Psych Exam #3 Class Notes

Those who cohabitate are____

- less traditional -more likely to divorce

Results of Big 5

-Personality is relatively stable from 30+ -Teens score lower on conscientousness and agreeableness than adults -Life effects do not produce long-term changes in personality -Exception: losing ones job can cause long term emotional instability, but not permanent -Questions on Big 5 are transparent -If supervisor ratings are criteria then conscientiousness scores predict work performance -

Problems with people saying IQ tests are biased

-There are no culture free educational settings -WE can remove offending questions and ethnic differences remain

Things couples disagree on most:

-money, chores, sex, leisure

See notebook for Parent study- M&J 8

......

Mental Influence on pain

1. Catastrophize 2. Distraction 3. Reappraisal 4. Religious coping

The Big 5

1. Emotional Stability 2. Extroversion 3. Agreeableness 4. Conscientiousness 5. Openness

Advantages to Cohabiting without being married

1. Less Housework for women - getting married adds 6 hr a week of housework 2. More personal free time 3. Easier to leave a relationship

Predictors of satisfying marriage

1. Marrying after the age of 20 2. Both from 2 parent homes 3. Similar faith, education, age, ethnicity

Advantages to Marriage

1. More pleasure from sex for women- marriage increases sex for men 2. Earn more and save more- because you think more long term 3. Specialization- such as with paying taxes, balancing checkbook 4. Healthier- especially men- married men drink and fight less, wives make them go to doc 5. Happier 6. More emotional security- is more permanent 7. Less Violence 8. Less likely to divorce than those who cohabitate before marriage

Big 5 for personality test in Prepare/Enrich System

1. Openness to experience 2. Extraversion 3. Family of origin experiences 4. Level of Organization 5. Closeness to family

Hypnotic Phenomena

1. Pain Reduction 2. Memory Effects 3. Perception 4. Remember Karl Popper

Minimum requirements for pain

1. Pain receptors fire 2. Perception of pain in brain

Things Freud was sort of right about

1. Some of mind is unconscience 2. Past affects present

Freud's Main Ideas of how humans are governed

1. Unconscious Impulses 2. Structure of the Mind 3. Defense Mechanisms

Cultural Differences and IQ

1. Value of Education 2. SES- high SES= values education more

Principles of Testing

1.Standardization 2. Reliability 3, Validity

____ of all new marriages will end in divorce

1/2

L-scale

Can tell if people are trying to fake sanity in MMPI test

Charismatics vs. Reformed and pain

Charismatics have less pain, Reformed have more pain

Denial

Diff from repression because we refuse to deal with it; started out unconscious, became conscious

Most important thing he tells us all semester

Everybody is happy when they get married, even the people who eventually get divorced--> feelings don't predict pre-marital counseling

Perception and Hypnosis

Ex: pain reduction and seeing things that aren't there -Studies have been where people are told they are deaf, they will act deaf, but delayed playback procedure shows they actually are NOT deaf

Most scientific way to perform Rorschach Test

Exner- telsl us if they perceive reality, asks people what and how they see the image in the ink blot -Concerned with 2 primary things: 1. Rarity of response 2. Fit with contour of blot

Best predictor of hypnotizability

Fantasy Prone Personality- are people who get really into fiction and stories

Problem with Freud

He did not do science- his concepts were vague and difficult to measure

Jung and Freud

Jung was a student of Freud who said world does NOT revolve around sex, but then he had sex with all of his female clients

Most famous Objective test

MMPI Test -used to distinguish <> people who have disorder and those who don't -Had lots of questions, gave them to mentally ill and then family of mentally ill (Considered normal) -Kept the questions that the two groups answered differently -Questions are not transparent, can tell if people are faking

Perception of BO- Stevenson and Rapacholi 2003

Men's sweat is more aversive; is it innate or learned? -studied kids and teens Used: a. Male sweat b. Butanol c. caramel -Findings: -Teen girls found sweat aversive, girl kids did not - thus it is a learned aversion --only found the scent aversive if they recognized it as BO

Gardnet's theory of intelligence

Multiple Intelligences

Reed et al. Hypnosis Study

Randomly assigned to pretend to be hypnotized and those who were actually hypnotized; each subject is played pairs of tones and asked which one is louder; those who were pretending reported first tone was louder, those who weren't accurately reported which tone was louder -Suggests that there is a difference between being hypnotized and acting hypnotized

______ were discovered before endorphins

Receptors for endorphins

Do Global Personality traits exist?

Some people say yes, Walter Mischel says no- says personality is only consistent in similar contexts

Latane and Darley 1968

Study that was ostensibly about a student at urban university -People were told they were filling out questionairre about being at an urban university -Are randomly assigned to be alone or with group (of researchers, but subject doesn't know that) -Blue smoke starts going through vents Results: -55% of those alone reported it -12% of those in group reported it

Most Researched part of trait perspective

The Big 5

Ethnic differences in IQ

Top: Asian Americans White Americans Other ethnic Americans

Predicitive Value

ability to predict the future; intelligence is malliable

Married couples need ____ once they've been married about 5 years

booster sessions of marital counseling to learn how to manage marital satisfaction with children and such

F-scale

can tell if people are faking insanity in MMPI test

Capsdicin

causes pain; taste of spicy food is caused by this -main ingredient in pain removing cream- causes pain receptors to stop firing

Break with Reality

clients don't perceive world as they should- associated with Rorschach test; this people are mentally ill

Charles Murray- Coming Apart

compares only white Americans from 1960-2010 -Claims that behaviors between SES were much more the same in 1960s

Reliability

consistency in measurement

distraction and pain

distracting from pain reduces amount of pain; have higher pain tolerance

Regression

ego pushes thoughts deeper into the unconscience

What does bias look like?

exists if we had different predictive validity for various ethnic groups

Social Psychology

flip side of personality--> looks at external things that influence behavior

Girls Oedipus Complex

girls have penis envy- blame mom for lack of - ID with mom is ambivalent because they dont know if they should be mad or be like mom

People who came after Freud ____

greatly changed his ideas

Pain Tolerance study Coghill et al. 2003

heated areas of skin to 120 degrees, and looked at thalamus and brain activity -both high and low pain tolerance had same level of activity in thalamus, perception takes place at higher brain levels

#1 predictor of marital satisfaction is ____

how conflict is resolved

Standardization

idea that test has been normed with a representative sample -same conditions

Social Influence View of Hypnosis

ideas that people who are hypnotized are just playing the game and acting like they are hypnotized

Danger Signs

if people have patterns of fighting, marriages don't last Things researchers look for: -Insults -Invalidation- belittling the other person's ideas -Withdrawal- ignoring a situation -Failed repair attempts

How we ____ a situation influences how much pain we have

interpret

PREP Premarital Counseling

is a skills based approach- what people need for a successful marriage

Objective tests

is a trait perspective; like a MC exam, you have to choose one or the other; is easy to administer

Prepare/Enrich Premarital counseling

is assessment focused approach, both members of couple take an assessment and strengths and growth areas are recognized -Ask about personality - a lot of data says it works

Religious coping

is mixed, some say it helps, others don't

Rorschach Test

is the most famous projective test -Squirt ink onto page and fold page and analyze what people see in the picture -discovered break in reality

High pain tolerance

less pain info to train; low pain perception; cope better than low pain tolerance

When you "test for marriage" by cohabitating, you ___

look for flaws in your partner

Freud was not popular in -__

mainstream psychology

Average age of marriage

men=29 women=27.5

Freud extensively claimed to study______

normal child development, but actually only studied neurotic rich women- was not particularly interested in researching

Hypnosis is _____

not well understood

Boys Oediupus Complex

noticed action between parents, was jealous- wants to get rid of dad- realizes he can ID with dad and marry someone like mom one day

Sliding, not deciding to marriage

once 2 people live together, it is easier to just get married than to break up

Id

operates on pleasure principle; an aversive pleasure

Ego

operates on reality principles, separates battles between Id and Superego -Fry example

Super ego

our conscience

Catastrophize and pain

people who have a lower pain tolerance, repeatedly think about pain, pessimize pain

Projective Tests

present an ambiguous stimulus and the idea is that the response will reveal unconscious motives, conflicts, hopes, etc.

Health effect of marriage for men is equivalent to ____

quitting smoking a pack a day

Some people's ____ makes them hopeless and have more pain

religiousness- they are Reformed

Adler's ideas

said we all have feelings of inferiority

Content validity

sampling well from domain of material

PREP Study

see notebook

Freud's Unconscious Impulses

sexual impulses directed towards one's parents; governs what we do

Mischel's Summer Camp

some boys were aggressive with peers but not staff, others were aggressive with staff but not peers -Personality traits only exist in similar circumstances

Was Freud honest?

some scholars say Freud was just a good story teller and that he never let facts get in the way of a good story

Hypnosis

state of increased suggestibility; not the same as gullibility; some people are highly hypnotizable, most are somewhere in the middle

Darley and Batson (1973) Study on Princeton seminarians

studied Princeton seminary students and the link between religiosity and action RANDOM ASSIGNMENT -IV1: message was either about article or the Good Samaritan -IV2: time pressure- high hurry, int. hurry, and low hurry -DV: Helping rating FIndings:more people stopped in low hurry than any other one -People going to seminary school for personal meaning were least likely to stop -Contemplating word of God (Good Samaritan story) seems to have no effect on behaviors *** See full explanation in notebook

Women have a weak ____

superego- why they can't be trusted biologically

Those at top of SES______

teaching kids to go to school, get married, then have kids

Memory Effects of Hypnosis

tell people to recall past-may not remember it correctly, tell people to recall crime scene and it will not be accurate, but they will be very confident

Bystander Effect

the more people around, the less likely we are to take action and help someone that appears to be in need; diffused responsibility -So if you have an emergency the less people around the better

Research with Karl Popper shows that when people are hypnotized_______

they won't do anything against their values

Reappraisal and pain

those who say its just pressure and not pain; think positive, have less pain

Some people are so hypnotizable, they can ____

undergo surgery without anasthesia

Freud

was pretty much wrong in everything; closest he came to being right was dark view of human nature- we will never be at total peace until death

Freud's Influence

was very influential to people such as psychiatrists and English literary people

Sublimation

we channel impulse to have sex with parents into socially acceptable outlet

Divided Consciousness View of Hypnosis

we really are separating parts of our consciousness from the rest; we can have pains and separate ourselves from pain

Age Regression and Hypnosis

when people are acting like 4 year old, they really are acting, they are pretending -Reincarnation is not true