psych exam 3

The zone of proximal development refers to:

the difference between what children can accomplish alone and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent.

Which of the following statements reflects Freud's view of the superego?

It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.

Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her New York City apartment. This tragic event led to intense psychological research on:

altruism and prosocial behavior.

Of the following senses, which is LEAST developed at birth?

vision

Which of the following is NOT one of the five factors in the five-factor model of personality?

psychoticism

Your textbook describes the classic conservation task in which a five-year-old child observes equal amounts of liquid in two identical short, wide containers. The child watches as liquid is poured from one short, wide container into a tall, thin container, and is then asked which container holds more water. How does a typical five-year-old respond?

"The tall, thin container has more water."

Milgram was influenced by Asch's conformity research, but he wanted to take Asch's research a step further and investigate a more important question. What was the question that Milgram wanted to study?

Could people be pressured by others into committing an immoral act or taking an action that violated their conscience, such as hurting a stranger?

What is a limitation of projective tests?

Different examiners are likely to find different results if they give the test to the same individual.

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the_____ is entirely unconscious.

ID

The Stanford Prison Experiment was conducted by psychologist:

Philip Zimbardo.

The main difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of development is that:

Piaget stressed the child's independent discoveries, whereas Vygotsky stressed that supportive interactions with parents and others played a key role in cognitive development.

Regarding projective tests, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.

Which of the following illustrates egocentrism?

While talking on the phone, a little boy holds up four fingers in response to being asked how old he is.

Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to answer a straightforward question, namely:

Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong?

Piaget believed that each child:

actively tries to make sense of his or her environment.

In Hans Eysenck's personality model, someone who is high on the trait dimension of psychoticism would be:

antisocial, cold, hostile, and unconcerned about other people.

In his classic experiment of conformity to group pressure, Solomon Asch found that

approximately three-quarters (76 percent) of the participants conformed to the group's judgment on at least one critical trial.

Informational social influence results from people's desire to:

be correct and gain accurate information.

Normative social influence results from people's desire to:

be liked and accepted by others

the neutral tube will become:

brain and spinal cord

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called the:

bystander effect

The "sour grapes" rationalization and the "sweet lemons" rationalization that occur after a person has made a choice between two relatively equal alternatives are examples of the effects of _____ in action.

cognitive dissonance

As a general rule, conformity is higher in _____ cultures than it is in _____ cultures.

collectivistic; individualistic

Seven-year-old Amy demonstrates logical thinking when she plays checkers with her father, but she has some difficulty thinking logically about hypothetical situations or abstract ideas. Amy is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

According to Eysenck's theory, the four basic personality types are:

extraverted-neurotic; extraverted-stable; introverted-neurotic; and introverted-stable.

Raymond Cattell used a statistical technique called "_____" to sort through a large number of personality traits and identify those that represented the most basic dimensions of personality.

factor analysis

Excessive drinking during pregnancy can cause _____ which is characterized by physical and mental problems such as abnormal facial features or learning disabilities.

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Excessive drinking during pregnancy can cause _____, which is characterized by physical and mental problems such as abnormal facial features or learning disabilities.

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Because her baby seemed to enjoy putting so many things in his mouth, Aisha provided the infant with many different kinds of pacifiers and chewable toys. According to Freud's theory, Aisha is running the risk of producing _____ at the _____ psychosexual stage of development.

fixation; oral

The shortest phase of prenatal development is called the _____ period.

germinal

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adolescence is characterized by the psychosocial conflict of:

identity versus role confusion

_____ are evaluations that are automatic, unintentional, difficult to control, and are sometimes, but not always, unconscious.

implicit attributions

Marie enters the playroom of the psychology lab with her one-year-old son Aaron. Aaron ignores the many attractive toys in the room and clings to his mother. When Marie leaves the room, Aaron begins to cry hysterically. When his mother returns and tries to comfort him, Aaron cries harder, kicks, and resists her efforts to hold him. Aaron would MOST likely be classified as:

insecurely attached

Marie enters the playroom of the psychology lab with her one-year-old son Aaron. Aaron ignores the many attractive toys in the room and clings to his mother. When Marie leaves the room, Aaron begins to cry hysterically. When his mother returns and tries to comfort him, Aaron cries harder, kicks, and resists her efforts to hold him. Aaron would most likely be classified as:

insecurely attached

The publication of the book (Case Study) entitled _____ in 1920s is regarded as Freud's most important work.

little hans

During the embryonic period, the:

organs and major systems of the body form.

Three-year-old Darius watches his mother feed his baby sister breakfast. Two weeks later, Darius's mom observes him pretending to feed a doll. Darius is in the _____ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

preoperational

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development held that:

psychosocial development continues throughout the lifespan, with each stage marked by a particular psychosocial conflict that can be resolved in a positive or negative way.

The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated the powerful influence of:

situational roles and conformity to implied social rules and norms.

The branch of psychology that studies how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment is called "_____ psychology."

social

In Freud's theory, which component of personality is present at birth and is completely unconscious?

the ID

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called:

the bystander effect

Milgram, along with other researchers, identified several aspects of his original obedience experiment that had a strong impact on the subjects' willingness to obey the experimenter. Which of the following is NOT a factor that increased the subjects' willingness to obey?

the freedom of the teacher to choose the level of shock

According to attachment theory:

the quality of attachment plays an important role in determining an infant's ability to thrive physically and psychologically.

Janeen touches her newborn's cheek. Her baby turns toward Janeen's hand and opens her mouth. Janeen has triggered which reflex?

the rooting reflex

During the germinal period:

the zygote becomes implanted on the mother's uterine wall.

Many psychoanalytic ideas are difficult to test because:

they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.

Zelda describes herself as shy, hardworking, compassionate, and organized. Zelda's analysis of her own personality is most similar to which perspective on personality?

trait

In a series of experiments, Stanley Milgram systematically varied the conditions of his obedience study. Under which condition were the participants LEAST likely to continue administering shocks to the maximum level?

when the teacher observed two other teachers who refused to continue with the experiment

In a series of experiments, Stanley Milgram systematically varied the conditions of his obedience study. Under which of the following conditions were subjects LEAST likely to continue administering shocks to the full 450-volt level?

when the teacher observed two other teachers who refused to continue with the experiment