PSYCH Exam 2

Leukopenia occurs d/t alcohol. What is it?

Impairment of WBC

Issues in substance misuse: Codependency

When a significant other uses but the person does not so they support/ cover for them

What are primary dementias?

When dementia is the major sign of some organic brain disease and not r/t other organic illnesses Ex: Alzheimer's <-- most common dementia type

Enculturation

gradually adapting and being exposed to a different culture but not assimilating

Cirrhosis of the liver means...

the end-stage of alcoholic liver disease & is believed to be caused by the direct toxic effect of alcohol on the liver. There is widespread destruction of liver cells, which are replaced by fibrous (scar) tissue.

What are affective symptoms of schizophrenia?

*Assessment for depression is crucial - May herald impending relapse - Increases substance abuse - Increases suicide risk - Further impairs functioning

Etiological implications for Bipolar disorder

- Biological theories: Strong hereditary implications - Biochemical influences: Functional excess of norepinephrine, serotonin & dopamine - Medication side effects (steroids, amphetamines, antidepressants) - HPTA axis - Environment - Bipolar disorder viewed as brain disorder but psychosocial factors play a role

What are cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?

- Concrete thinking - Impaired memory - Impaired information processing - Impaired executive functioning= memory, flexible thinking, and self-control

What are symptoms of Schizophrenia?

- Delusions - Religiosity - Hallucinations - Poor ADLs - Loose associations - Neologisms= made up words - Concreteness - Clang associations = rhyming words - Word salad= the most extreme form of associative looseness, is a jumble of words that is meaningless to the listener - Circumstantiality = including unnecessary and often tedious details in conversation but eventually reaching the point. - Tangentiality = thought process over the place, never reaching the point - Regression - Perseveration = stick on to a situation but they do not move on - Illusions= Misperceptions or misinterpretations of a real experience. For ex., a man sees a coat on a shadowy coat rack and believes it is a bear. - Echolalia = repeating what others say - Echopraxia = copying behavior - Ambivalence = indecisive w/ lots of emotions - Autism = not autism itself but symptoms, like being in your own world - Anergia = no energy - Anhedonia = no pleasure in anything - Affect - Mutism = no talking

What are symptoms of delirium?

- Difficulty sustaining & shifting attention - Extreme distractibility - Disorganized thinking - Speech: rambling, irrelevant, pressured & incoherent - Impaired reasoning ability & goal-directed behavior - Disorientation to time & place - Impairment of recent memory - Misperceptions about the environment - Psychomotor activity fluctuating between agitation, purposeless movements & a vegetative state - Emotional instability *UTI's are usually the cause of delirium in the elderly

Intoxication of inhalants are developed shortly after exposure. 2 or + signs must be present. Name some possible signs present

- Dizziness - Incoordination - Unsteady gait - Nystagmus - Slurred speech - Tremor - Lethargy - Psychomotor retardation - Blurred vision - Stupor or coma - Euphoria

Implementation done during the detox stage

-Doing SIWA -Taking BP -Decreasing stimuli -Seizure precautions -I&O -Administer substitution therapy: depending on the SIWA score, they can receive a Benzo to recover from the withdrawal symptoms

Implementation done in the rehab stage

-Encourage continued participation in long term treatment such as AA meetings and treatment homes

Impaired Professional Practice for misuse of substances

-Messy charting -Administering of drugs from the med room -Diversion -Labile -Less alert

SAD persons scale scoring

1 point for each if present 7-10 points - hospitalize or commit 5-6 points - strongly consider hospitalizing depending on f/up plans 3-4 points close f/up, consider hospitalizing 0-2 points send home with f/up

Opioid withdrawal signs and symptoms of longer acting drugs can can occur within __ to __ days and last 10-14 days

1-3 days

What are some factors needed to be diagnosed with SUD?

1. Addiction= not being able to go without the substance 2. Intoxication= when using the substance 3. Tolerance= using more of the product for the good feeling 4. Withdrawal= stop using substance leads to unbearable symptoms 5. Recovery

Cultural Competence for Psychiatric Mental Health nurses include what?

1. Cultural awareness = examine beliefs, values, and practices of own culture and of others 2. Cultural knowledge = learn of other cultures by events, friendships, and studying 3. Cultural encounters = deter from stereotypes and help nurses reducle cultural pain 4. Cultural skill = ability to perform cultural assessment in sensitive way 5. Cultural desire = genuine interest and concern for patient

Changes in mood that must occur for a person to be diagnosed with Bipolar disorder. Need 3 or more (4 if the mood is only irritable) to be diagnosed

1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity. 2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep). 3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking. 4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing. 5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli), as reported or observed. 6. Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation (i.e., purposeless non-goal-directed activity). 7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments).

Alcohol amts. in oz

12 oz= 5% alcohol in beer 8 oz= 7% alcohol in malt liquor 5 oz= 12% alcohol in wine 1.5 oz= 40% alcohol in hard liquor

Alcoholics Anonymous requires:

12 steps on how to maintain sobriety and how to remain abstinent from alcohol

What are requirements for schizophrenia?

2 or + of the following for a significant portion of time in 1 month and a continuous disturbance for at least 6 months: · Delusions · Hallucinations · Disorganized speech · Gross disorganization or catatonia · Negative symptoms (diminished emotional expression or avolition=lack of motivation) · Functional impairment of some kind

Opioid withdrawal signs and symptoms of short-acting drugs can occur within __ to __ hours and last 5-7 days.

6-12

What is Bipolar disorder I?

A full syndrome of manic or mixed symptoms that may also experience episodes of depression. Depression occurs after exhaustion from the manic period. Individuals with bipolar I disorder have experienced at least one manic episode. Mania is a period of intense mood disturbance with persistent elevation, expansiveness, irritability, and extreme goal-directed activity or energy. These periods last at least 1 week for most of the day, every day. Symptoms of mania are so severe that this state is a psychiatric emergency.

Pancreatitis is defined as...

Acute & Chronic: (acute) usually occurs 1 or 2 days after a binge of excessive alcohol consumption symptoms include constant, severe epigastric pain; nausea, vomiting & abdominal distention. Can lead to pancreatic insufficiency, steatorrhea, malnutrition, weight loss & diabetes mellitus

What are the steps of SUD?

Addiction Intoxication Tolerance Withdrawal Recovery

Extrapyramidal (EPS) are other SE of conventional meds, what do these include?

Akathesia (restlessness leading to constant movement), dystonia (involuntary muscle movements leading to abnormal posture), oculargyrocrisis (bulging of the eyes) & pseudoparkinsonism (tremor and shuffled walk)

Once dementia has progressed, signs include what?

Apraxia (difficult to move), Irritability & moodiness w/sudden outbursts over trivial issues, Inability to care for personal needs independently, Wandering away from the home or care setting

What are secondary dementias?

Are caused by or r/t another disease such as to SUD or HIV disease

Etiology (causes) of Vascular Dementia include what?

Arterial hypertension = high BP in the arteries Cerebral emboli = blood clot in heart or blood vessel Cerebral thrombosis = blood clot in brain vessel

Clonidine is a withdrawal med

BP pill and helps w/ cravings

What body systems are affected by inhalants?

CNS & PNS = nerve damage Respiratory = irritation, distress, coughs, dyspnea, discharge, death GI = abd. pain, n/v Renal failure

Opioids are the most effective pain relievers if used appropriately. If abused, what body systems are affected?

CNS - euphoria, mood changes, mental clouding, drowsiness, ↓ pain, ↓R, pupil constriction GI - n/v/d, constipation Cardiovascular - ↓ BP Sexual functioning- ↓ pleasure, interest, impotence, anorgasmia

Cancer is another effect of alcohol on the body. What areas are affected?

Cancer of the head, neck, liver, breast, and colorectal

Dementia tx modalities, meds:

Cholinesterase Inhibitors • Aricept (donepezil) SE: N/V, diarrhea, and weight loss • Exelon (rivastigmine) • Reminyl (galantamine) N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist • Namenda (memantine)

Alcohol intoxication is when an individual experiences symptoms from using this substance. What are some symptoms?

Disinhibition, lability, impaired judgment & functioning, slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady gait, nystagmus, flushed face w/intoxication occurring at blood alcohol levels from 80 to 400 mg/dL

Antabuse is a tx modality. What does it indicate?

Deterrent drug started after withdrawal, take it everyday, and if they drink, they cannot drink for 2 weeks after last dose

What does SIGECAPS stand for? What does it help diagnose?

Diagnoses depression Sleep change Interest, a loss of interest Guilt Energy (lack of) Cognition (concentration is low) Appetite, can increase or decrease Psychomotor, agitation or retardation (slow, non-energetic) Suicidal ideation

What does DIGFAST stand for? What does it help diagnose?

Diagnoses mania Distractible Irritable Grandiose Flight of ideas Activity increase Speech is pressured Thoughtlessness

What are possible psychosocial theories that help explain an onset of bipolar disorder?

Diathesis-Stress model- biological + environmental factors lead to a deterioration of mental health Learned Helplessness- being in an environment of negativity may lead to vulnerability for a negative lifestyle Cognitive theory- explains that attributes and expectations lead to a negative mindset regardless of the environment *There is usually a combination of reasons for the illness, not one theory in particular

What is mild dementia?

Does not interfere with ADLs; does not necessarily progress

What are Anticholinergic side effects in Conventional FGA meds?

Dry mouth, blurred vision, dry eyes, nasal congestion, constipation, photosensitivity & urinary retention

Opioid withdrawal signs and symptoms include what?

Dysphoria, muscle aches, n/v, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, pupillary dilation, piloerection (goosebumps), sweating, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, yawning, fever & insomnia.

What is the goal of SBIRT for risky use?

Educate to decrease risk of negative health & safety consequences and progression of disease

Gastritis is an effect of alcohol in the body. What does it mean?

Effects of alcohol on the stomach: inflammation of the stomach lining characterized by epigastric distress, nausea, vomiting, & distention

Portal hypertension is another effect of alcohol in the body. Define its characteristics.

Elevation of blood pressure through the portal circulation results from defective blood flow through cirrhotic liver

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to what?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome which is the leading cause of Intellectual Disability in the U.S

Neurobiological factor of SUD include what?

Genetics, that a hereditary factor leads to a risk for substance use. Mostly seen in alcoholism. Biochemically, dopamine (Involved in decision making, thought, and muscle movement) and GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid plays a role in how we experience fear, anxiety, and stress by reducing these excitatory emotions) are high.

What is esophagitis?

Inflammation and pain in the esophagus occur because of the toxic effects of alcohol on the esophageal mucosa and because of frequent vomiting associated with alcohol misuse.

Opioid intoxication signs and symptoms:

Initial euphoria, apathy, dysphoria, psychomotor agitation or retardation and impaired judgment.

What is major dementia?

Interferes with daily functioning and independence

Conventional (FGA) antipsychotic medications give Tardive dyskinesia side effects. What does this mean?

Involuntary facial, limb, and trunk movements. Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) done to monitor q 3-6 months

Trans Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is used for what?

It is a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain. It improves symptoms of depression and requires about 30 visits. Its mechanism of action occurs by placing a magnetic pulse on the region of the brain where mood control and depression occur. Common side effects include headache, scalp discomfort, tingling and spasms or twitching of facial muscles, and lightheadedness.

Schizophrenia neurobiology

Low acetylcholine (Learning, memory, and mood is affected), Schizophrenia increases glutamate, so we must decrease it (functions in increasing learning and memory. It is known as the excitatory neurotransmitter. It helps with cognition and plays a big role is psychosis.) Excess dopamine which functions in decision making, thought, and muscle movement.

Etiologyofdepression:Physiological influences/Secondary depression

Medication side effects Neurological disorders (ex: CVA may cause depression) Endocrine/Hormonal disorders (Diabetes) Inflammatory/Infectious disorders Neoplasms (cancers can cause depression)Cardiac Disorders (CHF, MI)

Wernicke's encephalopathy is an effect of alcohol in the body, what does it mean?

Most serious form of thiamine deficiency in patients with alcoholism

What are SE of Conventional FGA meds.?

Nausea, sedation, rash, ortho BP, hormonal effects, EKG Δs, ↓seizure threshold, agranulocytosis, sexual dysfunction

alcoholic hepatitis is an effect of alcohol in the body. Define what this is.

Often following a severe prolonged bout of drinking & is usually superimposed on an already damaged liver; characterized by a syndrome of inflammation & necrosis.

Thiamine is used for alcohol withdrawal

Prevents Wernicke's encephalopathy

Psychological factors of SUD include what?

Psychologically, it is believed to be d/t severe ego impairment and disturbances of self, Freud states it's d/t a fixation in the oral stage, and chronic stressors are also factors.

Severe opioid intoxication leads to what?

Respiratory depression, coma, and death. Narcan would be used in this case

Tx modalities for alcohol

Revia and Campral helps with craving

Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizoaffective Disorder (uninterrupted symptoms of depressive, manic, or mixed) Brief Psychotic Disorder (sudden onset of at least one: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized or catatonic, occurs for 1 month or less) Schizophreniform Disorder (same features of schizophrenia but less than 6 months) Delusional Disorder Shared Psychotic Disorder (a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be passed down to others around) Substance Induced or caused by a medical condition

What does Theoretical Integration believe?

Schizophrenia is most likely a biologically based disease, the onset of which is influenced by factors in the internal or external environment.

What is SBIRT?

Screening: 2-3 questions to identify patients with unhealthy SU, not problem but assess risky behavior Brief Intervention: Conversation to motivate patients who screen positive toward healthier decisions (e.g. cutting back, quitting, or seeking further assessment). Referral to Treatment: Actively link patients to resources when needed

SAD PERSONS scale

Sex (a male gets 1 point) Age (80 yrs. or older and adolescents) Depression present Previous Attempt ETOH use Rational thinking loss Social support lacking Organized plan No spouse Sickness - chronic, terminal

Sociocultural factors of SUD include what?

Social learning states it is a learned practice from parents or peers. Conditioning theory states it is d/t pleasurable effects leading to a positive reinforcement to continue the use of the substance. And cultural+ethnic influences play a role too.

Meds for opioid dependance when seeking tx modalities

Suboxone- strip the dissolves in mouth. Used for maintenance, not withdrawal Buprenex- 1 mo. injectable med, mostly for inpatient Methadone- 1 mo. injectable med

Issues in substance misuse: Enabling behavior

Support the behavior but with management ex: buying the alcohol but giving less amts.

Alcohol withdrawal is when the individual discontinues the use of the substance leading to unbearable symptoms. What are some of these symptoms?

Symptoms within 6 - 8 hours of cessation of or reduction in heavy and prolonged alcohol use - coarse tremor, n/v, malaise, ↑pulse, sweating, ↑BP, anxiety, depressed mood, irritability, visual +/or tactile hallucinations, h/a & insomnia.

What are autonomic manifestations in delirium?

Tachycardia, Sweating, Flushed face, Dilated pupils, ↑ BP *Occurs quickly but can have a slower onset if underlying etiology is a systemic illness or a metabolic imbalance

What are positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?

The presence of something that should not be present - Hallucinations - Delusions - Disorganized Speech - Disorganized Behavior - Excess/distortion of normal function *Better response to tx

What is dementia?

The progressive loss of previous levels of cognitive, executive, and memory function in a state of full awareness. No change in consciousness, difficulty with memory, problem solving, and complex attention. NO change in consciousness unlike delirium

Etiology of depression

Too much Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Serotonin mania Very little Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Serotonin depression

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is used for what?

Used for depression, Bipolar Disorder, Suicidality, and catatonia (inability to move properly.) The mechanism of action is that it increases biogenic amines. This procedure requires at least 6 visits. The side effects include temporary or transient memory loss and confusion. Risks involve mortality, permanent memory loss, and brain damage. Medications used involve pre-treatment meds, muscle relaxant, and short-acting anesthetics.

Clinical Instrument of Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA) is used to assess SUD

Used to see where they are in the withdrawal stage

esophageal varices...

Veins in the esophagus become distended because of excessive pressure from defective blood flow through the cirrhotic liver

Cultural imposition

a tendency for people to think their belief is superior

Deviance from cultural expectations

can be defined as illness by other members of the group

Ethnocentrism

when one culture judges and imposes beliefs on another and sees the culture as superior

What are some risk factors for Depression?

· Female Gender · Adverse Childhood Events (ACES) · Stressful Life Events · 1st degree relative with MDD · Neuroticism= a person who worries too much and has negative feelings · Other disorders · Chronic or disabling medical condition (ex: stroke, cardiac issues, cancer)

What are symptoms of dementia?

- Impairment exists in abstract thinking, judgment & impulse control. - Conventional rules of social conduct are disregarded. - Personal appearance & hygiene are neglected. - Language may or may not be affected. - Personality change is common.

What is Motivational Interviewing?

A patient centered, goal directed, way of interviewing to resolve ambivalence (conflicting feelings) ACE: -Affirms patient's autonomy -Collaboration between patient and provider -Evokes patient's own motivation and reasons for change

What is cyclothymia?

A short period of mania and long periods of depression, vice versa. It is characterized by chronic mood disturbances and can last 2 years.

Ascites occurs from prolonged alcohol abuse, what is it?

Condition in which an excessive amount of serous fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity; occurs in response to portal hypertension

Delirium is characterized by what?

Disturbance of consciousness and a change in cognition that develop over a short period *Much more treatable than dementia and can occur w/ dementia. Does not last forever

Thrombocytopenia is due to alcohol effects on the body. What is it defined as?

Impairment of platelet production

Alcohol also effects sexual function. How does it affect this?

In the short term, enhanced libido and failure of erection common. Long-term effects include gynecomastia, sterility, impotence, decreased libido

Alcohol in the body can lead to Peripheral neuropathy, define what this is.

Peripheral nerve damage - Pain, Burning, Tingling, Prickly sensations of the extremities

Factors that may lead to Schizophrenia

Physiological influences - Brain structure abnormalities - Histological changes in brain Prenatal stressors - Poor nutrition - Hypoxia - Viral Infections - Father > 35yo - Born late winter/early spring Psychological influences - These factors are now coming under increased scrutiny. Researchers in the last decade have focused their studies more in terms of schizophrenia as a brain disorder. Environmental influences - Sociocultural factors: Poverty has been linked with development of schizophrenia. - Downward drift hypothesis: Poor social conditions are seen as a consequence of, rather than an incident in the course of, schizophrenia. Stressful life events These factors may be associated with exacerbation of schizophrenic symptoms and increased rates of relapse

Korsakoff's psychosis is an effect of alcohol in the body. What are its characteristics?

Syndrome of confusion, loss of recent memory, and confabulation in patients with alcoholism

What are negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?

The absence of something that should be present - Affect - Alogia= poverty of speech - Avolition= lack of motivation - Apathy - Anhedonia - Social Isolation - Diminution/loss of normal function *Poor response to tx

Dual Diagnosis

The co-occurrence of a substance use disorder with another psychiatric disorder *Treat both of them

What is Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS) used for?

This is an alternative treatment for refractory depression. Pulse generator and wires are implanted in the client's chest and neck. The pulses are then delivered to the L vagus nerve, then transmitted to the CNS and travel to specific areas that control mood, motivation, sleep, appetite, and other symptoms of depression. This works like neurotransmitter actions. Side effects include hoarseness, cough, neck, pain, and shortness of breath. May take up to 1 year to be effective and needs to continue with antidepressant medications until then.

Alcohol can effect the body with Alcohol myopathy. What does this mean?

Thought to result from same vitamin B deficiency that contributes to peripheral neuropathy - Acute & Chronic : pain, tenderness, and edema in certain skeletal muscles and muscles of the thoracic cage

What is the goal of SBIRT for addiction?

Treat and/or refer for specialty addiction treatment

What does Eastern tradition believe?

- Family is the basis for identity - Body-mind-spirit is one entity - Time is circular and recurring - Born into a fate; duty to comply - Disease caused by fluctuations in opposing forces

What does Western tradition believes?

- Identity is found in individuality - Values include: o Autonomy- right to make decisions o Independence o Self-reliance - Mind and body are separate entities - Disease has a cause, and treatment is aimed at the cause - Time is linear - Success is obtained in preparing for the future

What does the Indigenous culture believe?

- Places significance on place of humans in natural world - Basis of identity is the tribe - Person is an entity only in relation to others - Disease—lack of harmony between individual and environment

What are other mood disorders?

- Substance Induced Mood Disorder (SIMD) which is a direct result of physiological effects of a substance; med, toxin, or a drug of abuse. It is associated with intoxication or withdrawal - Mood disorder associated with a medical condition. These are associated with neurological disorders, electrolyte + hormonal imbalances or nutritional deficiencies - Postpartum Depression which can exist with or without psychotic features (hallucinations, auditory, or visual), appetite problems, sleep disturbance - Seasonal Affective Disorder occurs in the fall and winter with remittance in the spring. It is due to decreased sunlight in the day. A "sun box" is a helpful tool which they can use to bring their mood back up

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a side effect of Conventional (FGA) antipsychtic meds. What does this syndrome involve?

- Sxs can occur w/in 1 wk but usually later -most often after using 1+ meds, w/older clients, mood disorder present, in females & rapid ↑ dosage - Is rare but can be fatal so early detection is vital to survival - Sxs include: severe muscle rigidity, ↑Temp>103, ↑BP & P, ↓R, diaphoresis (sweating), posturing, altered LOC, & ↑enzymes - Treatment includes going to the hospital, stop antipsychotic, cool body, hydrate, correct electrolytes, Bromocriptine use (for muscle rigidity) monitor cardiac status.

DSM-5 Criteria for Alcohol use disorder includes what?

Alcohol use that leads to impairment, must have at least 2 symptoms occurring for 12 months.

Alcohol withdrawal can lead to delirium tremens (DTs). What does this mean?

Alcohol withdrawal leading to symptoms of grand mal seizures, volume depletion, electrolyte imbalance, arrhythmias, coma, death or suicide

What is bipolar disorder ii?

Recurrent bouts of major depression and episodes of hypomania but no episodes that lead to a diagnosis of mania. Hypomania is a period of mania that is less severe.

What is vascular dementia?

The dementia is d/t significant CVA disease. There is a more abrupt onset than is seen w/ Alzheimer's disease & the course is more variable. *A secondary dementia

Schizophrenia is caused by a combination of factors. Including what?

· Genetic predisposition = family history · Biochemical dysfunction · Physiological factors = environment plays a role · Psychosocial stress · Schizophrenia requires a comprehensive & multidisciplinary approach to treatment

Risk factors for DAT

• Acetylcholine alterations • Accumulation of aluminum in body such as deodorants with aluminum • Alterations in the immune system • Head trauma/Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) • Genetic factors (fam. history) • Females are common • Cardiovascular disease • Social engagement • Diet: unhealthy meals leads to a greater risk

CAGE is an assessment tool for SUD. What does it stand for?

• Cut down on your drinking? • Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? • Guilty about your drinking? • Eye-opener, as soon as you wake up, do you crave alcohol? used before they have a drinking problems

What are the Phases of Schizophrenia?

• Prodromal: Onset; mild changes that may occur years before the diagnosis of the disease. During this phase speech and thought may be odd or eccentric. • Acute: Exacerbation of sxs. Symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, apathy, social withdrawal, diminished affect, anhedonia, disorganized behavior, impaired judgment, and cognitive regression result in functional impairment. • Stabilization: sxs diminishing and movement toward prev. level of functioning • Maintenance or residual: New baseline established

Predisposing factors (things that can lead to) delirium:

•Delirium due to a General Medical Condition •Substance-Induced Delirium •Substance-Intoxication Delirium •Substance-Withdrawal Delirium •Delirium due to Multiple Etiologies *Most often caused by an infection or a reaction to a toxin (drug interaction, anesthesia, or a toxin in the air)

What are symptoms of Dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT)?

•Memory impairment (Amnesia) •Disturbances in executive functioning •Aphasia: Loss of language ability •Apraxia: Loss of purposeful movement •Agnosia: Loss of sensory ability to recognize objects slow onset that progresses