Psych Final

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that at least some prosocial behavior is ____

motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need

Karen knows that he neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. Sometimes she offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates ____

empathic joy hypothesis

A bully's victim usually ____

has less power than the bullies

Instrumental aggression

is sometimes useful in achieving a particular goal or objective

Prosocial video games encourage people to be more prosocial because

players think about helping others

Behavior that is intended to harm another is known as

aggression

Bullies tend to believe that

aggression against those who provoke them will bring respect from others

Higher levels of aggression are associated with alcohol because ____

alcohol reduces one's ability to process certain kinds of informations and changes one;s reactions to unexpected behaviors by others

Bruce has a relatively high need for affiliation, as such, he would likely

avoid making negative comments to fellow workers

A behavioral pattern in which one person is chosen as the target of repeated aggression by one or more others is known as ___

bullying

A bystander can offer effective direct help only if the ___

bystander has the knowledge and or skills to act in a helpful way

The idea that providing angry persons with an opportunity to express their aggressive impulse in relatively safe ways will lead ti a reduction in their tendencies to engage in more harmful kinds of aggression is the____

catharsis hypothesis

The type A behavior pattern ____

consists primarily of high levels of competitiveness, hostility, and time urgency

David sees a homeless person and thinks that "this guy has no one to blame but himself." Thus, David appears to believe that this homeless man's misfortunes are ____

controllable

A culture of honor is one in which

cultural norms indicate that aggressive behavior is appropriate and acceptable is one's honor has been insulted

As the number of bystanders who are present at an emergency increase, the probability that any one bystander will help ____, and the length of time that passes before help occurs ____

decrease; increase

According to the social learning perspective, people learn

different ways of inflicting harm on others and what situations tolerate or encourage aggressive behavior

What are the three distinct components of empathy?

emotional empathy, empathic accuracy, empathic concern

Steven sees an emergency an then his empathy is aroused; he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide hop. This example illustrates the ____

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Among children, boys who bully others are motivated by a desire to

hold power over others and a desire to be seems as part of a "tough" group

When we thank someone for helping us, they are more likely to help us again. This is because gratitude ___

increases their self-worth

Children who play prosocial video games are ___

more likely to help in other situations

When people are thanking for helping someone, they are ___

more likely to help that person or even someone else again

The first step involved in deciding whether or not to offer assistance in an emergency is to ____

notice that something unusual is happening

The social learning perspective on aggression suggests that ___

people acquire their aggressive behaviors from direct experience or from observing aggressive models

The tendency to respond to a threat to one's send concept by focusing on something one is competent at in another domain is referred to as ____

self-control

Two aspects of empathy are

taking another's perspective and sympathizing with another person

When there are many bystanders during an emergency, the probability of receiving help is reduced. This is because of ____

the diffusion of responsibility that occurs

The idea that physiological arousal produced in one situation can persist and intensify emotional responses in a different situation is known as

the equitation transfer theory

The idea that we sometimes engage in helping behaviors to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from any cause is known as _____

the negative-state relief model

The bystander effect is ____

the observation that the probability of a prosocial response to an emergency is influenced by the number of bystanders present

Thanatos is

Freud's idea of a death wish that becomes redirected towards others as aggression

Action taken by another individual that tends to trigger aggression in the recipient is

a provocation

Empathic responses to the needs of others are more common in children who have _____

a secure attachment style

Before offering help, a bystander must decide that she or he has a responsibility to provide help. This is unlikely to occur if ____

an authority figure, or emergency personnel, is present

The type B behavior pattern is ____

marked by the absence of type A qualities

The general pattern of results of studies of TV violence suggests that

media depictions of violence contribute to increased aggression levels in viewers

James and William are discussing the last presidential election. James, a democrat, has made some very negative comments about republicans and the war in which the campaign was constructed. William, a life long republican, has told Hames to tone it down, but this seems to encourage more negative comments. This is a case of

provocation

Hostile aggression occurs when

the primary goal is to inflict harm on the victim

After watching wrestling on tv for an hour, five year old Samuel went outside to play. When five year old Jamie came outside, Samuel shoved him and tried to get him in a head-lock. This situation can best be explained by

the social learning perspective

Jenny, a five year old, may be most likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ____

a prosocial video game

Empathy develops from ____

a combination of biological and environmental factors

Since newborns are predisposed to look toward faces in preference to other stimuli, this offers evidence that there is ___

a neurobiological basis for the need to affiliate

Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others is known as _____

altruism

The inhibiting effect of multiple bystanders to an emergency is lessened if the group of bystanders are ____

friends

The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that ___

frustration leads to the arousal of an aggression drive

The empathic joy hypothesis suggests we ____

help others because of the positive emotions we anticipate experiencing as a result of our helping behaviors

Kin selection refers to the idea that ___

natural selection applies to behaviors that benefit other individuals with whom we share genes

A basic ____ with kin selection theory is that we ___ help people ____

problem; do; we are not related to

Actions that benefit others without providing any direct benefit to the actor are known as ______

prosocial behavior

Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town. He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane. He was motivated to do so by his desire to help others, by thoughts of the income tax deduction, and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity. This is an example of __________

prosocial behavior

James' fiancee, Ruth, tod him that she wants to visit her ex-boyfriend. James becomes very upset with Ruth and they argue, loudly. James slapped Ruth and stormed out of the house. James' behavior is likely to be most acceptable if he and Ruth live in

the Southern United States

The basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relations is known as ___

the affiliation need

Paul is studying for a test in biology. He is somewhat concerned about his ability to master the material and is trying to concentrate as much as he can. Sam, his brother, has interrupted his studies, causing Paul to become angry. When Sam again enters Paul's room, Paul pushes Sam hard, and threatens him. This situation illustrates

the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Janice tends to become aggressive whenever anyone slights her. Her friend Joline, however, never seems to becomes upset with these kinds of provocations and is generally not an aggressive person. The ways in which these two people might react to the same provocation is best explained by ___

the general aggression model

One current perspective on aggression suggests that aggressive behavior is triggered by a variety of situational and individual variables that influence affect, cognitions, and arousal. This perspective is known as ___

the general aggression model