Psych exam 5
In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the ______ or the demands of the ______.
"learner"; experimenter
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when the:
"teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders.
The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the:
"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.
In the original Milgram obedience experiment, men aged 20 to 50 had complied fully ________ percent of the time.
63
His obedience experiments at Yale University are some of the most famous and involved deception.
Milgram
_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Normative social influence
_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____________ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.
Normative social influence; informational social influence
Dr. Yen is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory, and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers (given by a confederate of the researcher). How can Dr. Yen increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience?
She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.D. from a prestigious university.
Altruism is best described as:
behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.
The frustration-aggression principle most clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of:
blood alcohol
Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we:
can easily recall our attitudes.
In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was __________ the experimenter and __________ the "learner."
close to; far from
During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?
cognitive dissonance theory
You have very strong opinions about the tuition increase. However, once you are the student representative for the College Board, you develop a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains why?
cognitive dissonance theory
Mark obeyed the commands of his military unit officer to engage in destructive behavior that was sharply inconsistent with Mark's ethical values. The discomfort associated with Mark's awareness of the inconsistency between his values and his actions best illustrates:
cognitive dissonance.
This is the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
companionate love
Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of:
companionate love.
A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of:
conciliation.
A perceived incompatibility between a student's learning goals and the goals of the class instructor best illustrates:
conflict
When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting:
conformity
If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate:
implicit prejudice.
In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family, simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of:
normative social influence.
While Thomas disagrees with his boss, he laughs at the joke anyway to gain her approval. Thomas' behavior illustrates:
normative social influence.
Compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to:
occur more rapidly.
Researchers find that conformity to the group increases when all of the following occur EXCEPT:
one is made to feel secure.
Cognitive dissonance theory emphasizes that we seek to reduce the discomfort we feel when we become aware that:
our attitudes and actions clash.
During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." This statement best reflects the:
outgroup homogeneity effect.
This is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
passionate love
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _________________ love; as deep affectionate attachment is to _________________ love.
passionate; companionate
Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates:
peripheral route persuasion.
The most powerful indicator of whether people will become friends is:
proximity.
Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior:
reflected her personal disposition.
The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropians subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of:
self-fulfilling prophecies.
Superordinate goals refer to:
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to:
situational attributions.
The fundamental attribution error best illustrates that we may often underestimate the importance of:
social control.
Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?
social exchange theory
Tarik decides to volunteer at the Special Olympics over the weekend because keeping his time free is not as important as what he gains from volunteering—good feelings and the joy of giving back to the community. This illustrates the:
social exchange theory.
At her health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates:
social facilitation.
Lars is an excellent violinist. In front of an audience, he tends to play his violin even more beautifully than when he is alone. This is most likely due to:
social facilitation.
The local basketball team seems to perform better in front of the home audience on their home court. This best illustrates:
social facilitation.
Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
stereotype
You decide to make a positive change in your life. Instead of going to work with a frown on your face, you will force yourself to smile when you walk in. According to _____________, by altering your behavior you stand a good chance of changing your attitude.
the attitudes-follow-behavior principle
People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain:
the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation.
In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. This best illustrates:
the blame-the-victim phenomenon.
While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates:
the bystander effect.
As you are driving to campus one day another car cuts you off and speeds ahead. Immediately you yell out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Your judgment best illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error.
Marilyn thinks a strict class-attendance policy is an indication of her professor's overly controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions (the course meets only once a week). Her judgment best illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error.
Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize:
the fundamental attribution error.
While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of:
the just-world phenomenon.
When asked how much they like various letters of the alphabet, people tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This best illustrates the impact of:
the mere exposure effect.
After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. This behavior is best explained in terms of:
the scapegoat theory.
This situation occurs when we each rationally pursue our own self-interests but become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
the social trap
The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate passionate love. This is best explained by:
the two-factor theory.
In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when:
they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.
Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of:
vivid cases.
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene.
warrior
____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy.
Aggression
Your sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into your house you start smiling, even before she says something funny. This is caused by:
All of these things cause you to start smiling.
In Asch's conformity experiments, researchers find that conformity to the group increases when:
All of these things will increase conformity to the group.
The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which of the following students would most likely contribute to the blood bank, if asked?
Ardyce, who has just fallen head over heels in love
Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most:
Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike.
He proposed cognitive dissonance theory.
Festinger
In 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced to the then Soviet Union that the United States would discontinue all atmospheric nuclear tests. The Soviet Union's positive response to this conciliatory gesture illustrated the potential value of:
GRIT
In terms of the bystander effect, during which of the following situations will the odds NOT be best for our helping someone?
We are in a hurry.
This afternoon, your boss wants to meet with you. You are sure it is about the customers who complained about you yesterday. The best-case scenario would be for your boss to decide that your behavior was the result of:
a situational attribution.
Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of:
aggression
Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that:
animals can be bred for aggressiveness.
Central route persuasion is most likely when people:
are naturally analytical.
Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This ____________ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.
attitude
The ______________ indicates that, although we often cannot directly control all of our feelings, we can influence our feelings by changing our behavior.
attitudes-follow-behavior principle
According to the ______________, people explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
attribution theory
The students at the University charged the field after the game in response to their team's loss. They vandalized the opposing team's field and the police had to be called in. This behavior is best understood in terms of:
deindividuation.
When the participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research, most reported that they:
did not regret taking part in the experiment.
Following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed ___________ racial prejudice.
diminishing
Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in:
discrimination.
Alexandra is well liked by her friends. When you watch her, you can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Chartrand would suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of:
empathy.
One aggression-replacement program has brought down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders by:
encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning.
As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will:
fail to notice the older woman's problem.
High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of:
father care
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that increases the likelihood of bystanders helping?
feeling good, successful, happy, or fortunate
Early one Halloween evening, Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they asked him to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the:
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
It is an election year, and a volunteer asks if you would put a small sign in your yard. You agree. The next week, your wife can't believe you agreed to put the 3-foot sign on the front lawn. This technique is known as the:
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.
frontal lobes
A group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates:
group polarization.
By providing prospective terrorists with electronic chat rooms for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for:
group polarization.
You are the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on your choice of scales. You decide to change your opinion for the good of the group. This best illustrates:
groupthink.
Groupthink is fueled by a desire for:
harmony
Only when research participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by:
hindsight bias.
The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in ___________ than it is in ___________.
individualist Western countries; East Asian cultures
Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief best illustrates:
ingroup bias.
The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called:
ingroup bias.
Victoria is a fifth grader in Carson Elementary School. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. This example is an illustration of:
ingroup bias.
Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____.
ingroup; outgroup
In atrocious situations such as Zimbardo's simulated prison, some people succumb to the situation and others do not. This best illustrates the:
interactive influence of persons and situations.
Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to:
judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.
The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the:
just-world phenomenon.
In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates:
mirror-image perceptions.
Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates:
mirror-image perceptions.
Compared with nonplayers, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display ________ desensitization to violence, and they are ________ likely to help an injured victim.
more; less
Compared with others, strikingly attractive people make a ________ favorable impression on potential employers, and they are ________ likely to perceive praise for their work as sincere.
more; less
In a study on social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students pulled hardest when they thought:
no others were pulling with them.
A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage:
nonconformity.
