Psych Final

Social Exclusion Account

the effect of social exclusion on the psychological state of a person, which may lead them to commit violent acts

Sherif (1936)

Autokinetic Visual Illusion Task

Mood Effect on Stereotypes

Bodenhausen et al. (1994) study where mood was manipulated during court cases that were trying Juan Garcia and John Garner

William James Structure of the Self

I vs. Me, "I" as the knower (subject), "Me" as known (object)

Walter-Mischel Marshmallow Experiment

Preschoolers were given an exposed or hidden marshmallow, and were told to wait to eat it. The longer they could wait, the better their SAT score was later. (self-regulation experiment)

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

a concept by Dan Batson that proposed that if someone feels empathy towards another person, they will help them regardless of what they can gain from the encounter

Negative-State Relief Hypothesis

a concept by Robert Cialdini that proposed that negative moods can lead to helping

Social Dilemma Game

a game in which six players each get a dollar, and are told that if they all donate it will be doubled, 10 minute discussion increased how many people donated

Gini Coefficient

a measure of income inequality given by the deviation from perfect distribution of wealth

Stereotype

a mental shortcut for efficient information processing, summary of knowledge about a group

Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

a mental shortcut in which people start with an implicitly suggested reference point and make adjustments to reach their estimate

Representativeness Heuristic

a mental shortcut in which similarity of objects is assessed and organizing them based around the category prototype

Availability Heuristic

a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision

Affective Forecasting Error

a mistake in the prediction of one's own emotional state in the future, especially as a result of a current event

Normative Social Influence

a need to belong, be liked, and be accepted by others; leads to public compliance but not necessarily private acceptance

Bystander Intervention (Darley & Latane, 1968)

a strategy for prevention of various types of violence such as bullying, sexual harassment, assault, and intimate partner violence

Vohs et al. (2006)

a study in which participants were less likely to help or seek help when thinking about money

Good Samaritan Study (Darley & Batson 1973)

a study in which seminary students were tested for whether or not they would help someone in distress based on whether they were in a rush or not

Cohen et al. (1999)

a study that examined the Southern culture of honor and anger differences between Northerners and Southerners

Schaller et al. (2002)

a study that examined the communicability and persistence of different stereotypes

Daly & Wilson (1988)

a study that examined violence within the family, especially infanticides and geronticides

Affleck et al. (1998)

a study that found victims of heart attacks who found meaning in their heart attack were less likely to have another

Isen & Levin (1972)

a study where change and pay phones were used to test whether or not mood affected helping (more people in a good mood were willing to help)

Viral Challenge Study

a study where participants were injected with the cold, observed to see who got sick, and then asked how stressed they were (stress levels predicted sickness)

Mita et al. (1977)

a study where pictures were taken of students, then mirrored. Students were shown both pictures and liked the mirror image better.

Self-Affirmation Theory

affirming yourself in an unrelated domain in order to protect oneself from the negative effects of dissonance

Yale Attitude Change Approach

an approach to persuasion that rests on who says what to whom

Framing Effect

an example of cognitive bias in which people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented

Foot-in-Door-Phenomenon

an idea tested by Freedman & Fraser (1966) where people were asked to put a small sign in window, then a large yard sign later

Learned Helplessness (Martin Seligman)

classic conditioning, dogs in hammock heard sound and then were shocked, moved to box with low fence and heard sound and did not move

Asch (1956)

conformity study where participants were asked to judge length of lines

Hatfield & Walster (1978)

developed definitions of passionate and compassionate love as well as Scales for both

Global Warming Social Dilemma

dilemma between individual and group, where the rational choice for an individual may be irrational for the group

Vohs & Heatherton Studies

experiments that tested willpower and self control

Priming Effect

exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus

Deindividuation

feelings of anonymity and reduced individuality in a large group

Propinquity Effect (Festinger 1950)

forming relationships (either positive or negative) based on their physical and functional distance

Perceived Control (Langer & Rodin 1976)

found that residents of a nursing home who felt they had control of their lives were happier and lived longer

Crowd Behavior

increase in impulsive/deviant acts in the presence of a crowd

Moral Licensing

justification of immoral behavior

Illusory Correlation

overestimation of a relation between two variables, typically a group of individuals and an attribute

Stanford Prison Study

prisoners and correctional officers, COs made prisoners do degrading things, lost distinction between assumed and real identities

Abu Ghraib prison abuse

prisoners of war were tortured by US soldiers

Roy Baumeister Structure of the Self

private and public self

Social Loafing

relaxation from presence of other people and the knowledge that you cannot be individually evaluated

Social Cognition

scientific study of the mental processes involved in perceiving, attending to, remembering, thinking about, and making sense of the people in our social world

Racial Achievement Gap (Cohen et al. 2006)

self-affirmation in minorities led to increase in GPA

Nosek (2005)

study high and low correlation between a number of attitudes

Alex Todorv (2005)

study in which perceived competence predicted election results

Pennebaker et al. (1988)

study that showed writing about trauma helped strengthen immune system

Schacter & Singer 1962

study where participants are injected with epinephrine or a placebo and then were happy or sad

Milgram Obedience Study

study with word pairs, where participants gave electric shock to learner

Social Facilitation Effect (Zajonc 1969)

tendency of people to perform better at a task with other people watching (in a simple or well-practiced task)

Social Inhibition Effect (Zajonc 1969)

tendency of people to perform worse at a task with other people watching (in a difficult task)

Stereotype Threat (Steele & Aronson 1995)

the affect of stereotypes on the performance of minority groups

Bystander Effect

the phenomenon in which individuals do not offer to help someone in distress when other people are present

Mere Exposure Effect

the phenomenon in which we like things that are more familiar

Outgroup Homogeneity

the tendency of people to perceive outgroups as homogeneous, when we consider our ingroup more diverse

Balance Theory

urge to maintain one's values and beliefs over time (triangle diagram)