the DSM, when is deviant behavior viewed as indicative of a mental disorder? a. Always b. Only when the behavior is inconsistent with cultural norms c. When it is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual d. Never
c
Benjamin Rush is credited with all of the following EXCEPT a. signing the Declaration of Independence. b. encouraging more humane treatment of the mentally ill. c. taking a scientific approach to the study and treatment of mental disorders. d. being the first American to organize a course in psychiatry.
c
Cicero was feeling depressed. He sought help from Hippocrates. Hippocrates would probably have a. prescribed the roots of certain plants and unusual elixirs. b. utilized a talking cure. c. prescribed exercise, tranquility, and celibacy. d. performed an exorcism.
c
Each of the following is one of the "four humors" EXCEPT a. blood. b. phlegm. c. phrenitis. d. bile.
c
Early writings show that the Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks often attributed abnormal behavior to a. poor parenting. b. physical disease. c. demonic possession. d. chemical imbalance in the brain.
c
In ancient societies, if a person's abnormal conduct consisted of speech that appeared to have a religious or mystical significance, then the person was a. assumed to have willingly entered into a pact with the devil. b. thought to be a witch. c. thought to be possessed by a good spirit or god. d. assumed to have something physically wrong with the heart.
c
Johann Weyer, in the early 1500s, a. was a popularly accepted writer who argued that mental illness was due to demon possession. b. was a popularly accepted writer who argued that mental illness was due to imbalances in the four humors. c. wrote a book that was condemned by many, arguing that many witches were actually mentally ill. d. wrote a book that was scorned by many, arguing that mental illness was due to bodily magnetism.
c
Most people with psychological disorders a. seek treatment as soon as they realize there is a problem. b. recover only if they seek treatment. c. delay seeking treatment, sometimes for many years. d. exaggerate their symptoms so it takes longer for them to recover.
c
Philippe Pinel a. believed that mental illness was due to possession by demons and exorcism was the only useful treatment. b. believed that mental patients needed to choose rationality over insanity, so treatment was aimed at making their lives as patients uncomfortable. c. believed that mental patients were ill and needed to be treated as such - with kindness and caring. d. believed that mental illness was purely a physiological phenomena, and could only be treated by physical means such as bloodletting.
c
Plato was one of the first to argue for a. medical treatment of mental illness. b. demonic possession in mental illness. c. different punishments for mentally disturbed individuals. d. the use of bleeding as a treatment for mental illness.
c
Recent historical reviews of the literature indicate that the typical accused witch in the Middle Ages in Europe was a. a person we would now consider to have a mental illness. b. a priest who was a rival of a more powerful priest. c. an ill-tempered, impoverished woman. d. a person we would now consider to have mental retardation.
c
Shackling a patient to a wall with little food or heat would be most typical of a. the hospitals run by Philippe Pinel. b. the sanatoriums of Alexandria, Egypt. c. the early asylums in Europe. d. the treatment advocated by Hippocrates.
c
Stereotyping is an example of the stigma of mental illness. It means a. people are reluctant to discuss their psychological problems because they are afraid others won't like them. b. people feel very sad and upset when they find out they have a mental illness. c. the automatic and often incorrect beliefs people have about people with mental illness. d. the problem of removing the diagnosis, even if people make a full recovery from mental illness.
c
The belief in the four humors as a means of explaining temperament a. is inconsistent with a biological explanation for mental illness. b. has yet to be disproven. c. proposed different proportions of each humor in each individual. d. provides that first indication that ancient people recognized the significance of the brain in determining behavior.
c
The first classification of mental disorders involved a. identifying the biological causes of the disorders, so a person could be tested for them. b. understanding the theoretical descriptions of different disorders. c. recognizing symptoms that occurred together often enough to be regarded as a type of mental disorder. d. identifying the types of thoughts that people with different mental illnesses tended to have.
c
The study of hypnosis and its relationship to hysteria was the starting point for a. the medical model. b. the biological classification of mental disorders. c. psychoanalysis. d. the mental hygiene movement.
c
The trend toward deinstitutionalization in recent years means that a. inpatient hospitalization in public institutions has increased. b. people with psychological problems more often receive inpatient treatment than outpatient treatment. c. people are hospitalized more briefly and then treated on an outpatient basis. d. the number of community services has skyrocketed.
c
The use of malarial fever to treat paresis a. is an example of the barbaric treatment that mental patients received at the beginning of the twentieth century. b. proved to be so ineffectual that many professionals abandoned the biological explanation of mental disorders. c. represented the first clear-cut defeat of a mental disorder by medicine. d. was the first time scientists used knowledge of brain chemistry to develop specific drugs for treating mental disorders.
c
What is important to remember about the apparent high lifetime rate of mental disorders? a. Many people were probably misdiagnosed. b. So many people have disorders that this has become a major health issue. c. Many people with disorders are not seriously affected by them or may have them for only a short time. d. A large majority of people with disorders seek treatment, so the problem is not as bad as it seems.
c
What term refers to the number of new cases of a disorder that occur over a given time period? a. Point prevalence b. One-year prevalence c. Incidence d. Valence
c
What trend was observed during the Middle Ages in Europe? a. Belief in theology was declining. b. Approaches to mental disorders were becoming increasingly scientific. c. Supernatural explanations for mental disorders grew in popularity. d. Humane treatments were developed.
c
Which of the following has been shown to reduce stigma of the mentally ill? a. Educating people that a mental illness is a "real" brain disorder b. Referring to a mental illness as a "mental disease" c. Increasing contact with individuals who have a mental illness d. Applying labels to individuals, such as "schizophrenic" or "bipolar"
c
Which of the following is an example of point prevalence? a. Forty people had a panic attack in the last year. b. Seventy people in her graduating class had been diagnosed with anorexia at some time during the past four years. c. 1% of the population is currently experiencing depressive symptoms. d. 15% of women will suffer from an anxiety disorder before the age of 30.
c
Which of the following statements is true concerning classification systems for mental disorders? a. It is far more important that they be reliable than it is for them to be valid. b. Classification systems make it more difficult to gather statistics on the incidence and prevalence of disorders. c. Classification systems meet the needs of medical insurance companies who need diagnoses in order to authorize payment of claims. d. Although they assist scientists who are researching disorders, they always inhibit our ability to communicate about abnormal behavior in a consistent way.
c
Which statement about treatment of abnormal behavior in the Middle Ages is accurate? a. Although the Hippocratic tradition was continued in most of Europe, Islamic countries emphasized demonology. b. Scientific reasoning and humane treatments were valued in both European and Islamic societies. c. Islamic forms of treatment were more humane than European approaches. d. The Chinese emphasized prayer, the Europeans emphasized exercise, and the Islamic peoples emphasized balancing the four bodily humors.
c
Who is considered the founder of American psychiatry? a. William Tuke b. Dorothea Dix c. Benjamin Rush d. Clifford Beers
c
Which of the following is an example of family aggregation? a. Both Jane and her husband are alcoholic. b. Jim and John, 21-year-old friends, are both schizophrenic. c. Karen, her mother, and her grandmother all have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. d. Kim's suicide was apparently a reaction to her mother's abuse.
c.
A contemporary of Pinel's in England who started a Quaker religious retreat for the mentally ill was a. John Wesley. b. Benjamin Rush. c. Dorothea Dix. d. William Tuke.
d
According to early beliefs, what would characterize an individual with an excess of blood? a. Depression b. Schizophrenia c. Irritability d. Cheerfulness
d
All of the following were likely to be part of moral treatment in the 1800s EXCEPT a. manual labor. b. spiritual discussions. c. character development. d. antipsychotic medication.
d
If you visited an asylum in the 16th Century in Europe you would likely find a. a place which mixed together the mentally ill, the poor, criminals, and the physically ill. b. exorcisms being done by priests. c. a place where people were given good food, work, and rest so they could recover. d. mentally ill people living in conditions of filth and cruelty.
d
In 1983, a large group of West Bank Palestinian girls showed signs of illness. Some thought they were poisoned, but later it was discovered that psychological factors played a key role in most cases. This incident best illustrates a. St. Vitus's dance. b. exorcism. c. lycanthropy. d. mass madness.
d
Mesmer was a proponent of a. humanitarianism. b. community mental health clinics. c. the mental hygiene movement. d. the power of animal magnetism.
d
One of Aristotle's major contributions to psychology was a. his belief that dreams explained most mental disorders. b. his theory that psychological disorders were due to psychological rather than physical factors. c. his description of personality traits. d. his description of consciousness.
d
People in the Middle Ages a. believed that mentally ill people were witches. b. believed that witches were mentally ill. c. believed that mentally ill witches should be treated differently than other types of witches. d. believed that most witches and mentally ill people were possessed by demons, but in different ways.
d
Practically speaking, "abnormal" behavior means a. any behavior that is "away from the normal" and causes any distress. b. any behavior that causes the person distress. c. any behavior that causes us to consider our values. d. any behavior that deviates from the norms of the society in which the person lives
d
Prayer, incantations, and noise-making were all techniques for a. altering a person's brain functioning. b. improving a person's dreams. c. helping a person become possessed by good spirits. d. exorcising demons.
d
The fact that body piercings are commonplace today while they would once have been viewed as abnormal illustrates that a. modern society is unlikely to change. b. what is acceptable for men and women is no longer different. c. American culture values independence. d. the values of a society may change over time.
d
The insanity associated with general paresis a. has no known physical cause. b. is caused by excessive alcohol consumption. c. is seen only in the aging who have compromised health. d. results from an infection of the brain.
d
The level of success achieved with the use of moral management is surprising because a. most mental illnesses are not treatable. b. the drugs used were usually inappropriate. c. the majority of those hospitalized for mental illness were schizophrenic. d. many patients suffered from syphilis that was, at the time, incurable.
d
The moral management treatment a. focused on the physiological problems that mental patients supposedly had rather than their mental state. b. focused on the symptoms that mental patients had rather than on their moral character. c. focused on warehousing and punishing mental patients, so that they would choose to become well. d. focused on the moral and spiritual development of mental patients rather than their disorder.
d
The physicians of Alexandria, Egypt, in the era after Alexander the Great were most likely to treat mental patients by a. putting them in prisons. b. using brutal forms of exorcism. c. having them make sacrifices to gods. d. providing activities, massage, and education.
d
What is Galen credited with? a. Providing the first biological explanation for mental disorders b. Performing the first human autopsies c. Demonstrating that the doctrine of the four humors was flawed d. Recognizing that psychological disorders could have both biological and psychological causes
d
What is a culture-specific disorder? a. A disorder seen in all cultures b. A disorder that is seen universally, but presents itself differently depending on cultural factors c. A disorder that is a product of cultural stressors d. A disorder seen only in certain cultures
d
What is epidemiology? a. The exploration of what forms of treatment are most effective b. A form of psychotherapy c. The study of the role of genes in mental illness d. The study of the distribution of a disorder in a population
d
Which of the following contributed to the virtual absence of moral management by the nineteenth century? a. The fact that it was rarely effective in treating the mentally ill b. The shrinking of the size of most mental hospitals c. Society's displeasure with the idea that mentally ill people were morally inferior d. Advances in biomedical science
d
Which of the following individuals is credited with emphasizing the link between brain pathology and mental illness? a. Dix. b. Skinner. c. Bandura. d. Kraepelin.
d
Which one of the following is credited with developing a classification system for mental disorders? a. Dix b. Pinel c. Alzheimer d. Kraepelin
d
Why is it believed that the NCS survey used to estimate the prevalence of mental illness underestimated that prevalence? a. Most problems are acute. b. Few people report symptoms of mental illness when completing surveys. c. The incidence of comorbidity is too high. d. Measures of several types of disorders were not included.
d
Why is it important to have some understanding of what causes a psychological disorder? a. A disorder cannot be identified unless there is an understanding of where it came from. b. All recognized disorders have known causes. c. Biological treatments only work when a disorder has a biological cause. d. The selection of a treatment approach is largely determined by assumptions about causality.
d
Which of the following is a sufficient element to determine abnormality? a. Suffering b. Maladaptiveness c. Deviancy d. There is no single sufficient element.
d.