Psych exam 4
Tammy enjoys a glass of wine with dinner. After the meal, she has a cigarette with a cup of coffee. How many psychoactive drugs did Tammy consume?
3
Approximately _____ percent of Americans have experienced a phobia of a specific object or situation in the past year.
9
With respect to the major personality theories described in the textbook, psychodynamic is to trait as _____ is to _____.
Adler, Allport
_____ is a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to a stimulus that originally triggered an unwanted behavior.
Counterconditioning
Which medication was originally used to treat epilepsy?
Depakote
Which psychologist is MOST likely to agree with the idea that dreams offer valuable clues to the unconscious mind?
Dr. Dominguez, a psychoanalytic therapist
This drug is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use.
Ecstasy
Marcus is a young male recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. His symptoms, however, developed over a long period of time. According to the research available on schizophrenia, what are the chances that he will recover?
Not good; the slow progression of symptom development suggests he will probably never fully recover
Lately 5-year-old Adam has been acting strangely. He clings to his mother and expresses jealous feelings toward his father, almost as if his father is a rival for his mother's love. Freud would suggest that Adam is experiencing the _____ complex.
Oedipus
Involuntary movements of facial muscles, the tongue, or limbs are side effects referred to as _____.
Tardive dyskinesia
Dr. Dillard developed a test to identify individuals who are at risk for suicide, but the test is found to be relatively low in reliability. Which statement is NOT a valid conclusion? A. The test scores are not consistent B. Tests can be valid, even if they have low reliability C. Tests that are not reliable cannot be valid D. The test is not valid for identifying at risk individuals
Tests can be valid, even if they have low reliability
Which statement does NOT describe a benefit of all psychotherapies?
The various types of psychotherapy provide unconditional positive regard
"We were arguing and the gun just went off!" This statement illustrates our tendency to accept less responsibility for our bad deeds. This is called:
a self-serving bias
Results of the study regarding treatment of schizophrenia discussed in this activity indicated that:
an eclectic approach to therapy is the best approach to treating several psychological disorders
Although developed to treat depression, antidepressants have also proven successful in treating _____ disorders.
anxiety
Electroconvulsive therapy, deep-brain stimulation, and the use of antidepressants are all forms of:
biomedical therapy
How can we use labels to guide treatment without negatively judging people or excusing their behavior is a persistent issue regarding the _____ of a psychological disorder.
classification
carl rodgers
client-centered therapy
Thoughts, memories, interpretations, and expectations are collectively referred to as:
cognition
Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Sanchez remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Sanchez's depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for his inability to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is MOST representative of:
cognitive therapy
Interdependence and emphasis on belonging to a close-knit group is a characteristic of a(n) _____ culture.
collectivist
Marlow is suffering from schizophrenia. In addition to medication, Marlow sees a therapist once a week to help him improve his social skills and modify his maladaptive behaviors. Marlow's therapist is MOST likely using a(n) _____ approach.
eclectic
According to Freud, the ___________ is largely conscious and acts as a mediator
ego
Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with:
electroconvulsive therapy
The study of environmental influences on gene expression is called _____
epigenetics
Xander is a newspaper reporter who uses many personal pronouns such as we, our, and us in his articles. Based on this, you might predict that Xander would score high on the Big Five trait:
extraversion
Although few therapists practice using Freud's original theory, it did help:
form the foundation for treating psychological disorders
In a study examining the genetic influences on antisocial personality disorder, researchers compared the PET scans of murderers' brains to the brains of nonmurderers of the same age and sex. The study reported reduced activity in the murderers' _____, a brain area involved in impulse control.
frontal lobes
According to Carl Rogers, therapists who demonstrate this characteristic encourage their clients to express their true feelings.
genuineness
Lincoln complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him he is so evil he should kill himself. Lincoln is experiencing:
hallucinations
In Eysenck and Eysenck's model, Jeffrey is unstable and extraverted. Jeffrey is MOST likely:
impulsive
The term "reciprocal" is MOST nearly synonymous with:
interactive
Kayden has to take a Rorschach inkblot test for his new job. He is worried because he has heard that the Rorschach is not a very good test. Critics would agree and suggest that the Rorschach is:
is not very reliable and has limited validity
_____ analysis allows us to look at the inheritance of depression over multiple affected family members.
linkage
Which choice pairs a Big Five description with an incorrect personality trait?
low neuroticism - trusting
Excoriation, or excessive skin-picking disorder, and trichotillomania, or hair pulling, are MOST closely related to _____ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
Warren is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are MOST characteristic of _____ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
Delores has been in therapy for two years, but her last session is today. If you ask her next month how effective her psychotherapy was, she is likely to:
overestimate its effectiveness.
Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra MOST likely is suffering from _____ disorder.
panic
It is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy because:
people often enter therapy in crisis, and these crises often pass without professional help.
A positive psychological change that results from struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises is called:
posttraumatic growth
Suffering can lead to _____; that is, a challenging crisis can lead to an increased appreciation for life, more meaningful relationships, and changed priorities.
posttraumatic growth
Henry is given a test by a psychologist and asked to tell a story about an ambiguous picture. Henry is MOST likely taking a(n) _____ test.
projective
The suggestion that symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are created as defenses against the anxiety caused by one's own unacceptable impulses BEST illustrates the:
psychoanalytic perspective
Angelina is suffering from depression. Once a week she sees a therapist and, with the therapist's help, she has begun to explore her past experiences and how they might have contributed to her depression. In addition, Angelina's therapist has Angelina begin to adopt new ways of thinking about the current events in her life. Angelina's therapist is MOST likely using:
psychotherapy
Into which categories do modern Western therapies for psychological disorders fall?
psychotherapy and biomedical therapy
Albert Bandura's social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of:
reciprocal determinism
George's optimism leads him to both try new tasks but also results from his successful accomplishments. This BEST illustrates:
reciprocal determinism
Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people, and yesterday he thought Grant was angry at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. But in truth, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of:
reciprocal determinism
Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a word _____.
salad
Defensive self-esteem is to fragility as _____ self-esteem is to sturdiness.
secure
All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Maslow, this suggests that Ernest will next seek to satisfy his need for:
self-esteem
In one survey, 58 percent of those with _____ disorder experienced their disorder after a traumatic event.
social anxiety
Will has an intense fear of speaking in public. Because he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. Will may be suffering from _____ disorder.
social anxiety
Jared has not read the chapter on psychological disorders, so he misunderstands some basic facts. For example, he believes that schizophrenia refers to a multiple personality split rather than a:
split from reality
To help Tom reduce his fear of flying, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is taking off in an airplane. The therapist's technique BEST illustrates:
systematic desensitization
Which Freudian concept is NOT widely embraced by contemporary psychodynamic theorists?
the psychosexual stages
Winnie feels a close emotional bond with her therapist. She trusts her therapist, and she believes that her therapist truly understands her. Winnie's feelings BEST reflect:
the therapeutic alliance
Kate comes home with three A's and two B's, to which her mother replies, "Is that the best you could do?" and walks away. Rogers refers to this attitude as the opposite of:
unconditional positive regard
cognitive therapists believe that things that can be learned can also be ________
unlearned
Dr. Pimler is conducting a study on a new antipsychotic medication. In order to determine if the drug is effective, he should:
use the double-blind technique.
After an entire day without alcohol, Selena is sweaty and shaking. Selena's symptoms BEST reflect:
withdrawal
The CDC recommendation is that women who will be more than _____ months pregnant during the flu season get a flu shot.
3
At some point during the past year, approximately _____ percent of American college students have felt so depressed that they found it difficult to function.
30
When Vanessa noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction BEST illustrates:
The spotlight effect
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions
Which form of therapy offers medications as treatment for psychological disorders?
biomedical therapy
"Manic depression," or manic-depressive disorder, is now called:
bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder affects:
both men and women equally
Garrick is a calm, self-satisfied man who appears to be secure. Garrick is MOST likely low on the Big Five factor of:
neuroticism
Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is MOST clearly showing signs of _____ disorder.
posttraumatic stress
In _____, a trained therapist explores a client's early relationships, encourages the client to adopt new ways of thinking, or coaches the client in replacing old behaviors with new ones.
psychotherapy
Recall the personality disorders: Magical thinking is to ______ personality disorder as ______ is to avoidant personality disorder.
schizotypal, withdrawn
The _____ is a bond of trust and understanding between a therapist and a client.
therapeutic alliance
family therapy
therapy that treats the family as a system
Dr. Haun developed a test that measures the amount of extrasensory perception (ESP) individuals exhibit. The test is found to be reliable, which means that:
this test measures something consistently but it may not be ESP.
At his weekly therapy session, Henry became agitated at his therapist, saying that she was controlling, domineering, and trying to ruin his life with all of her mothering. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates:
transference
In one survey, _____ percent of those with social anxiety disorder experienced the disorder after a traumatic event.
58
A large study that combined the results of 475 studies indicated that the outcome for those individuals who engaged in psychotherapy was better than _____ percent of the people who did NOT seek treatment.
80
Rowena is a 15-year-old adolescent who has become shockingly thin. She barely eats and, when she does, she compensates by exercising excessively. Rowena is MOST likely suffering from _____ nervosa.
Anorexia
_____ is characterized by excessive thinness, whereas _____ is characterized by normal to above average weight.
Anorexia; bulimia
_____ is a type of treatment that physically changes the brain's functioning.
Biomedical therapy
Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system MOST often used in the United States, she should read the _____.
DSM-5
_____ was one of the MOST influential of the early trait theorists of personality.
Gordon Allport
Major depressive disorder is characterized by:
Major depressive disorder is characterized by:
_____ is the therapeutic technique developed by _____. The goal of this type of therapy is to help patients gain insight into repressed feelings and conflicts.
Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud
Bruno often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bruno BEST illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as _____.
Reaction formation
_____ described what is now called generalized anxiety disorder as free-floating anxiety.
Sigmund Freud
The major active ingredient in marijuana is:
THC
Zander has been struggling with personal issues and has decided to seek help at a mental health clinic. Unfortunately, he was put on a waiting list and told he would likely have to wait several weeks before he could meet with a therapist. According to Hans Eysenck's findings, what do you predict will happen to Zander?
The chances are good that he will improve during this waiting period.
In a psychology class debate on the humanistic perspective, Riley needs to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which criticism of the humanistic perspective would Riley cite?
The descriptions of self-actualizing people reflect Maslow's personal values.
Which statement is NOT a reason for skepticism of psychotherapy?
Therapists often believe that treatment will be effective
A patient recently admitted to the hospital is complaining of auditory hallucinations. She might be treated with:
Thorazine
Which drug is MOST likely to provide schizophrenia patients with some relief from their auditory hallucinations and paranoia? Thorazine, Prozac, Xanax, or Lithium
Thorazine
Which effect is NOT associated with stimulants?
a drop in respiration
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
Although Mark realizes his behavior is unreasonable, he is so distraught by high bridges that he avoids them and takes an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Mark appears to suffer from:
a phobia
Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of:
a positive self-concept
To help Monica overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment BEST illustrates:
aversive conditioning
As a parent, you are skeptical of treatments that sound too good to be true. When you arrive at the psychologist's office, you ask what the empirically supported treatment for bed-wetting is because your 6-year-old son has been having difficulties. You learn that _____ therapy is the empirically supported treatment.
behavior modification or conditioning
After study participants were told that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases like "passive type" and "frightened of his own impulses." This study BEST illustrates the:
biasing power of diagnostic labels.
Dr. Brooks has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Brooks is MOST clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.
biopsychosocial
Dr. Gonzales seeks to account for the substance abuse of her therapy clients in terms of their abusive home environments, their limited sense of life purpose, and the altered functioning of their neurotransmitter systems. Dr. Gonzales is MOST clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.
biopsychosocial
If the self-serving bias is evident in the way that an athlete explains her success or failure, she might:
blame her failure on bad officiating.
When he leaves the house, Josh locks, unlocks, and relocks each window and each door exactly three times. Josh's behavior exemplifies a(n):
compulsion
Gabriela has an extremely clean dorm room. She keeps no clutter on her desk, she awakens very early to keep up with her schoolwork, and her car is spotless. Based on this information, Geneva would MOST likely score high on a scale measuring the Big Five factor of _____.
conscientiousness
Experiencing poverty, meaningless work, constant criticism, unemployment, racism, and sexism can lead to stress, which can then lead to other more serious risks. One possible risk that does NOT increase as a result of stress is:
delusions
The text states that "environmental factors such as viral infections, nutritional deprivation, and maternal stress can 'turn on' the genes" that predispose some people to schizophrenia. This statement reflects insights from the newly-emerging field of:
epigenetics
Kanesha meets with a therapist because she wants to do something about the path her life is taking. The doctor tells her to lie down on the couch, relax, and say whatever comes to mind. This psychoanalytic method is known as:
free association
During a therapy session, Jenny focuses on several intrusive thoughts that have been bothering her. The therapist tells Jenny to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist is using a technique known as:
free association\
Dr. Barlow states that most people want to become better human beings and that today's problems are more important than the experiences of the past. Dr. Barlow's beliefs are MOST consistent with _____ therapy.
humanistic
Cho tends to take pride in his accomplishments and enjoy his privacy. His sister, Jen, stayed closer to their parents and her college friends. Unlike her brother, she felt a sense of belonging as a result. Cho is more likely to align himself with _____ values, while Jen prefers a(n) _____ emphasis.
individualist, collectivist
Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:
is not classified as an illness.
As compared to major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder is ______ protracted and ______ severe.
more, less
Even without professional intervention, _____ episodes of depression often resolve on their own.
most
Victor's mother is frustrated because she cannot get Victor involved in any activities. Although he has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, she still expects him to do things around the house. But most days he sits in a chair and has no expression on his face. This type of absence of appropriate behavior reflects the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.
negative
A token economy incorporates _____ conditioning to modify behaviors by reinforcing desired behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for various treats.
operant
In a residential treatment facility for troubled youth, adolescent children receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The children return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or television privileges. This BEST illustrates an application of:
operant conditioning
In a residential treatment facility for troubled youth, adolescent children receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The children return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or to watch television. This BEST illustrates an application of:
operant conditioning
With respect to child development, some think Freud _____ parental influence and _____ peer influence
overestimated, underestimated
When people suffer from a(n) _____ attack, they often feel intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. These feelings last minutes and include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.
panic
Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is MOST likely in the area of:
personality
Psychotherapy treats all of the following types of problems EXCEPT:
physical
Aaron Beck
pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.
Regarding types of mental health therapy, which list contains items that all belong together?
providing psychotherapy, exploring past relationships, encouraging new ways of thinking
Dr. Wagner works in a large hospital. She specializes in treating adolescents with eating disorders. She prescribes antidepressants and, occasionally, antianxiety medication for some of her patients. Based on this information, Dr. Wagner is a:
psychiatrist
Twenty-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from _____ disorder.
social anxiety
Benny enjoys the feelings created by drinking alcohol. However, over the last several years, he has noticed that it takes more and more alcohol to create the desired effects. MOST specifically, Benny's experience illustrates the phenomenon of:
tolerance
Dr. Wayne states that the task of the personality psychologist is to describe the "consistent and persistent" patterns of behavior that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Wayne is MOST likely a _____ theorist of personality.
trait
Neal has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Neal interprets negative stressful events using a pessimistic explanatory style. His explanatory style creates a hopeless depressed state, which then hampers the way Neal thinks and acts, causing more negative stressful events. Neal's depression is MOST likely due to a:
vicious cycle
Terry has quit using OxyContin. His nose is running, and he is sweating. His pupils are dilated, and tears are running from the corners of his eyes. Terry's symptoms BEST reflect:
withdrawal