Psych Exam 3

Motives

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relearning

3rd method of measuring retention; method of saving

Feeling of knowing

Acoustic and semantic coding may help provide a useful retrieval cue; may reflect incomplete learning

bisexual

Attracted to both females and males

State dependent

Biological or emotional state

Implicit Memory

Procedural memory; Skill memory (Memory of how to perform a procedure or skill), Things people do, not things stated clearly (nondeclarative memory); Things done repeatedly - habits;

heterosexual

Sexually attracted to and interested in people of the opposite sex

homosexual

Sexually attracted to and interested in people of their own sex

extinction

experimental procedure in which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

anterograde amnesia

failure to remember events that occur AFTER physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

retrograde

failure to remember events that occur PRIOR to physical trauma because of the effects of trauma

counterconditioning

fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

Emotion

feeling state with cognitive, physical, and behavioral components

Tip-of-tounge phenomenon

feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved

infantile amnesia

inability to recall events that occur prior to the age two or three (childhood amnesia)

proactive interference

interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently

retroactive interference

interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously

elaborative rehearsal

kind of coding in which new info is related to info that is already known

metamemory

self-awareness of the ways in which memory functions, allowing the person to encode, store, and retrieve information effectively

testosterone

sex drive in men & women

classical conditioning

simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus

operant conditioning

simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced

dissociative amnesia

stem from psychological conflict or trauma

generalization

tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

discrimination

tendency for organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus

repression

the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious

acquisition

the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge

learning (cognitive theorists)

the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience

Vasocongestion

engorement of blood vessels with blood, which swells the genitals and breasts during sexual arousal

Sexual Response

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

acoustic code

representing stimuli as a sequence of sounds

primary reinforcer

an unlearned reinforcer; effective because of biological makeup of organism

Fixed-interval schedule

Fixed amount of time; Response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up as reinforcer approaches

Fixed-ratio schedule

Fixed number of correct responses; high response rate; higher immediately after reinforcement

Obesity - Biological Factors

Heredity, body fat, metabolism

Positive reinforcer

Increase probability behavior will occur when it is added

Negative reinforcer

Increase probability behavior will occur when it is removed

Obesity - Psychological Factors

Observational learning, stress, emotional states

Variable-ratio schedule

Unpredictable number of correct responses; High response rate

Variable-interval schedule

Unpredictable time elapses; Steadier but lower response rate (than fixed-interval)

rehearsal

a form of practice

estrogen

a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics

Causes of Eating Disorders

a history of sexual abuse, parental expectations, ociocultural climate

secondary reinforcer

a stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers; conditioned reinforcer; ex - money

activating effects

arousal-producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior

hierarchical structure

arrangement of items or chunks on info into groups or classes according to common or distinct features

Episodic memory

autobiographical memory; Memories of things that happen to us or in our presence

flooding

behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are presented coninuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished

Adaptive

classical conditioning ex - taste aversion - motivate organism to avoid harmful foods

higher-order conditioning

classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the conditioned stimulus

higher-order conditioning

classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus y being pared repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus (ex - Condition dog to salivate to tone, Repeatedly pair light with tone, Light evokes salivation)

savings

difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed

organizing effect

directional effect of sex hormones - along stereotypical masculine or feminine lines

sexual orientation

directionality of one's sexual and romantic interests; that is whether one is sexually attracted to and desires to form a romantic relationship with members of the other sex or of one's own sex

programmed learning

educational method developed by BF Skinner based on operant conditioning; does not punish error but reinforces correct responses with immediate feedback

maintenance rehearsal

mental repetition of info to keep in memory

visual code

mentally representing as a picture; maintained or attempted to maintain a mental image of the letters

Immediate reinforcers

more effective than delayed; Short-term consequences are more of incentive than long-term

myotonia

muscle tension

partial reinforcement

one of several reinforcement schedules in which not ever correct response is reinforced

refractory period

period of time following orgasm during which an individual is not responsive to sexual stimulation

flashbulb memories

preserve experiences in detail; events that are surprising, important, and emotionally stirring; ex - 9/11

shaping

procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior (ex - reinforce progressive steps toward the behavioral goal)

progesteron

promotes conditions necessary for pregnancy; such as growth of uterine lining for possible developing embryo

recall

recall knowledge from memory

spontaneous recovery

recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

learning (behaviorists)

relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

semantic code

represent stimuli in terms of their meaning; acronym to help remember

recognition

to recognize something we have experienced

long-term memory

type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage

operant behavior

voluntary responses that are reinforced