Psych final- Adolescence

Almost _____ of all high school students use technology more than 3 hours a day; ______ used video games to escape from problems, and ______ had "done poorly on a school assignment or test" because of spending too much time on video games.

1/3; 1/4; 1/5

Most girls must weigh at least _____ pounds before experiencing first period. Do urban or rural children reach puberty sooner?

100; urban children (more often overfed and under-exercised)

Egocentrism to abstract logic occurs between ages ___ and ___

11 and 18

Visible onset of puberty begins most likely around age __ or ___. The rise in hormone levels that signals puberty is considered normal in those as young as age __ or as old as age __.

11 or 12; 8, 14

One study found that ___ percent of the boys and ___ percent of the girls were addicted to playing video games.

12%; 3%

the typical age for spermarche is ___, close to the age for menarche.

13 years old

PISA is taken by __-year olds in 50 nations and is designed to measure:

15 years olds; problem solving and cognition in daily life

There are _____ adrenal glands, located above the ________, that produce hormones, including __________ and ____________.

2; kidneys, epinephrine; norepinephrine

puberty lasts __-__ years.

3-5

Reported incidents of sexting have been as high as ___%

30%

secondary education refers to grades __-__ and usually occurs b/w ages ___ and ___.

7 through 12; 12 and 18

___ percent of high school graduates enter college

70%

Precocious puberty refers to sexual development before age __.

8

________ provided by electronic technology often brings out the worst in people. _________ may contribute to dangerous, self-destructive behavior of victim.

Anonymity; cyberbullying

At which of the following ages would you expect acute self-consciousness to be at its highest? a. 8 b. 12 c. 16 d. 18

B

Why has secular trend has stopped in developed nations?

childhood obesity and new chemicals

What is the most frequently reported sexually transmitted infection?

chlamydia

In the US, pushing high school students may result in:

college readiness or dropping out of high school

______-maturing boys are more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol-abusing.

early

For both boys and girls, early puberty correlates with:

early sexual activity

___________ girls tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image.

early-maturing girls

Before the technology explosion, egocentric thought decreased with _______, ________, and _________.

education, conversation, and experience

The entity approach to intelligence rejects idea that:

effort enhances achievement

Rational judgment is difficult when ________ _______ dominate. Experience in __________ and ________ facilitates more accurate use of analysis.

egocentric emotions; decision-making and thinking

_________ is the sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen

estradiol

With sexual abuse, ________ are most likely to abuse. ______ are more often victims, which are often ________ and __________

family members; girls; isolated, uninformed

In college, teachers assume students have mastered ______ ________, instead of teaching how to do it.

formal thinking

Why are teenage girls more susceptible to STIs that adult women?

fully developed women have some natural biological defenses against STIs.

intuitive thought is influenced by _________ and _________.

past experiences and cultural assumptions

hypothetical thought transforms _________,

perceptions

Adolescents experience _____ in sleep-wake cycles, making many wide awake at midnight, but half asleep all morning.

phase delay

The pituitary responds to a signal from the __________ by:

pituitary; producing many hormones

Slower maturing of the prefrontal cortex makes _________ compelling to adolescents. Teens seek excitement and pleasure, esp. the social pleasure of a peer's __________.

powerful sensations; admiration

_____________, sexual development before age 8, occurs about once in 5,000 children, for unknown reasons.

precocious puberty

Formal operational thought can be seen in comparison between ________ and ________

primary school and high school

In middle school, ________ _______ can be difficult and many students seek peer acceptance.

public acclaim

Adolescents who feel psychologically invincible tend to be ________.

resilient

Previous research suggests egocentrism fosters adolescent ______. Current perspectives propose egocentrism may be _______.

risk-taking; protective

Data on puberty over the centuries that reveals a ___________, bc each generation has experienced puberty a few weeks earlier, and has grown a centimeter or so taller, than did the preceding one.

secular trend

Often, communication via the Internet bolsters fragile _______.

self-esteem

The rate of _______ increases at puberty, and most likely to occur in __________.

sexual abuse; early adolscence

3 ways of coping with middle school:

1) Blaming others 2) Entity approach to intelligence 3) Incremental approach to intelligence

The first year in any new school correlates with:

1) increased bullying 2) decreased achievement 3) depression 4) eating disorders

1) bottom-up reasoning: 2) top-down reasoning:

1) inductive 2) deductive

Nations with high high school graduation rates also rank highest in:

1) preschool attendance 2) middle school achievement 3) college graduation

3 things technology encourages:

1) rapid shifts of attention 2) multitasking without reflection 3) visual learning instead of invisible analysis

Stress comes quickly with hormonal onset of puberty, especially if: (2)

1) sick, addicted or divorced parents 2) violent, impoverished neighborhood

2 logical fallacies in adolescence:

1) sunk cost fallacy 2) base rate neglect

Which comes first? 1) Height or weight increase: 2) Torso or limbs: 3) Height spurt or muscle spurt: 4) wt/ht or muscles and organs:

1) weight 2) limbs 3) height spurt 4) weight and height

adolescent egocentrism was first described by

David Elkind

Children who have a relatively large proportion of _________ experience puberty sooner than do their contemporaries

body fat

Fourth and final stage of cognitive development

Formal operational thought

Piaget's idea of concrete operational to formal operational is similar to:

Kahneman's System 1 to System 2

Why is there less susceptibility to respiratory ailments upon puberty?

Lymphoid system decreases in size

Time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development

Puberty

The gap between Asian/White and the three other racial groups with rising graduation rates is almost always the result of differences in __________.

SES

Puberty begins with:

a marked increase in hormones

adolescent egocentrism leads to interpretation of everyone else's behavior as:

a personal judgment

Although developmental psychologists find that adolescents learn best when they are __________________, many school systems report that teenagers are easier to control when they are taking tests or reciting scripture.

actively engaged with ideas

A surge of hormones affects the _______, _______, and _______ before any visible sign of puberty appear.

body, brain, and behavior

The most notable digital divide is _____

age

Testosterone is the best known sex hormone of the _________.

androgens

It is said that adolescence begins with _______ and ends with __________.

biology; culture

inductive reasoning results in a general ________, whereas deductive reasoning results in a general ________.

conclusion; principle

Children, as ________ ________ thinkers, are likely to draw conclusions on the basis of _______________ and _____________. This is called ________ reasoning. Adolescents can think _________.

concrete operational; their own experiences and what they have been told; inductive reasoning; deductively

________ regions involving impulse control continue to develop through early adulthood. _______ regions involving sensation seeking develop rapidly after puberty.

cortical; subcortical

_________ is particularly prevalent between ages 11-14

cyberbullying

Involves reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics

deductive reasoning

Slow developing boys tend to be more ________, ________, and afraid of ______.

depressed, anxious, afraid of sex

Today's teenagers are ________ who take technology for granted

digital natives

______ matter is reduced as ______ matter increases, in part because pruning during the teen years allows intellectual connections to build.

gray; white

The first VISIBLE sign of puberty in boys is:

growth of the testicles

About ____ of adult bone mass is acquired between the ages of 10 and 20.

half

Gonads are paired sex glands that produce _______ and ________

hormones and gametes

Boys' sexual desires are more influenced by _________ and girls by _________.

hormones; culture

Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the ____________ to the ________. Which, in turn, signals the ___________ or the _______ to produce more of their hormones

hypothalamus; pituitary; adrenal glands; gonads

_________ includes reasoning that uses propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality

hypothetical thought

High emotions can affect __________.

impulse control

High school graduation rates in almost every nation and ethnic group are _______. Ethnic variations still persist, with the rate among _________ lowest and among _________ highest.

increasing; Native-Americans; Asian-Americans

____________ poses that intelligence can be directly increased by effort

incremental approach to intelligence

Involves reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion

inductive reasoning

Erections can occur as early as _______, but _________ signals sperm production.

infancy; ejaculation

Neurological research finds that the reward parts of adolescents' brains are far stronger than ________ parts.

inhibition

What are the 2 modes of thinking

intuition and analysis

adolescents tend to rely more on _________ thinking than do adults. As we age, we move toward more ________ __________.

intuitive; analytic processing

Many adolescents are deficient in their intake of necessary vitamins or minerals such as ____, _______, ________, which are needed for muscle and bone growth.

iron, zinc, calcium

The hormone _________ increases during childhood and peaks at around age 12 and may affect onset of puberty

leptin

inductive reasoning may be ______ cognitively advanced than deduction

less

Egocentrism makes base rate neglect more ______ and more _______.

likely; personal

Analytic thought depends on _______ and ________.

logic and rationality

Since the hypothalamus and the pituitary regulate the hormones that affect the biorhythms, _________ is particularly likely among adolescents.

sleep deprivation

Which complication is associated with teen pregnancy?

spontaneous abortion

Several longitudinal studies show a direct link between _______ and early puberty

stress

______ and _______ encourage sex at a young age. Early sex correlates with _________ and ________.

taboo and early sex; depression and drug abuse

The last part of the adolescent body to be fully formed is the:

torso

Endurance improves because the lungs ______ in weight and the heart ______ in size

triple; heart

About _______ of the variation in age of puberty is genetic. Genes on the ____ ____________ have a marked effect on age of puberty.

two-thirds; sex chromosomes

research found that the average person played video games ____ hours a day. Some played much more, and only __% of the boys and ___% of the girls never played

two; 3%; 21%

During the growth spurt, first there is an increase in ______, then an increase in _______, and finally an increase in _______.

weight, height, muscles

Overall, the U.S. students did _____ on the PISA than on the PIRLS or TIMSS.

worse