PSYCH EXAM 3

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied. t or f

False

Short-term memory is also known as semantic memory. t or f

False

Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer. t or f

False

When you store information by mentally repeating it, this memory process is called elaborative rehearsal. t or f

False

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a

random amount of time has passed

Essay tests are examples of

recall

Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?

It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.

Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience. t or f

True

Episodic memory is also referred to as autobiographical memory because they are memories of the things that happen to us or take place in our presence. t or f

True

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response. t or f

True

Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. t or f

True

Positive reinforcement *blank* the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement *blank* the probability of a behavior occurring.

increases; increases

Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as

infantile amnesia

Dana can only remember the first few and the last few items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?

the serial-position effect

Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing. t or f

true

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the *blank,* while Michael salivating would be labeled the *blank*

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?

Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?

They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds

How long can information be stored in short-term memory without being rehearsed?

about 12 seconds

The capacity of short-term memory is approximately:

about 7 items at one time

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of *blank* memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second.

iconic

The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old. t or f

false

In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a

fixed-ratio schedule

Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called

generalization

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment, Pavlov demonstrated

generalization

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to

higher-order conditioning

These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal.

mirror nuerons

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

money

Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is *blank* resistant to extinction.

more

*blank* is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

observational learning

Walda's father is a gardener. She has been watching her father work for many years. She now has her own garden. Though she has never been taught the art of gardening, she is very good at it. In this scenario, Walda acquired gardening skills by the process of

observational learning

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of

operant conditioning

London learned how to play racquetball prior to learning how to play tennis. Because of this, her tennis game has never been that good. The difficulty stems from

proactive interference

General knowledge is referred to as

semantic memory

In the context of neural activity and memory, the brain stores parts of memories in the appropriate areas of the

sensory cortex

Justin is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them.. In this scenario, Justin is training the children by

shaping