Psych Exam #3 Class Notes
Those who cohabitate are____
- less traditional -more likely to divorce
Results of Big 5
-Personality is relatively stable from 30+ -Teens score lower on conscientousness and agreeableness than adults -Life effects do not produce long-term changes in personality -Exception: losing ones job can cause long term emotional instability, but not permanent -Questions on Big 5 are transparent -If supervisor ratings are criteria then conscientiousness scores predict work performance -
Problems with people saying IQ tests are biased
-There are no culture free educational settings -WE can remove offending questions and ethnic differences remain
Things couples disagree on most:
-money, chores, sex, leisure
See notebook for Parent study- M&J 8
......
Mental Influence on pain
1. Catastrophize 2. Distraction 3. Reappraisal 4. Religious coping
The Big 5
1. Emotional Stability 2. Extroversion 3. Agreeableness 4. Conscientiousness 5. Openness
Advantages to Cohabiting without being married
1. Less Housework for women - getting married adds 6 hr a week of housework 2. More personal free time 3. Easier to leave a relationship
Predictors of satisfying marriage
1. Marrying after the age of 20 2. Both from 2 parent homes 3. Similar faith, education, age, ethnicity
Advantages to Marriage
1. More pleasure from sex for women- marriage increases sex for men 2. Earn more and save more- because you think more long term 3. Specialization- such as with paying taxes, balancing checkbook 4. Healthier- especially men- married men drink and fight less, wives make them go to doc 5. Happier 6. More emotional security- is more permanent 7. Less Violence 8. Less likely to divorce than those who cohabitate before marriage
Big 5 for personality test in Prepare/Enrich System
1. Openness to experience 2. Extraversion 3. Family of origin experiences 4. Level of Organization 5. Closeness to family
Hypnotic Phenomena
1. Pain Reduction 2. Memory Effects 3. Perception 4. Remember Karl Popper
Minimum requirements for pain
1. Pain receptors fire 2. Perception of pain in brain
Things Freud was sort of right about
1. Some of mind is unconscience 2. Past affects present
Freud's Main Ideas of how humans are governed
1. Unconscious Impulses 2. Structure of the Mind 3. Defense Mechanisms
Cultural Differences and IQ
1. Value of Education 2. SES- high SES= values education more
Principles of Testing
1.Standardization 2. Reliability 3, Validity
____ of all new marriages will end in divorce
1/2
L-scale
Can tell if people are trying to fake sanity in MMPI test
Charismatics vs. Reformed and pain
Charismatics have less pain, Reformed have more pain
Denial
Diff from repression because we refuse to deal with it; started out unconscious, became conscious
Most important thing he tells us all semester
Everybody is happy when they get married, even the people who eventually get divorced--> feelings don't predict pre-marital counseling
Perception and Hypnosis
Ex: pain reduction and seeing things that aren't there -Studies have been where people are told they are deaf, they will act deaf, but delayed playback procedure shows they actually are NOT deaf
Most scientific way to perform Rorschach Test
Exner- telsl us if they perceive reality, asks people what and how they see the image in the ink blot -Concerned with 2 primary things: 1. Rarity of response 2. Fit with contour of blot
Best predictor of hypnotizability
Fantasy Prone Personality- are people who get really into fiction and stories
Problem with Freud
He did not do science- his concepts were vague and difficult to measure
Jung and Freud
Jung was a student of Freud who said world does NOT revolve around sex, but then he had sex with all of his female clients
Most famous Objective test
MMPI Test -used to distinguish <> people who have disorder and those who don't -Had lots of questions, gave them to mentally ill and then family of mentally ill (Considered normal) -Kept the questions that the two groups answered differently -Questions are not transparent, can tell if people are faking
Perception of BO- Stevenson and Rapacholi 2003
Men's sweat is more aversive; is it innate or learned? -studied kids and teens Used: a. Male sweat b. Butanol c. caramel -Findings: -Teen girls found sweat aversive, girl kids did not - thus it is a learned aversion --only found the scent aversive if they recognized it as BO
Gardnet's theory of intelligence
Multiple Intelligences
Reed et al. Hypnosis Study
Randomly assigned to pretend to be hypnotized and those who were actually hypnotized; each subject is played pairs of tones and asked which one is louder; those who were pretending reported first tone was louder, those who weren't accurately reported which tone was louder -Suggests that there is a difference between being hypnotized and acting hypnotized
______ were discovered before endorphins
Receptors for endorphins
Do Global Personality traits exist?
Some people say yes, Walter Mischel says no- says personality is only consistent in similar contexts
Latane and Darley 1968
Study that was ostensibly about a student at urban university -People were told they were filling out questionairre about being at an urban university -Are randomly assigned to be alone or with group (of researchers, but subject doesn't know that) -Blue smoke starts going through vents Results: -55% of those alone reported it -12% of those in group reported it
Most Researched part of trait perspective
The Big 5
Ethnic differences in IQ
Top: Asian Americans White Americans Other ethnic Americans
Predicitive Value
ability to predict the future; intelligence is malliable
Married couples need ____ once they've been married about 5 years
booster sessions of marital counseling to learn how to manage marital satisfaction with children and such
F-scale
can tell if people are faking insanity in MMPI test
Capsdicin
causes pain; taste of spicy food is caused by this -main ingredient in pain removing cream- causes pain receptors to stop firing
Break with Reality
clients don't perceive world as they should- associated with Rorschach test; this people are mentally ill
Charles Murray- Coming Apart
compares only white Americans from 1960-2010 -Claims that behaviors between SES were much more the same in 1960s
Reliability
consistency in measurement
distraction and pain
distracting from pain reduces amount of pain; have higher pain tolerance
Regression
ego pushes thoughts deeper into the unconscience
What does bias look like?
exists if we had different predictive validity for various ethnic groups
Social Psychology
flip side of personality--> looks at external things that influence behavior
Girls Oedipus Complex
girls have penis envy- blame mom for lack of - ID with mom is ambivalent because they dont know if they should be mad or be like mom
People who came after Freud ____
greatly changed his ideas
Pain Tolerance study Coghill et al. 2003
heated areas of skin to 120 degrees, and looked at thalamus and brain activity -both high and low pain tolerance had same level of activity in thalamus, perception takes place at higher brain levels
#1 predictor of marital satisfaction is ____
how conflict is resolved
Standardization
idea that test has been normed with a representative sample -same conditions
Social Influence View of Hypnosis
ideas that people who are hypnotized are just playing the game and acting like they are hypnotized
Danger Signs
if people have patterns of fighting, marriages don't last Things researchers look for: -Insults -Invalidation- belittling the other person's ideas -Withdrawal- ignoring a situation -Failed repair attempts
How we ____ a situation influences how much pain we have
interpret
PREP Premarital Counseling
is a skills based approach- what people need for a successful marriage
Objective tests
is a trait perspective; like a MC exam, you have to choose one or the other; is easy to administer
Prepare/Enrich Premarital counseling
is assessment focused approach, both members of couple take an assessment and strengths and growth areas are recognized -Ask about personality - a lot of data says it works
Religious coping
is mixed, some say it helps, others don't
Rorschach Test
is the most famous projective test -Squirt ink onto page and fold page and analyze what people see in the picture -discovered break in reality
High pain tolerance
less pain info to train; low pain perception; cope better than low pain tolerance
When you "test for marriage" by cohabitating, you ___
look for flaws in your partner
Freud was not popular in -__
mainstream psychology
Average age of marriage
men=29 women=27.5
Freud extensively claimed to study______
normal child development, but actually only studied neurotic rich women- was not particularly interested in researching
Hypnosis is _____
not well understood
Boys Oediupus Complex
noticed action between parents, was jealous- wants to get rid of dad- realizes he can ID with dad and marry someone like mom one day
Sliding, not deciding to marriage
once 2 people live together, it is easier to just get married than to break up
Id
operates on pleasure principle; an aversive pleasure
Ego
operates on reality principles, separates battles between Id and Superego -Fry example
Super ego
our conscience
Catastrophize and pain
people who have a lower pain tolerance, repeatedly think about pain, pessimize pain
Projective Tests
present an ambiguous stimulus and the idea is that the response will reveal unconscious motives, conflicts, hopes, etc.
Health effect of marriage for men is equivalent to ____
quitting smoking a pack a day
Some people's ____ makes them hopeless and have more pain
religiousness- they are Reformed
Adler's ideas
said we all have feelings of inferiority
Content validity
sampling well from domain of material
PREP Study
see notebook
Freud's Unconscious Impulses
sexual impulses directed towards one's parents; governs what we do
Mischel's Summer Camp
some boys were aggressive with peers but not staff, others were aggressive with staff but not peers -Personality traits only exist in similar circumstances
Was Freud honest?
some scholars say Freud was just a good story teller and that he never let facts get in the way of a good story
Hypnosis
state of increased suggestibility; not the same as gullibility; some people are highly hypnotizable, most are somewhere in the middle
Darley and Batson (1973) Study on Princeton seminarians
studied Princeton seminary students and the link between religiosity and action RANDOM ASSIGNMENT -IV1: message was either about article or the Good Samaritan -IV2: time pressure- high hurry, int. hurry, and low hurry -DV: Helping rating FIndings:more people stopped in low hurry than any other one -People going to seminary school for personal meaning were least likely to stop -Contemplating word of God (Good Samaritan story) seems to have no effect on behaviors *** See full explanation in notebook
Women have a weak ____
superego- why they can't be trusted biologically
Those at top of SES______
teaching kids to go to school, get married, then have kids
Memory Effects of Hypnosis
tell people to recall past-may not remember it correctly, tell people to recall crime scene and it will not be accurate, but they will be very confident
Bystander Effect
the more people around, the less likely we are to take action and help someone that appears to be in need; diffused responsibility -So if you have an emergency the less people around the better
Research with Karl Popper shows that when people are hypnotized_______
they won't do anything against their values
Reappraisal and pain
those who say its just pressure and not pain; think positive, have less pain
Some people are so hypnotizable, they can ____
undergo surgery without anasthesia
Freud
was pretty much wrong in everything; closest he came to being right was dark view of human nature- we will never be at total peace until death
Freud's Influence
was very influential to people such as psychiatrists and English literary people
Sublimation
we channel impulse to have sex with parents into socially acceptable outlet
Divided Consciousness View of Hypnosis
we really are separating parts of our consciousness from the rest; we can have pains and separate ourselves from pain
Age Regression and Hypnosis
when people are acting like 4 year old, they really are acting, they are pretending -Reincarnation is not true