Psych Exam 3

According to the concept of prototypes, how do we decide whether an item belongs to a particular category?

We compare the item to the most typical members of the category.

You want to remember a shopping list of 9 items. To aid memory, you group them as 3 fruits, 3 vegetables, and 3 dairy items. This strategy makes use of

chunking.

An experienced taxi driver becomes more skilled at finding various addresses within a city, without improving other intellectual skills. We can say that the driver has increased his or her:

crystallized intelligence

Someone with an IQ score of 130 is in the 98th percentile. This means he or she

did better than 98% of the people his or her age who took the test

Memory of a specific experience such as graduating from high school is known as

episodic memory.

Remembering a specific event in your life is _____ memory. Remembering a fact or principle is _____ memory.

episodic... semantic

If you solve a problem of a type you never saw before, what type of intelligence do you show?

fluid intelligence

In contrast to an achievement test, an aptitude test is intended to measure what?

fluid intelligence

If asked to tell your social security number (without looking it up), you are being asked to perform which type of memory test?

free recall

What is anterograde amnesia?

inability to form new long-term memories

When you remember how to tie your shoes, what type of memory is this?

procedural

The tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself, is known as the

representativeness heuristic

First you memorized the street map of Detroit. If you now memorize the street map of Philadelphia, you might forget the Detroit map because of

retroactive interference.

In decision making, searching until you find something that is good enough is called

satisficing

You cannot remember the geography you learned in junior high school. Someone tests whether you can relearn it faster than you learned it the first time. Which type of memory test is this?

savings

What are heuristics?

strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation

According to the conceptual network approach, which of the following questions should most people answer most rapidly?

Do fashion models wear dresses?

Who developed the first IQ test?

Binet and Simon

The Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet tests were both devised to have a mean score around __________ and a standard deviation around __________.

100...15

In what way is identifying a suspect from a lineup similar to taking a multiple choice test?

Both are a form of a recognition memory test.

You study something until you are confident that you will remember it. Then what?

Even if you repeat it now, you underestimate how much you will forget

What does psychological research say about using a cell phone while you are driving?

Even listening to your passenger's half of a conversation is distracting.

People read a list of words including PENDULUM. Later they are shown something like __E__D__L__M and they try to fill in the missing letters. What is unusual about this method of testing memory?

Even people who cannot remember the words on the list show signs of memory by this test.

Which of the following theories holds that intelligence includes unrelated (or poorly correlated) abilities such as language, music, logic, body movement, and social sensitivity?

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

What was Hermann Ebbinghaus's contribution to the study of memory?

He was the first to do experiments to measure memory.

If differences among people in their IQ scores are based largely on differences in heredity, what should we expect to find?

IQ scores should correlate higher for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins.

Comparing several methods of testing memory leads to which of these conclusions?

People might or might not remember something, depending on how we test them.

What does it mean to say that a test has been standardized?

Psychologists have established rules for administering the test and interpreting its scores.

Which of the following was an attempt to devise an IQ test that makes minimal use of language and is more fair to people with various cultural and language backgrounds?

Raven's Progressive Matrices

What is meant by the "Flynn effect"?

Raw scores on IQ tests have been increasing from decade to decade.

Most people would prefer to take an action to save 200 lives than one with a one-third chance of saving 600 lives. Which of the following is most likely to change their choice?

Reframe the question to ask about avoiding a loss of lives instead of saving lives.

The researcher associated with developing the triarchic theory is

Robert Sternberg

Certain IQ tests, such as the WISC-IV, include separate tests for specialized abilities. Scores on all those separate tests are positively correlated with one another. These positive correlations are considered evidence in favor of

Spearman's "g" factor.

The early IQ tests developed in France and modified for English speakers became the first important IQ test in the English language. This new version was the

Stanford-Binet

When you are asked how something would look from a different angle, you say you "imagined rotating the object in my head." What evidence did Shepard & Metzler present to show that what you did really is like watching an object rotate?

The delay to answering is proportional to the angular distance of rotation.

Why do psychologists believe that young children are learning rules of grammar?

Their mistakes indicate that they are over-applying certain rules.

The WISC and WAIS are both IQ tests. What is the difference between them?

They are given to people of different ages.

When you are studying something, how could you increase your depth of processing?

Think about how it relates to other things you know and care about

Brain-damaged patient A speaks fluently but is hard to understand, and she has trouble understanding other people's speech. Patient B understands most speech, but he speaks slowly and inarticulately, and he leaves out nearly all prepositions, conjunctions, and word endings. Patient A has _____ and patient B has _____.

Wernicke's aphasia... Broca's aphasia

What is meant by a "top-down" process in attention?

You decide to shift attention from one item to another.

Ordinarily, you have short eye fixations when reading something easy and long fixations when reading something difficult. If your fixations start to become about the same for easy and difficult material, what is probably happening?

Your attention is wandering

What is meant by the "language acquisition device"?

a built-in mechanism for acquiring language

If 100 students are wearing white shirts and one student is wearing a red shirt, what causes you to notice the red shirt?

a pre-attentive process

What is a prototype?

a typical example of a category

A saccade is

a voluntary eye movement

Because you remember all the times it rained right after you washed your car, you think it always rains when you wash your car. What heuristic is responsible for this judgment?

availability heuristic

Your history professor gives you a list of the initials of all the U.S. presidents and vice presidents and asks you to fill in the names. What kind of memory test is this?

cued recall

People with amnesia typically have problems with __________ memories while __________ memories remain intact.

declarative; procedural

If you are trying to think of uses for a brick and you can't think of anything other than building a wall, what error have you made?

functional fixedness

When Spearman described the "g" factor in intelligence, what did the "g" stand for?

general

The availability heuristic is based on the assumption that

if we can easily remember examples of something, it must be a common event

What is retrograde amnesia?

loss of memories that formed before a certain event

In decision making, considering every possibility to find the best decision is called

maximizing

What are algorithms?

mechanical, repetitive mathematical procedures for solving a problem

After the neurological patient H.M. suffered damage to his hippocampus, he experienced a severe loss in his __________, but continued to be almost normal in his __________.

memory for new facts...ability to learn new skills

You develop the belief (hypothesis) that your significant other wants to break up with you. You have a phone conversation in which your significant other sounds stressed out but says several nice things about you. According to the confirmation bias, you are most likely to

notice and remember the tone of voice while ignoring the nice comments

You are given a list of grocery items to remember to purchase on your trip to the store. These items are; apples, bread, celery, lettuce, grapes, and onions. According to the recency effect, what item are you most likely to remember?

onions

One unusual feature of implicit memory is that

people can display implict memory without realizing that they are using memory.

"Change blindness" refers to the phenomenon that

people looking at a scene often fail to notice something that changes.

The WAIS-III and WISC-IV have one advantage over the Raven's Progressive Matrices test, which is that the WAIS-III and WISC-IV

provide scores on a number of separate abilities.

For thinking and problem solving, we use System 1 for _____ and we use System 2 for _____.

quick automatic processes... slow processes that require attention

After you witness a robbery, you have trouble describing the thief. The police show you several photographs and ask whether any of them was the thief. They are checking your memory by which method?

recognition

Two standard ways to evaluate a test are to measure its __________ and its __________.

reliability...validity

Mnemonic devices are most useful in helping people to do what?

remember lists of unrelated words.

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

remembering what happened your first day of elementary school

Your memory of the rules of basketball or golf is a type of

semantic memory.

Someone asks you what time it is. You check your watch and answer. A few seconds later, after you have been distracted, someone asks what time you said it was. You have forgotten. According to the traditional information-processing view, what type of memory was this?

short-term

To improve your probability of performing a learned skill well, or your probability of remembering something in a variety of circumstances, you should

study or practice under a variety of conditions.

The willingness to do something we wouldn't otherwise choose to do because of money or effort already spent is termed the

sunk cost effect

Transformational grammar is a

system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure.

What is the Stroop effect?

the difficulty of saying the color of the ink instead of reading the word

Which of these would you probably find by an "attentive" process?

the key to your dormitory room among a pile of other keys

John needed to remember the last 10 presidents of the United States. He generated an image of each of the presidents located somewhere in his house. John used

the method of loci.

When you memorize a list of words, which words are you are most likely to remember?

those at the beginning and end of the list.

Why have psychologists periodically revised and reworded the IQ tests over the years?

to prevent the mean score from rising above 100

What evidence do most studies of heritability of human intelligence consider?

twins and adopted children

In the traditional information-processing model, one difference between short-term memory and long-term memory is that

you forget many short-term memories almost as soon as your attention is distracted; long-term memories can be available at any time

In which situation would a heuristic be most useful?

you have too many hypotheses to test