Psych Exam 3
Motives
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relearning
3rd method of measuring retention; method of saving
Feeling of knowing
Acoustic and semantic coding may help provide a useful retrieval cue; may reflect incomplete learning
bisexual
Attracted to both females and males
State dependent
Biological or emotional state
Implicit Memory
Procedural memory; Skill memory (Memory of how to perform a procedure or skill), Things people do, not things stated clearly (nondeclarative memory); Things done repeatedly - habits;
heterosexual
Sexually attracted to and interested in people of the opposite sex
homosexual
Sexually attracted to and interested in people of their own sex
extinction
experimental procedure in which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur
anterograde amnesia
failure to remember events that occur AFTER physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
retrograde
failure to remember events that occur PRIOR to physical trauma because of the effects of trauma
counterconditioning
fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities
Emotion
feeling state with cognitive, physical, and behavioral components
Tip-of-tounge phenomenon
feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved
infantile amnesia
inability to recall events that occur prior to the age two or three (childhood amnesia)
proactive interference
interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently
retroactive interference
interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously
elaborative rehearsal
kind of coding in which new info is related to info that is already known
metamemory
self-awareness of the ways in which memory functions, allowing the person to encode, store, and retrieve information effectively
testosterone
sex drive in men & women
classical conditioning
simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus
operant conditioning
simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced
dissociative amnesia
stem from psychological conflict or trauma
generalization
tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned
discrimination
tendency for organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus
repression
the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious
acquisition
the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge
learning (cognitive theorists)
the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience
Vasocongestion
engorement of blood vessels with blood, which swells the genitals and breasts during sexual arousal
Sexual Response
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
acoustic code
representing stimuli as a sequence of sounds
primary reinforcer
an unlearned reinforcer; effective because of biological makeup of organism
Fixed-interval schedule
Fixed amount of time; Response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up as reinforcer approaches
Fixed-ratio schedule
Fixed number of correct responses; high response rate; higher immediately after reinforcement
Obesity - Biological Factors
Heredity, body fat, metabolism
Positive reinforcer
Increase probability behavior will occur when it is added
Negative reinforcer
Increase probability behavior will occur when it is removed
Obesity - Psychological Factors
Observational learning, stress, emotional states
Variable-ratio schedule
Unpredictable number of correct responses; High response rate
Variable-interval schedule
Unpredictable time elapses; Steadier but lower response rate (than fixed-interval)
rehearsal
a form of practice
estrogen
a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics
Causes of Eating Disorders
a history of sexual abuse, parental expectations, ociocultural climate
secondary reinforcer
a stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers; conditioned reinforcer; ex - money
activating effects
arousal-producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior
hierarchical structure
arrangement of items or chunks on info into groups or classes according to common or distinct features
Episodic memory
autobiographical memory; Memories of things that happen to us or in our presence
flooding
behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are presented coninuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished
Adaptive
classical conditioning ex - taste aversion - motivate organism to avoid harmful foods
higher-order conditioning
classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the conditioned stimulus
higher-order conditioning
classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus y being pared repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus (ex - Condition dog to salivate to tone, Repeatedly pair light with tone, Light evokes salivation)
savings
difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed
organizing effect
directional effect of sex hormones - along stereotypical masculine or feminine lines
sexual orientation
directionality of one's sexual and romantic interests; that is whether one is sexually attracted to and desires to form a romantic relationship with members of the other sex or of one's own sex
programmed learning
educational method developed by BF Skinner based on operant conditioning; does not punish error but reinforces correct responses with immediate feedback
maintenance rehearsal
mental repetition of info to keep in memory
visual code
mentally representing as a picture; maintained or attempted to maintain a mental image of the letters
Immediate reinforcers
more effective than delayed; Short-term consequences are more of incentive than long-term
myotonia
muscle tension
partial reinforcement
one of several reinforcement schedules in which not ever correct response is reinforced
refractory period
period of time following orgasm during which an individual is not responsive to sexual stimulation
flashbulb memories
preserve experiences in detail; events that are surprising, important, and emotionally stirring; ex - 9/11
shaping
procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior (ex - reinforce progressive steps toward the behavioral goal)
progesteron
promotes conditions necessary for pregnancy; such as growth of uterine lining for possible developing embryo
recall
recall knowledge from memory
spontaneous recovery
recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time
learning (behaviorists)
relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
semantic code
represent stimuli in terms of their meaning; acronym to help remember
recognition
to recognize something we have experienced
long-term memory
type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage
operant behavior
voluntary responses that are reinforced