Psych Exam Chap 11

Intergroup contact is more effective at improving group relationships if the people involved in intergroup contact believe which of the following?

-An authority figure sanctions their positive relationships. -They are of equal status. -Friendship might emerge from the interaction.

Culture of Honor

A mans reputation is thought to be an essential aspect of his economic survival

Prejudice

A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group

When a person shows strong attributes, vs a person observing/practicing them

A person who has been asked to give a speech about recycling is more likely to recycle than a person who has the same attitude about recyling but has not put it into words or defined it in public

__________ is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.

Altruism

Stereotype Threat

An individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group. (EX: a person may experience anxiety about living down to expectations which can cause them to underperform)

Cognitive Dissonance

An individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts. (EX: we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do.)

Self-Perception Theory

Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior. ( EX: well i rarley eat sushi, that must mean i dont like it)

We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact that we attend work or school clothed, rather than nude, is an example of _____.

Conformity

An important feature of intergroup contact is __________-___________ cooperation working together on a shared goal.

Equal-Status

According to social psychologist Kay Deaux, which of the following are distinct types of social indentity?

Ethnicity and Religion Political Affiliation Personal Relationships Stigmatized Groups

Microagression

Everyday, subtle, and potentially unintentional acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups

Social Cognition

Explains how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Counterarguing

Exposed to a message they defend against the information by mentally generating arguments against it. ( EX: students who binge drink have been likely to conterargue with announcmnents on the dangers of binge drinking)

One theory of aggression suggests that ___________ ( the reaction to the thwarting or blocking of goals) produces anger, leading to a readiness to display _______.

Frustration , Aggression

What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis state?

Frustration always leads to aggression.

In so-called cultures of _______, a man's reputation is thought to be an essential aspect of his (and his family's) economic survival. Such cultures may foster aggressive behavior.

Honor

Social Facilitation

Improvment in an individuals performance because of the presense of others

Different Attributions : Internal/External

Internal: causes inside and specific to the person such as their traits and abilities. External: causes outside the person, such as situational factors. (EX: did you do good on the test because you are smart, or because the test was easy?

Which or the tollowina is a limitation or the bod or research on interpersonal attraction!

It has not often included people with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities in its samples.

Affectionate Love or Compasionate Love

Love that occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have a person near.

Romantic Love or Passionate Love

Love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.

The __________ _____________ effect refers to the idea that the more we encounter someone (or something) the more likely we are to start liking that person (or thing).

Mere Exposure

Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _____ determinant(s).

Multiple

The ____________ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.

Observational

Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive?

Observational Learning

Fundamental attribution error

Observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior.

What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?

Passionate

Vested Interest

People are more likely to act on attitudes when the issues at stake will affect them personally

Overt Aggression

Physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person. Boys and men tend to be higher in overt aggression that girls and women

Self-Serving bias

Refers to the tendancy to take credit for ones own successes and to deny responsibility for ones own failures.

________ love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and ifactuation.

Romantice

Based on the results in psychology, which of the following individual is the LEAST likely to express aggression in the given situation?

Samantha had to sit in an air-conditioned waiting room for 20 minutes.

When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with religious or ethnic group affiliations. they are stating their ________ identity.

Social

_____ identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

Social

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized.

Different Attributions: Stable/Unstable

Stable: Is the cause relativley enduring, and permanent, or is it temporary? Unstable: Did aaron blow up at his romantic partner because he was in a bad mood that day?

Pam's new friend is a librarian so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. Pam's thinking on this describes

Stereotyping

Person Perception

The processes by which an individual uses social stimuli to form impressions of others. ( forming impressions on others).

Strong Attitude

The stronger an attitude toward something, the more likely the person is to do something about it.

Risky Shift

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier then the average decision made by the indivual group memebr

Bystander Effect

The tendency of n individual who observes an emergency to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone. ( People watching someone get attacked but doing nothing because they think someone else will)

Elaboration Likehood model

Theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route.

Different Attributions: Controllable/Uncontrollable

We percieve that some people have power over some causes ( for instance, by preparing delicious food for a picnic) but not others ( rain on a picnic day). We are more likely to make attributions for behaviors people can control.

Conformity

a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Empathy

a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.. (EX: yankees playing of sweet caroline after the boston mass bombing)

Stereotype

a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another. (Attractive people are socially skilled)

Discrimination

an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group

Obidience

behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority ( told to do something and we do it)

Relational Aggression

behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person

Social Exchange Theory

conceptualizes socail relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maxamize belifes.

Social Loafing

each persons tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort

Central Route

engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument

Positive Illusions

favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality ( many of us think of ourselves as above average)

frustration-aggression hypothesis

frustration always leads to aggression

Altruism

giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person even if it incurs a cost at oneself

Equity

having both partners feel that each is doing their "fair share".

Egosim

helping another person, for a personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

Social Contagion

imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.

Peripheral Route

involves factors such as the attractiveness of the person giving the message or the emotional power of an appeal

Deindividuation

occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility.

Attitudes

our opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas-how we feel about the world.

False Consensus Effect

overestimating the number of people who share our belief or action.

Person ___________ refers to the processes by which we form impressions of others

perception

Informational Social Influence

refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right

Agression

social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally

Systemic Racism

systems, structures, and procedures in a society that disadvantage a racial group and privilege another

Groupthink

the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

Normative Social Influence

the influence others have on us because we want them to like us.

Mere-Exposure Effect

the phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before

Social Comparison

the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others. ( EX: when people lack an objective way to evaluate their opinions and abilities, they compare themselves to others.)

Social Psychology

the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

group polarization effect

the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction ( hear new things that streghten their position)

Ethocentrism

the tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups

Attribution Theory is....

the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior

Attribution Theory

the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

Social Identity theory

the view that social identity is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about oneself

Social Identity

the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership

Persuasion

trying to change someones attitudes, and often behaviors as well. (EX: advertisments)

Mood

whether or not we engage in kind behaviors ( happy people are more likely to engage the unhappy people to help others)

The samples for social psychology research on interpersonal relationships have been predominantly _________>

white and middle- or upper-middle-class.